抗氧剂1520的合成

以邻甲酚、正辛硫醇、多聚甲醛为原料,哌啶为催化剂,DMF为溶剂,在氮气保护下合成了抗氧化剂1520〔2,4-二(正辛基硫亚甲基)-6-甲基苯酚〕。考察了投料比、催化剂用量、反应温度和时间对反应收率的影响。结果表明,当邻甲酚、正辛硫醇、多聚甲醛的摩尔比为1∶2∶4,哌啶用量为邻甲酚摩尔量的9.8%,110℃回流反应8h时,2,4-二(正辛基硫亚甲基)-6-甲基苯酚的收率达到94.5%。利用IR和1HNMR分析手段对产物进行表征。     

新型抗氧剂2,4-二(正辛基硫亚甲基)-6-甲基苯酚的合成

研究了以邻甲酚、正辛硫醇、多聚甲醛为原料,二甲胺乙醇溶液为催化剂,DMF为溶剂,合成2,4-二(正辛基硫亚甲基)-6-甲基苯酚的方法。考察了投料比、催化剂用量、反应时间对反应产率的影响。结果表明,当邻甲酚、正辛硫醇、多聚甲醛的摩尔比为1∶2.20∶4.20,催化剂用量占反应物总质量的4.79%,回流反应8 h时,2,4-二(正辛基硫亚甲基)-6-甲基苯酚的收率达到90%。用红外光谱和核磁共振氢谱对产品结构进行了表征。     

2-甲基-6-叔丁基苯酚的合成

以邻甲酚和异丁烯为主要原料,合成2-甲基-6-叔丁基苯酚。考察了反应温度、反应时间和催化剂用量等因素对合成反应的影响。结果表明,合成2-甲基-6-叔丁基苯酚的最佳工艺条件为:常压下,催化剂用量为0.3%(以邻甲酚质量份计),反应温度为110℃,反应时间为3.5h。     

树脂催化法合成抗氧剂2246的研究

以2-叔丁基-4-甲基苯酚和多聚甲醛为原料,采用酸性离子交换树脂催化合成了抗氧剂2246[2,2’-亚甲基双(4-甲基-6-叔丁基苯酚)]。研究了催化剂DNW-1的用量、溶剂用量、反应时间、反应温度和原料的配比对抗氧剂2246的收率及纯度的影响。较佳反应条件为:2-叔丁基-4-甲基苯酚32.8 g,多聚甲醛3.9 g,DNW-1为12 g,正庚烷100 mL,Span 80为0.5 g,在84~86℃下反应4.5 h,收率(质量分数)为94.6%(96.6%)。该工艺减少了废水的排放。     

聚二(2-甲基-4-羟基-5-叔丁基苯)硫醚的合成

介绍了四步法合成聚二(2 甲基 4 羟基 5 叔丁基苯)硫醚:①以异丁烯和间甲酚为原料,以浓硫酸为催化剂合成3 甲基 6 叔丁基苯酚,并将剩余釜底液继续与间甲酚反应使3 甲基 6 叔丁基苯酚的收率接近100%;②硫磺与氯气反应合成二氯化硫,收率80%以上;③3 甲基 6 叔丁基苯酚与二氯化硫发生缩合反应生成二(2 甲基 4 羟基 5 叔丁基苯)硫醚,采用加入辅助溶剂法收率达到92%;④二(2 甲基 4 羟基 5 叔丁基苯)硫醚同氧气发生氧化偶联反应合成聚二(2 甲基 4 羟基 5 叔丁基苯)硫醚。氧化偶联反应的最佳条件:n〔二(2 甲基 4 羟基 5 叔丁基苯)硫醚〕/n(氧气)=2 5～3 0,n(氯化亚铜)∶n〔二(2 甲基 4 羟基 5 叔丁基苯)硫醚〕=1∶140,n(氯化亚铜)∶n(四甲基乙二胺)=1∶1 3的铜 胺络合物为催化剂,温度50℃,压力0 2MPa,反应时间2～3h,然后减压蒸出溶剂,最后得到淡黄色的聚二(2 甲基 4 羟基 5 叔丁基苯)硫醚,收率>99%。     

2,2’-亚甲基双(6-环己基-4-甲基苯酚)的水相合成研究

本文以自制的2-环己基对甲酚为原料,在酸性催化剂条件下,以水为溶剂,与甲醛水溶液缩合反应合成了抗氧剂2,2’-亚甲基双(6-环己基-4-甲基苯酚)又称抗氧剂ZKF。本工艺采用廉价的甲醛水溶液代替国内外多数工艺中采用的甲缩醛或多聚甲醛,并以水为溶剂代替了有机溶剂,水溶液可循环使用5次,实现了清洁生产并降低了产品成本。产品收率为90.2%,产品纯度99.3%。     

抗氧剂4-羟甲基-2,6-二叔丁基苯酚的合成与应用

以2,6-二叔丁基苯酚和多聚甲醛为原料，在叔丁醇作溶剂的条件下合成了酚类抗氧剂4-羟甲基-2．6-二叔丁基苯酚，最佳反应条件为：反应时间4h，反应温度20℃，多聚甲醛与2，6-二叔丁基苯酚物质的量之比为2：1。催化剂用量为2，6一二叔丁基苯酚物质的量的3％，产品熔点在139-140℃，收率大于45％。介绍了产物作为中间体在其他抗氧剂合成中的应用。     

