Experimental study on the shear strength of side fillet weld of Q235B steel post high temperatures

In order to learn the variation laws of shear strength of side fillet weld post high temperatures, the tension tests were conducted after the double-strapped side fillet welded joints which were cooled down from different high temperatures with different cooling patterns. The tests indicate that specimens appear brittle fracture at the side fillet weld during the tension tests after cooling down. The fracture su（face is located in the welding throat. The maximum temperatures undergone and the cooling pattern are major factors influencing shear strength of side fillet welded joint post high temperatures. The shear strength reduces by 24% at most within 900 ~C. Based on the experimental results, the calculation formulas of shear strength of side fillet weld post high temperatures were proposed. Conclusions supply references for evaluation damage and reinforcement of steel structure post fire.     

Cr-Mo钢管子局部焊后热处理加热宽度准则的确定

采用粘弹塑性有限元方法从应力释放角度讨论了Cr-Mo钢局部热处理下各种优化加热条件.研究表明,局部热处理过程产生的瞬态和残余应力受蠕变性能和温度关系弹性模量等因素的影响.当加热宽度足够大时,局部热处理后的应力与炉中热处理的应力接近.通过与现有标准的比较,从应力释放角度位于焊缝中心5√Rt的加热宽度较为合理.提出了考虑焊接冷却过程Cr-Mo低温膨胀现象的相变模型.给出了焊接残余应力与局部焊后热处理应力的试验结果与模拟结果的对比.     

BT20钛合金电子束热处理残余应力计算

利用三维有限元分析软件，模拟了BT20钛合金薄板焊态和焊后电子束局部热处理的实际焊接温度场以及残余应力的分布。结合数值计算，讨论了不同的热处理方式以及热处理工艺参数对焊接接头残余应力分布的影响。结果表明，在钛合金薄板焊缝的背面进行电子束局部热处理，可以显著降低焊缝中心处的残余拉应力。数值计算结果还表明，在其它工艺参数相同的情况下，随着局部热处理加热宽度和加热时间的增加，焊缝及近缝区的纵向残余应力随之降低，同时产生残余应力的范围也随之增大。     

激光+GMAW复合热源焊接过程热-力耦合数值分析

从宏观的焊接热过程出发,根据激光+GMAW复合热源焊接的特点,提出了适用于复合热源焊接的“双椭球体＋峰值递增圆柱体”组合式体积热源分布模式;建立了激光+GMAW复合热源焊接过程的有限元模型,数值计算了焊接温度场和焊缝横截面的形状尺寸,计算结果与试验结果吻合良好,证明了组合式体积热源模型的合理性和适用性. 采用焊接温度场的计算结果,进一步对复合热源焊接和GMAW的焊接变形和残余应力进行了数值模拟和对比分析. 结果表明,在焊缝熔深基本相同的情况下,复合热源焊接的焊接热输入、焊缝熔宽、焊接变形和高应力区域范围等均比GMAW小. 研究结果印证了激光+GMAW复合热源焊接工艺的优越性,并为焊接工艺参数的优化提供了基础理论数据.     

能量排布方式对双光束激光填丝焊温度场与应力场的影响

建立了面热源＋双圆柱体热源的双光束激光焊接热源模型,并结合Marc有限元软件,对光束间距为0．6mm的双光束激光填丝焊接铝合金的温度场和应力场进行了数值模拟,分析了不同能量排布方式对焊缝熔池温度分布特征及其残余应力的影响．随着光束与焊缝中心线所成角度的减小,热源熔化效率逐渐减小;焊后焊缝区残余应力主要为纵向拉应力,能量排布方式对残余应力最大值的影响不明显,其主要影响残余应力分布区域范围和焊接工件角变形．     

连续油管电阻焊残余应力场的数值分析

采用有限单元法,初步模拟了连续油管电阻直缝焊（ERW）、焊缝热处理和整体热处理时的残余应力场分布情况,以期为连续油管的国产化生产提供有价值的参考.结果表明,焊后残余应力集中分布在焊缝附近,焊缝中心残余应力值较大,管体其它部位应力很小,最大残余应力为477 MPa;经过焊缝热处理和整体热处理,残余应力均有所降低,最大残余...     

Simultaneous observation of keyhole and weld pool in plasma arc welding with a single cost-effective sensor

The dynamic behaviors of the keyhole and weld pool are coupled together in plasma arc welding, and the geometric variations of both the keyhole and the weld pool determine the weld quality. It is of great significance to simultaneously sense and monitor the keyhole and the weld pool behaviors by using a single low-cost vision sensor in plasma arc welding process. In this study, the keyhole and weld pool were observed and measured under different levels of welding current by using the near infrared sensing technology and the charge coupled device （CCD） sensing system. The shapes and relative position of weld pool and keyhole under different conditions were compared and analyzed. The observation results lay solid foundation for controlling weld quality and understanding the underlying process mechanisms.     

