A PROCEDURE FOR EVALUATION OF COMMERCIAL FCC CATALYSTS

Based on the correlations between laboratory units and commercial plants, a procedure has been developed to guide commercial FCC (Fluid Catalytic Cracking) catalysts selection. Examining the operability of catalyst mixtures during catalyst transition period is emphasized. The testing procedure is simple and reliable. A commercially available catalyst and the catalyst currently in use have been compared to demonstrate the applicability of this procedure. The commercial testing has confirmed the reliability of laboratory results. The use of the catalyst evaluated led to a 30% saving in catalyst cost.     

Development and application of ex-situ presulfurization technology for hydrotreating catalysts in China

The development and application of ex-situ presulfurization (EPRES) technology for hydrotreating catalysts has been reviewed in the present article. The studies in laboratory scale and commercial practice indicated that the adoption of the EPRES catalyst in industrial application can significantly enhance the degree of presulfurization of metal oxide components, shorten the start-up period, and effectively reduce the environmental impact as well as the danger of start-up procedure in industrial hydrotreating unit. This catalyst has been proved to be versatile for different types of hydrogenation reactions. Different types of active site models are also discussed for better understanding the nature of presulfurized catalysts.     

Blends of Natural Rubber with Unsaturated Polyester Resin

The effect of modifying natural rubber (NR) using unsaturated polyester resin (UPR), by compounding on a two-roll mill, is investigated in this study. Both commercial resin and resins prepared in the laboratory under controlled conditions have been employed. After testing several possible catalyst systems, the benzoyl peroxide/dimethyl aniline (BPO/DMA) system was identified as a suitable catalyst system for UPR for blending with NR. The extent of unsaturation in the UPR influences the physical properties of the blend negatively. The UPR is found to have a positive effect on the aging properties of natural rubber.     

NC208型甲醇催化剂在φ500mm合成塔上的应用

本文重点介绍ＮＣ２０８型甲醇催化剂首次在工业装置上使用所取得的经济效益，并阐述了在升温还原和正常生产过程中应注意的事项。     

Testing Commercial Catalysts in Recycle Reactors

Recycle reactors offer some interesting possibilities for catalyst testing. To make full use of the advantages, and to avoid the difficulties associated with recycle reactors, one has to understand their performance characteristics and how this is related to the performance of commercial reactors.     

DZAs-1石脑油加氢脱砷剂的研制和工业应用

介绍了DZAs-1加氢脱砷剂的实验室研制和工业应用情况,并对脱砷剂的脱砷活性和容砷性能进行了实验室评价。研制的脱砷剂在炼油厂石脑油脱砷装置中首次工业应用结果表明,其脱砷效果良好,工业应用获得成功。     

Deactivation of hydrodesulfurization catalysts during reactor startup

Metal sulfide catalysts for ultra-deep hydrodesulfurization of diesel generally lose a fraction of their catalytically active sites during reactor startup. The underlying mechanisms are discussed. A laboratory diagnostic tool consisting of three probe molecules is developed for testing metal sulfide catalysts' start-of-run (SOR) activity maintenance. It is found that a significant fraction of the active sites on a commercial supported catalyst are deactivated permanently, but this is not the case with a bulk metal sulfide catalyst. The SOR deactivation of the bulk catalyst is completely reversible, while that of the supported catalyst is partially reversible. The diagnostic tool may provide a basis for developing a high-throughput approach for evaluating and enhancing catalyst SOR stability, thereby increasing plant productivity.     

A SHORT-CUT OF EXPLORING THE OPTIMUM ACTIVITY FOR COMMERCIAL METHANATION CATALYST Ni/Al_2O_3

Two commercial methanation catalysts Ni/Al_2O_3 were taken as example for examination. Both crushed and pelleted catalyst were used. Their catalytic activities were evaluated under different reduction conditions. It was found that the reduction process is of vital importance in developing the activity. Each catalyst has its own appropriate condition to display its intrinsic property. So it is really unreasonable to compare the activity of different catalysts under same testing condition. In this paper we present a procedure for exploring the optimum activity of the two catalysts with their corresponding data, which are quite different from each other and from the previous ones.     

Activation of a cement-containing nickel catalyst for ammonia dissociation

The activation behavior of the KDA-10A (NIAP-13-02) commercial cement-containing nickel catalyst at temperatures of up to 750°C has been investigated by temperature-programmed reduction, hightemperature X-ray diffraction, and activation dynamics methods. The catalyst activation dynamics has been studied at 600, 650, 700, and 750°C. At 700–750°C and a heat treatment time of 6.0 h, the catalyst is almost completely activated. The high degrees of nickel dispersion and high catalytic activities observed at 700–750°C indicate a high thermal stability of the catalyst. A shortened catalyst activation procedure is recommended for industrial implementation.     

