彩色CCD比色测温的修正方法

基于彩色CCD图像传感器的非接触式温度检测是一种新颖的高温检测方法,减少其测量误差具有重要意义.在介绍CCD测温原理的基础上,提出了标定修正的CCD比色测温方法,将CCD响应特性曲线的非理想性和信号转换等因素引入的测温误差归结到比色测温公式的K值中,再利用黑体炉对K值进行标定修正.实验结果表明,标定修正的CCD比色测温方法能有效减小测温误差,提高测温精度.     

基于彩色CCD的高温场辐射测温方法

针对基于彩色CCD的高温场辐射测温问题,提出利用红、绿基色值进行比色测温来获取单一光圈快门组合内的最大测温范围,并进一步利用变换光圈快门组合来使得测温范围能够覆盖高温生产的常用温度范围;通过标定减少CCD光谱响应带宽和被测对象光谱发射率对测温精度的影响,提高测温精度.在此基础上,开发了CCD高温场测量仪.计量校准结果表明,测温仪具有较高的测温精度和实用性,能够满足常见高温生产过程对于温度测量的应用要求.     

CCD比色测温中烟雾干扰的滤波与温度校正算法

在CCD比色测温中,弥漫于辐射体周围和辐射光路上的烟雾将吸收和散射辐射体的辐射光,导致测温结果失真.提出一种高温辐射体烟雾干扰的滤波与温度校正算法.先通过基于高温辐射体颜色信息的图像目标识别方法去除辐射体周围的烟雾噪声,再分割出受烟雾干扰的区域,然后利用适当的非线性校正函数对由比色测温公式计算出的该区域的温度进行校正.实验证明:该方法可以有效地减小烟雾干扰对测温结果的影响,提高CCD比色测温的准确性和实用性.     

双CCD比色测温系统研究

介绍了比色测温的基本原理.建立了一套基于比色测温的双CCD测温系统.该系统采用双CCD采集两种不同波长下温度场的红外图像,CCD将采集到的图像传输到PC机进行图像处理,提取处理后不同波长下的灰度图像的像素值,应用比色测温原理计算被测目标温度.采用白炽灯钨丝作为研究对象验证本测温系统,对钨丝温度场分布图像作了处理和分析.通过实验验证了比色测温方法和测温系统的有效性.     

基于方向发射率校正的红外测温补偿方法

红外热成像仪具有实时在线、非接触获取被测对象二维温度分布等优点,在钢铁、农业、电力电子等众多领域应用广泛。但是,红外测温结果容易受到干扰因素的影响。针对方向发射率变化引起的红外测温误差,本文提出了基于方向发射率校正的红外测温补偿方法。首先,基于红外测温原理,构建了针对方向发射率变化的红外测温补偿模型。其次,为确定补偿模型中的方向发射率,利用红外热像仪和激光扫描仪构建的三维热成像系统,提出了基于参考体的方向发射率校正方法。然后,通过多项式拟合确定方向发射率随视角变化的规律。实验结果表明所提红外测温补偿方法可以有效降低方向发射率变化造成的红外测温误差,经过补偿温度后,红外测温最大误差由9.64℃降低为2.97℃,标准差由3.57℃降低为0.71℃。     

基于嵌入式Linux的温度测量系统

设计了一种基于嵌入式Linux的比色测温系统,硬件部分基于ARM9系列S3C2410处理器,软件部分采用Linux最小系统的设计。采用光纤传输被测物体发射的光信号,用光纤光栅实现单波长信号获取,经信号处理,表征被测温度可以是亮度式、比色式、多色式信号。应用黑体炉及亮度灯对研制的仪器标定。标定及试验验证结果表明:系统测温重复性<2℃,系统的测量误差<0.5%。     

CCD像素响应不均匀性的校正方法

从理论上分析了CCD暗电流和光电响应不均匀性产生的原因,根据光电响应模型提出了CCD像素光电响应不均匀性的校正方法,给出了像素光电响应不均匀性的校正系数用以计算校正量;并针对实际情况中干扰光的影响,提出了采用变波长去除干扰方法,对校正方法进行了修正;最后通过仿真对算法进行了验证.结果表明,能量和噪声的不同对算法的影响不大,校正量是随着光信号能量分布变化的,标定过程不受信号的影响,具有自适应性.该校正方法可以有效地减小CCD像素光电响应不均匀性带来的图像噪声.     