Numerical analysis of transient keyhole shape in pulsed current plasma arc welding

Based on the characteristics of ＂one keyhole in a pulse＂ in pulsed current plasma arc welding （PAW） , the transient variation process of weld pool in a pulse cycle is simulated through the establishment of corresponding heat source model. And considering the effects of gravitational force, plasma arc pressure and surface tension on the weld pool surface, the dynamic change features of the keyhole shape in a pulse cycle are calculated by using surface deformation equation. Experiments are conducted and validate that the calctdated weld fusion line is in good agreement with the experimental results.     

Weld seam recognition algorithm based on HSI space or pipeline ultrasonic flaw inspection

In order to realize automatic weld seam tracking for pipeline ultrasonic flaw inspection, an image processing algorithm based on HSI color space was presented. Since the color tones of weld seam were different from the parent metal, weld seam images were transformed to HSI color space. In the HSl colar space, the weld seam and base metal area can be apparently distinguished. By using this image processing algorithm, the edges and centerline of pipeline weld seam can be correctly extracted. An industrial application system was developed based on the image processing algorithm, and the image processing time is less than 70 ms and the accuracy of weld seam recognition is better than 2mm.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

焊后热处理对复杂结构件完整性的影响

通过考虑热处理前后δ_CTOD值和残余应力变化,研究了焊后热处理对复杂结构件完整性的影响. 对厚板(80 mm)对接接头进行了焊态和热处理态的残余应力测量和断裂韧性(CTOD)试验. 相对厚板对接接头焊态,热处理态的残余应力有效降低,焊缝δ_CTOD值基本不变,热影响区δ_CTOD值有较大幅度下降;对带拘束和装配应力复杂焊接结构进行局部热处理并测试焊态和热处理态的残余应力. 结果表明,残余应力降低不明显,有的部位残余应力水平反而上升. 基于以上试验结果,对多种情况进行结构完整性的评估,发现了局部热处理并不能够改善复杂结构的安全性.     

PCNN based image processing and feature extraction of dual-bypass gas metal arc weld pool

In manual welding process, skilled welders can adjust the welding parameters to ensure the weld quality through their observation of the weld pool surface. In order to acquire useful information of the weld pool for control of the welding process and realizing the automatic welding, the measurement system of DB-GMA W process was established and the weld pool image was obtained by passive vision. Then, three image processing algorithms, Sobel, Canny, and pulse coupled neural network （PCNN） were detailed and applied to extracting the edge of the DB-GMA weld pool. In addition, a scheme was proposed for calculating the length, maximum width and superficial area of the weld pool under different welding conditions. The compared results show that the PCNN algorithm can be used for extracting the edge of the weld pool and the obtained information is more useful and accurate. The calculated results coincide with the actual measurement well, which demonstrates that the proposed algorithm is effective, its imaging processing time is required only 20 ms, which can completely meet the requirement of real-time control.     

Analysis of metal transfer during electron beam welding with filler wire

The metal transfer mode of electron beam welding （EBW） with filler wire was studied experimentally. The spatial position between the electron beam and the filler wire was defined. Basing on the charge coupled device （CCD） visual sensing system, the metal transfer mode of filler wire was investigated. The results showed that there were five transfer modes during EBW process due to different wire feed rates and spatial positions between beam and filler wire, such as short-circuiting mode, molten metal bridge mode, small droplet mode, big droplet mode and mixed mode. By comparing the weld appearance of different transfer modes, the molten metal bridge transfer was proved to be the best transfer mode.     

Comparison of 2A12 aluminium alloy joint by ultrasonic assisted friction stir welding and friction stir welding

Ultrasonic assisted friction stir welding （UAFSW） is a recent modification of conventional friction stir welding, which adds ultrasonic energy directly into the friction stir welding area by the pin. In this study, 2A12 aluminum alloy was welded by this process and conventional, respectively. The tensile tests, microstructure and fracture surface of FSW joint and UAFSW joint were analyzed. The research results show that the surface forming texture of ultrasonic assisted friction stir welding joint, compared with conventional, is finer and more uniform, showing metallic matte color. The grains are much finer in weld nugget zone, thermo-mechanically affected zone and heat-affected zone; S-phase particles size is much smaller and distribution is more homogeneous in the matrix. The tensile strength of UAFSW joint is 94. 13% of base metal, and the elongation is 11.77%. The tensile strength of FSW joint is 83.15% of base metal, and the elongation is 8.81%. The tests results reveal that ultrasonic vibration can improve the tensile strength and the elongation of welded joints.     

Effect of residual stress relaxation by means of local rapid induction heating on stress corrosion cracking behavior and electrochemical characterization of welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy under slow strain rate test

In this study, a welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy was treated by means of local rapid induction heating in order to relax the residual stress existed in the weldment. The welded samples were heat treated at the different temperatures. The stress corrosion cracking behavior and electrochemical characterization of the as-welded samples before and after the post weld heat treatment as a function of residual stress were investigated. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy measurements of the samples under slow strain rate test were performed in a LiCl-methanol solution. The results demonstrated that the residual stress in the as-welded sample was dramatically reduced after the post weld heat treatment, and the residual stress decreased with the increase in the heat treatment temperature. The stress corrosion cracking susceptibility and electrochemical activity of the as-welded sample were significantly reduced after the heat treatment due to the relaxation of the residual stress, which gradually decreased with the decreasing value of the residual stress distributed in the heat treated samples.     