Hydrogenation of linolenate. VIII. Effects of catalyst concentration and of temperature on rate,selectivity, andtrans formation

The effects of catalyst concentration and of temperature on linolenate selectivity,trans formation, and rate of hydrogenation have been studied for a commercial electrolytic nickel catalyst. Results obtained with an equimixture of linoleate and linolenate, following the procedure previously described, are presented as isometric drawings, which cover the experimentally practicable temperature ranges from 70–230C and nickel concentration from 0.05–10%. Whereas the rate of hydrogenation depends upon both temperature and catalyst concentration,trans formation is essentially a function of temperature while selectivity is little influenced by either parameter. Presented at the AOCS meeting in New Orleans, La., 1962. A laboratory of the No. Utiliz. Res. & Dev. Div., ARS, U. S. D. A.     

FV石油蜡加氢催化剂的工业化应用

介绍了石油蜡加氢 FV 催化剂精制的实验室研究及工业化应用情况。 研究结果表明， FV 催化剂具有良好的加氢精制活性、 选择性、 稳定性和原料适应性、 较强的抗干扰能力和较高的机械强度。 FV 催化剂在工业装置上经受住了中压、 高空速、 低温及低氢蜡比等苛刻操作条件下长周期运转的考验， 加氢产品符合食品级石蜡国家标准（ GB7189-94 ）。 其开发和工业化应用的成功使我国石油蜡加氢精制整体技术达到国际先进水平， 已具备进一步推广应用的条件。     

催化裂化汽油选择性加氢催化剂RGO-2的性能评价与分析

在100 mL固定床加氢评价试验装置上,对RGO-2标准剂与试验剂进行对比评价试验,结果表明,RGO-2试验剂的二烯烃脱除效果低于标准剂。采用新载体制备的RGO-2生产剂经对比分析与评价,发现其孔容、孔径及孔分布情况与标准剂相当,二烯烃脱除率高,工业应用效果良好。     

Catalytic conversion of commingled polymer waste into chemicals and fuels over spent FCC commercial catalyst in a fluidised-bed reactor

A commingled post-consumer polymer (CPW#1) was pyrolysed over spent fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) commercial catalyst (ECat-1) using a laboratory fluidised-bed reactor operating isothermally at ambient pressure. The influence of reaction conditions including catalyst, temperature, ratios of commingled polymer to catalyst feed and flow rates of fluidising gas was examined. The conversion for spent FCC commercial catalyst (82.7 wt%) gave much higher yield than silicate (only 14.2 wt%) and the highest yield (nearly 87 wt%) was obtained for ZSM-5. Greater product selectivity was observed with ECat-1 as a recycled catalyst with about 56 wt% olefins products in the C₃–C₇ range. The selectivity could be further influenced by changes in reaction conditions. Valuable hydrocarbons of olefins and iso-olefins were produced by low temperatures and short contact times used in this study. It is also demonstrated that the use of spent FCC commercial catalyst and under appropriate reaction conditions can have the ability to control both the product yield and product distribution from polymer degradation, potentially leading to a cheaper process with more valuable products.     

Simulation of catalyst loss from an industrial fluidized bed reactor on the basis of labscale attrition tests

Attrition of catalyst represents a significant economic penalty due to the necessity to make-up the losses on a continual basis. Designing fluidized bed systems to minimize attrition may sacrifice gas-solid contact efficiency that requires pressure to distribute gases in process vessels uniformly. In this paper, the attrition performance of DuPont's vanadium pyrophosphate oxide catalyst (VPP) used in their commercial Circulating Fluidized Bed (CFB) process to convert n-butane to maleic anhydride has been examined. The analysis is based on simulating the commercial conditions in the individual vessels combined with the physical characteristics of the catalyst determined in the laboratory. The comparison of the catalyst loss rate measured in the industrial plant and the simulation results indicates that the measured values are below the values predicted by the simulation. However, the relative change in the catalyst loss rate with operating time is well described. The simulation allows the quantification of the attrition sources in the process. The simulation results revealed that in the present case over 60% of the catalyst loss originates from attrition in the fluidized beds, whereas only 16% originates from attrition in the cyclones. The simulation is an appropriate tool to investigate the influence of parameter changes. Using the simulation the design parameters and operating conditions can be optimized to minimize the catalyst loss rate in the industrial plant.     