基于标校的双波段比色测温法

辐射测温是获得物体温度的重要手段之一,其代表性方法主要有双波段比色测温。传统双波段比色测温受现有大气透过率测量精度的限制,目标双波段辐亮度比值Q的不确定度为31.8%,大大限制了测温精度。提出了基于标校的双波段比色测温法,利用目标附近的参考黑体实现对目标和测温系统之间大气透过率的高精度测量,由此提高目标测温精度。分析表明,该方法的目标双波段辐亮度比值Q的不确定度优于4.7%。利用中波和长波红外相机对某大楼墙面进行了双波段比色测温实验,结果表明,传统双波段比色测温法的绝对和相对测温误差分别为7.1 K、2.32%,而该方法的绝对和相对测温误差分别为1.7 K、0.55%,大大优于传统方法。     

非调制双色红外测温误差实时补偿方法研究

针对环境温度变化对双色红外测温准确度的影响,基于双色比色红外测温原理,分析了非调制双色红外测温的误差来源,提出一种新的快门式非调制双色红外测温方法。在光路中增加快门及其控制模块,控制快门闭合,将测得系统偏移作为补偿项,补偿实际测温时因温度变化给测量带来的误差。仿真结果表明,在600～1 100℃的测温范围内,长时间使用的无快门非调制红外双色测温的精度严重劣化,而快门式非调制双色红外测温的准确度大幅提高,可达到±0.5%。     

干涉仪成像畸变引起测量误差的校正方法

根据光学系统的波像差理论和干涉检测原理,分析了干涉仪系统的成像畸变对测量结果的影响,提出了对干涉仪系统的成像畸变进行标定和校正的方法.重点讨论了被测面的摆放存在倾斜和离焦两种情况下产生的测量误差,并提出了误差校正方法.实验中对同一个被测面进行多次测量,结果显示,干涉图样为3个条纹时的面形测量结果为30.96nm PV,...     

Two-color optical charge-coupled-device-based pyrometer using a two-peak filter

A two-color optical charge-coupled-device (CCD)-based pyrometer was developed using a multipeak interference filter with a color CCD sensor to measure multicolor signals with specified wavelengths. The effective and simple method adjusts the fixed spectrum response characteristics of a color CCD to allow improved temperature measurements. This pyrometer system not only has the advantage of traditional two-color (two-wavelength) pyrometry, but also overcomes the restrictions of color CCDs that can only be applied in waveband measurements. The measurement performance of the system using a two-peak filter (λ(1)=643?nm,?λ(2)=564?nm) was evaluated by blackbody experiments. The results show that the low temperature detection limit is increased about 200 K with an increase in the sensitivity of the measured signals compared with the original system without two-peak filter [Fu, et al., Opt. Laser Technol. 42, 586 (2010)]. And the effective temperature range is also increased when T > 1233 K. The measured ratio C(R)/C(G) is monotonically relative to the temperature, which simplifies the measurements. The temperature sensitivity of 2.49 is larger and more uniform than the temperature sensitivity of 1.36 in the previous original system. Thus, the measurement performance of the new system is greatly improved. Finally, as an application, the surface temperature distribution of stainless steel sample in hot environments was determined by this new CCD-based pyrometer. The results agree well with the spectrometer-based results and further verify the applicability of the new system.     

COMPARISON AND ANALYSIS OF THREE DIFFERENT NON－CONTACTING FLAME TEMPERATURE FIELD MEASUREMENTS

A much better substitutional means is discussed to calculate the flame temperature field with the application of digital image processing technology. Three non-contacting temperature measurements are used and compared. Such as the traditional two-color temperature measurement,the CCD filtering two-color temperature measurement and the monochromatic temperature measurement. It is indicated that the CCD two-color temperature measurement is not a fully correct means because of its poor theoretical basis. The monochromatic temperature measurement acquires a relatively ideal temperature field distribution in spite of needing a reference temperature. It should be noted that the Abel transformation applied in the plasma diagnosis is for the first time introduced to solve the problem of three-dimensional flame brightness piling.     

Pyrometry using CCD cameras

The method of measurement of the surface brightness temperature distribution in high-enthalpy wind tunnels using CCD cameras is described. The problems of the operating wavelength selection, CCD camera metrology, and camera calibration by a black body and temperature lamps, as well as the possibility of LED reference etalon usage for correction of optical channel transmission variation are discussed. It is proposed to measure the emission spectrum of the surface under investigation for brightness pyrometry validation and for surface emissivity evaluation.     