Effect of variable polarity frequency on 2A14-T6 aluminum alloy welds using HPVP-GTAW process

Hybrid ultrahigh frequency pulse variable polarity gas tungsten arc welding （HPVP-GTAW） for 2A14-T6 high strength aluminum alloy was carried out and the effects of variable polarity frequency with constant pulse current frequency 40 kHz on weld bead geometry, microstrueture and microhardness were analyzed. Experimental results indicate that, compared to that of the conventional VP-GTAW process, the weld depth and ratio of weld depth to width are improved significantly by the variable polarity frequency in the HPVP-GTAW process, which the ratio of weld depth to width is improved by 36% at equal variable polarity frequency of 100 Hz, and improved by 55% with that of 200 Hz. Weld microstructure and microhardness distribution are changed obviously with the increase of variable polarity frequency. In the conventional VP-GTA W process, the grains in weld central zone are coarser, and the microhardness in weld central zone and fusion zone is about 95 HV and the lowest 82 HV, respectively. The microhardness is enhanced to a certain extent both in the weld central zone and fusion zone with the variation of variable polarity frequency in the HPVP-GTAW process due to the refinement and uniformity of weld microstructure. With the variable polarity frequency of 600 Hz, the microhardness in weld central zone and fusion zone reaches nearly 110 HV and 97 HV, respectively.     

Finite element analysis of welding residual stress of aero engine blisk by controlling heat input

In order to improve aero engine performance, it is necessary to reduce the welding residual stress of aero engine blisk. In this paper, finite element method was employed to simulate electron beam welding process of blisk, in accordance with the deducing formula (p = kh) , the heat input is changed with the weld depth to control welding residual stress of blisk. The calculation results show that welding residual stress of blisk can be controlled effectively by reducing the heat input on the conditions of meeting the demand of weld penetration and guaranteeing the welding quality, a new theoretical method and some numerical data are provided for controlling welding residual stress of blisk.     

Ti2AlNb合金电子束熔透焊的数值模拟

采用热-弹-塑性有限元计算模拟了Ti2AlNb合金电子束焊的温度场和应力场。为了准确反映熔透型电子束焊接的特点,对旋转高斯曲面体热源模型进行了改进。研究结果表明:采用改进的热源模型能准确地模拟穿透型电子束焊焊缝横截面轮廓;残余应力的模拟结果与实验结果吻合较好,证明了有限元模型的正确性;Ti2AlNb合金电子束焊后残余应力以纵向拉应力为主,且集中分布在距焊缝中心线3 mm的区域内;横向残余应力在表面附近区域呈压应力,内部呈拉应力,表面横向压应力是由焊缝纵向和厚度方向的收缩导致的;焊缝内部出现三向拉应力的状态。     

厚壁焊接钛管的等离子填丝+脉冲TIG双枪焊接工艺研究

钛及钛合金厚壁焊管是海水淡化和海洋工程等行业的主要部件。采用前置直流等离子填丝+后置脉冲TIG电弧的双枪焊法,无耦合的等离子焊+TIG焊形式利用等离子弧焊与TIG焊的优点实现了大口径壁厚4 mm的TA1焊接钛管的优质、稳定焊接。结果表明,随着等离子气体流量的增加,直流等离子填丝焊的熔深增加,厚壁钛管全熔透;后置TIG电弧对已形成焊缝进行重熔,TIG焊脉冲频率的增加可以降低焊缝晶粒尺寸,提高接头性能,并对前置等离子填丝焊过程出现的咬边等缺陷具有较好的修复作用。本方法不但扩大了焊缝成形的工艺窗口,而且焊接过程稳定,接头抗拉强度达到354 MPa,经实际生产验证,实现了厚壁焊接钛管的低成本优质焊接生产。     

数值模拟和实验研究Ti6Al4V合金激光熔透焊接残余应力

采用热-弹塑性三维有限元法研究激光熔透焊接Ti6Al4V合金的残余应力,并采用小孔法测量焊接残余应力以和计算结果进行比较.有限元计算时,建立了以焊缝形貌尺寸为参数的统一锥形热源模型来模拟不同热输入时的焊接温度场,并讨论了边界条件和有限元网格大小的确定.研究结果表明:采用焊缝轮廓尺寸作为热源参数能准确模拟焊缝横截面轮廓;钛合金激光熔透焊接的纵向残余应力分布梯度陡;在焊件表面和内部残余应力分布趋势不同,采用小孔法测量的残余应力分布和计算的焊接件内部残余应力分布相似.