癸二酸二(2,2,6,6-四甲基-4-羟基哌啶)酯的合成

以活性炭负载四丁基钛酸酯作催化剂,癸二酸二甲酯、2,2,6,6-四甲基-4-羟基哌啶为原料合成癸二酸二(2,2,6,6-四甲基-4-羟基哌啶)酯,并考察了反应时间、原料配比、催化剂用量及催化剂重复使用等条件对合成反应的影响。结果表明,较佳的工艺条件是:反应时间6h,n(癸二酸二甲酯)∶n(2,2,6,6-四甲基-4-羟基哌啶)为0.1∶0.21;催化剂的用量为1.0g、溶剂的用量为40g。这种条件下,癸二酸二(2,2,6,6-四甲基-4-羟基哌啶)酯的收率可达到97.85%以上,产品纯度达到99.0%。催化剂不经处理可多次循环使用。     

抗氧剂1520的合成工艺研究

以邻甲基苯酚为主要原料,合成了抗氧剂1520,并对抗氧剂1520的合成工艺条件进行了优化研究,产品的颜色和收率达到了国外同类产品水平。在反应过程中采用氮气保护下,以DMF作为溶剂,n(邻甲苯酚):n(多聚甲醛):n(正辛硫醇):n(哌啶)=1:4:1:1.4,反应温度为120℃,反应时间在5 h,产品收率达到96.96%,纯度为98.30%,颜色近似水色。     

合成2-叔丁基-4-甲基苯酚的优化作

以对甲基苯酚和异丁烯为原料，以浓硫酸为催化剂，选择性合成2-叔丁基-4-甲基苯酚，考察了反应温度、反应时间和催化剂用量等因素对合成2-叔丁基-4-甲基苯酚转化率和收率的影响。结果表明，在反应温度75℃，催化剂用量4％，反应时间45min时，2-叔丁基-4-甲基苯酚合成转化率达94．5％，产物收率为86．2％。     

Many Drugs of Abuse May Be Acutely Transformed to Dopamine,Norepinephrine and Epinephrine In Vivo

It is well established that a wide range of drugs of abuse acutely boost the signaling of the sympathetic nervous system and the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, where norepinephrine and epinephrine are major output molecules. This stimulatory effect is accompanied by such symptoms as elevated heart rate and blood pressure, more rapid breathing, increased body temperature and sweating, and pupillary dilation, as well as the intoxicating or euphoric subjective properties of the drug. While many drugs of abuse are thought to achieve their intoxicating effects by modulating the monoaminergic neurotransmitter systems (i.e., serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine) by binding to these receptors or otherwise affecting their synaptic signaling, this paper puts forth the hypothesis that many of these drugs are actually acutely converted to catecholamines (dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine) in vivo, in addition to transformation to their known metabolites. In this manner, a range of stimulants, opioids, and psychedelics (as well as alcohol) may partially achieve their intoxicating properties, as well as side effects, due to this putative transformation to catecholamines. If this hypothesis is correct, it would alter our understanding of the basic biosynthetic pathways for generating these important signaling molecules, while also modifying our view of the neural substrates underlying substance abuse and dependence, including psychological stress-induced relapse. Importantly, there is a direct way to test the overarching hypothesis: administer (either centrally or peripherally) stable isotope versions of these drugs to model organisms such as rodents (or even to humans) and then use liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry to determine if the labeled drug is converted to labeled catecholamines in brain, blood plasma, or urine samples.     

Sapindaceae,cyanolipids, and bugs

Scentless plant bugs (Heteroptera: Rhopalidae) are so named because adults of the Serinethinae have vestigial metathoracic scent glands. Serinethines are seed predators of Sapindales, especially Sapindaceae that produce toxic cyanolipids. In two serinethine species whose ranges extend into the southern United States,Jadera haematoloma andJ. sanguinolenta, sequestration of host cyanolipids as glucosides renders these gregarious, aposematic insects unpalatable to a variety of predators. The blood glucoside profile and cyanogenesis ofJadera varies depending on the cyanolipid chemistry of hosts, and adults and larvae fed golden rain tree seeds (Koelreuteria paniculata) excrete the volatile lactone, 4-methyl-2(5H)-furanone, to which they are attracted.Jadera fed balloon vine seeds (Cardiospermum spp.) do not excrete the attractive lactone. Loss of the usual heteropteran defensive glands in serinethines may have coevolved with host specificity on toxic plants, and the orientation ofJadera to a volatile excretory product could be an adaptive response to save time.Mention of a commercial product does not consititute an endorsement by the USDA.     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

2008～2009年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2008年7月～2009年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2008～2009年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况。按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、环氧树脂、不饱和聚酯树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍。     

ICP-MS法测定地球化学样品中As、Cr、Ge、V等18种微量痕量元素的研究

建立了测定地球化学样品中包括As、Cr、Ge、V等18种微量、痕量元素的ICP-MS方法。地化试样用HF-HNO3混酸分解后,以1 1 HNO3溶解干渣。由于制样不使用盐酸,避免了Cl对As、Cr、Ge、V的质谱干扰。用国家一级地球化学标准物质GBW 07309制备溶液优化仪器工作参数,并用于校准。方法测定限(6s)为:0.007~6.4μg/g,精密度(RSD%,n=12)为:29%~9.4%,经过国家一级地球化学标准物质的分析验证,结果与标准值吻合。方法已应用于国土资源调查的试样分析。