大型空间反射镜发射率测量及误差分析

为了准确测定空间相机主镜毛坯件的表面发射率以便定量分析相机热控效果,本文在分析热像仪测温原理的基础上,利用现有测量条件,提出一种利用两种已知发射率材料作为参考的发射率测量方法.根据测量试验,得到主镜表面发射率为0.565.为定量反映各因素对测量精度的影响,对测量公式进行了误差分析.分析结果表明,与被测件表面发射率接近的材料的热像仪测温误差及发射率标称误差对测量精度有较大影响,同时得到本次试验因热像仪测温误差及参考材料发射率标称误差带来的测量误差为±0.028.最后,结合相机热平衡试验的数据对测量结果进行了验证,结果表明测量得到的主反射镜的发射率基本反映了热平衡试验的主镜表面状态,证明本文的方法对主反射镜发射率的测量是适用有效的.     

端面滑动摩擦副接触界面波段发射率研究

为研究滑动摩擦过程中接触界面波段发射率的变化规律,设计并开展了一系列实验。以端面滑动摩擦副的接触界面为研究对象,在含二硫化钼的脂润滑条件下,开展定载荷、定转速实验,利用热像仪和自制装置测量了不同摩擦时间后的波段发射率,并根据发射率变化规律对红外测温仪测得的接触界面辐射亮温进行了修正。结果表明：测量装置能够较准确地实现摩擦接触界面波段发射率的测量;含有润滑脂和磨屑的接触界面发射率总体上在一定范围内波动,在摩擦过程中,具有先下降后上升的趋势;在稳定摩擦阶段,对辐射亮温的修正精度较高。     

Fast fiber-optic multi-wavelength pyrometer

A fast fiber-optic multi-wavelength pyrometer was developed for the ultraviolet-visible-near infrared spectra from 200 nm to 1700 nm using a CCD detector and an InGaAs detector. The pyrometer system conveniently and quickly provides the sufficient choices of multiple measurement wavelengths using optical diffraction, which avoids the use of narrow-band filters. Flexible optical fibers are used to transmit the radiation so the pyrometer can be used for temperature measurements in harsh environments. The setup and calibrations (wavelength calibration, nonlinearity calibration, and radiation response calibration) of this pyrometer system were described. Development of the multi-wavelength pyrometer involved optimization of the bandwidth and temperature discrimination of the multiple spectra data. The analysis results showed that the wavelength intervals, Δλ(CCD) = 30 nm and Δλ(InGaAs) = 50 nm, are the suitable choices as a tradeoff between the simple emissivity model assumption and the multiple signal discrimination. The temperature discrimination was also quantificationally evaluated for various wavelengths and temperatures. The measurement performance of the fiber-optic multi-wavelength pyrometer was partially verified through measurements with a high-temperature blackbody and actual hot metals. This multi-wavelength pyrometer can be used for remote high-temperature measurements.     

Infrared thermometers for small wires drawing

This work describes the design of two contactless thermometers based respectively on a total radiance and two-color pyrometry scheme, developed to measure the temperature of a small brass coated steel wire during wire drawing. In this critical condition, wire oscillation and relevant insertion errors do not allow using commercial contact or contactless sensors. Thus, ad hoc pyrometers optical layouts have been designed in order to minimize sensitivity to the wire oscillations and emissivity changes. Moreover, performances associated to different infrared detectors have been compared using as figure of merit the achieved measurement uncertainty simulating typical disturbances, i.e. the background temperature variation, the slope of the wire’s emissivity and the effect of the atmosphere transmittance. Finally, the uncertainty budgets were drawn, evidencing the limitations of the proposed methods and identifying the best configuration for both developed instruments.     

Response Time of a Pressure Measurement System with a Connecting Tube

Abstract

A connecting tube between the measured object and the pressure sensing element is a common component part of pressure measurement systems. Dynamic characteristics of the resulting fluid oscillator may significantly influence the magnitudes of dynamic measurement errors. This paper presents an experimental analysis of dynamic characteristics of connecting tubes of different lengths and diameters. Inlet step pressure changes were generated by a system of two loudspeakers, and pressure responses were measured by a piezoelectric measurement system. Using the measured responses, the characteristic natural frequencies and damping of the system under discussion were determined. The results were further employed to estimate the response settling time, which is required to sufficiently reduce dynamic measurement errors.