NOx reduction performance of lean NOx catalyst and lean NOx adsorber using DME as reducing agent

The deactivation of a commercial Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) catalyst, of V₂O₅−WO₃/TiO₂ type, has been studied through comparisons with results from a full-scale biomass combustion plant to that with laboratory experiments. In the latter, the catalyst was exposed to KCl and K₂SO₄ by both wet impregnation with diluted salt solutions and deposition of generated submicrometer aerosol particles by means of an electrostatic field. The reactivity of fresh and deactivated samples was examined in the SCR reaction. Chemical and physical characterizations were focusing on internal structures and chemical composition. Deposition of submicrometer sized particles on the monolithic SCR catalyst was shown to induce deactivation with characteristics resembling those obtained in a commercial biomass combustion plant.     

Direct measurement of permeabilities at high pressures

A new procedure for measuring the peermeability of a high pressure gas (10.34 MPa) through a polymeric material has been developed. The procedure employs a vacuum system on the low‐pressure side of the material. Although it gives a pressure difference of seven orders of magnitude during testing, the real purpose of the vacuum system is to allow the permeability measurements to be made rapidly for a small amount of transported material. The permeability of several commercial polymers to either natural gas or helium has been measured and is reported.     

Determination of true iodine number of oils with conjugate unsaturation by use of hypochlorous acid reagent

Summary Hypochlorous acid reagent has conveniently been used for the determination of total unsaturation in oils containing conjugated double bonds. The use of 0.1 N HOCl reagent normally employed for oils with isolated double bonds leads to incomplete absorption, and the increase in concentration and reaction period gives desirable results in the presence of mercuric acetate catalyst. A 1-hr. reaction period with 0.3 N HOCl reagent in the presence of 2.5% solution of the catalyst is recommended. A sample size varying between 0.07–0.1 g. and a 300–400% excess reagent should be employed to obtain reliable results. This procedure can be effectively used for determining the total unsaturation of tung oil, isomerized fatty acids, and dehydrated castor oil and can be employed for detecting the adulteration in commercial samples of tung oil, which cannot be ordinarily detected by the determination of the partial iodine number with the help of conventional procedures.     

Carbon nanofibres and activated carbon nanofibres as electrodes in supercapacitors

Carbon nanofibres have been prepared by a floating catalyst procedure at industrial scale in a metallic furnace. The nanofibres (50-500 nm diameter and 5-200 μm length) are grown from the Fe particles used as catalyst. Soot appears together with the carbon nanofibres. The sample has been chemically activated using KOH as activating agent. Scanning electron microscopy has shown a smooth surface for the as-prepared carbon nanofibres but a rough surface for the activated ones. The specific surface area increases from 13 to 212 m²/g due to the activation. The volume of the micropores (in the 1-2 nm range) and the mesopores (2-5 nm range), as deduced by density functional theory methods, also increases after the activation. Electrochemical behaviour of the as-prepared and activated carbon nanofibres has been tested in a supercapacitor at laboratory scale using 6 M KOH aqueous solution as electrolyte. The specific capacitance, which is less than 1 F/g for the as-prepared sample, increase up to ≈60 F/g for the activated sample. Only a slight decrease in capacitance has been observed as the current density increases. Specific power of ≈100 W/kg at specific energy of 1 Wh/kg has been found in some particular cases. We have compared the electrochemical parameters of our activated carbon nanofibres with those of activated carbon nanofibres coming from a commercial sample; the latter was activated by the same way as our sample.     

淤浆法乙烯聚合催化剂活性的实验室评价方法

为了在公司产品销售与售后中提供与客户可对接的乙烯催化剂活性评价数据,实验室建立了一套淤浆法乙烯聚合催化剂的活性评价装置。通过正交试验确定适合本实验室装置的实验参数。结果表明,在催化剂加入量(0.28～0.32) mg (以Ti含量计)、1.0 mol·L~(-1)的三乙基铝加入量2 mL、聚合反应系统中氢气与乙烯分压比0.28∶0.45和搅拌转速450 r·min~(-1)的条件下,得到的催化剂活性与催化剂工业应用结果存在较好的一致性,此评价方法可作为催化剂生产的常规质量控制检验方法,并为下游用户使用提供技术数据支持。     

高效载体催化剂下改性HDPE的合成

研究了TiCl_4/SiO_2—MgCl_2载体高效催化剂作用下的乙烯/己烯共聚,发现共聚合的催化效率高于乙烯均聚,从非均相Ziegler—Natta催化聚合的非稳态扩散动力学观点解释了这一现象。研究了所合成的改性HDPE范围的共聚物样品的热性能和拉伸性能,结果表明其性能与商品牌号样品性能相近。