重视C02减排努力实现我国石化工业可持续发展

分析了国外有关CO2排放问题的研究进展和趋势,阐述了我国石化工业在减排CO2方面所做的工作与面临的问题及CO2排放情况,提出了我国石化工业减排CO2的技术途径、措施与建议.     

中国钢铁工业CO2排放现状与减排展望

结合我国钢铁工业CO2排放现状,概述了增加废钢电炉工艺粗钢产量、采用高质量铁料、改善能源结构、采用低碳炼钢技术、加强生产设备大型化和应用节能技术等CO2减排措施.我国钢铁行业目前的主要节能技术有干熄焦、煤调湿、煤气回收利用、余热余能回收利用及低压饱和蒸汽发电等.通过各种节能技术的应用,2020年CO2排放量可降低2.9亿t.根据减排措施的可操作性和实现阶段,从短期和长期两方面对我国钢铁工业CO2减排进行了展望.     

我国化学工业控制CO2排放的对策思考

我国化学工业控制CO2排放的对策,对于我国应对气候变化的挑战、实现可持续发展的理念、落实节能减排工作部署都具有非常重要的意义.通过分析化学工业控制CO2排放所面临的主要问题,在讨论矿物炼制、生物炼制和废物炼制三种化工生产模式与CO2排放的相互关系的基础上,提出了化学工业控制CO2排放的思路.     

CO_2减排给我国石化企业带来的挑战和机遇

分析了我国石化公司CO2的排放来源,介绍了当前国内石化公司CO2减排所面临的挑战、机遇和商机,并提出了应对策略。认为应重点关注CO2高排放装置的节能与减排工作,加强节能管理,开展CO2综合利用技术的研究与应用,开发和利用生物能源、生物燃料等可再生能源,灵活运用各种减排政策和机制,参与温室气体减排活动。     

火电厂和IGCC及煤气化SOFC混合循环减排CO2的分析

二氧化碳减排已经成为缓解全球气候变化的一个重要议题 .目前 ,火电厂排放的 CO2约占中国 CO2 排放量的 1 /3左右 ,减少其 CO2 排放可以通过提高能量转化效率和回收封存 CO2 两种主要方式 .常规锅炉汽机电厂、IGCC以及煤气化 -固体氧化物燃料电池 ( SOFC)混合循环分别代表了现在、近期及未来燃煤电厂的典型配置 ,超临界及超超临界电厂效率可以达到 40 %以上 ,采用GEH型等先进燃气轮机的 IGCC可提高到 5 0 %以上 ,而混合循环电厂的效率则有望达到 60 %以上 .利用 Aspen Plus TM对这三种电厂进行了模拟 ,考察了三者在回收 CO2 前后性能的变化 .在此基础上 ,分析了减排 CO2 及征收排放税等措施对各电厂发电成本的影响 ,进而就未来如何促进电厂减排 CO2 进行了探讨 .     

CO2排放的商业回收利用

CO2是最主要的温室气体,其减排和回收利用关系到可持续发展.世界CO2排放185亿～242亿t/a,只有1亿t/a得到利用.主要产品是液体CO2.我国CO2排放已超过30亿t/a,只有80万t/a得到有效利用.利用方式是干冰和液体CO2.液体CO2需求量增长速度为15%～20%,未来5年后年需量达到200万t以上.     

烟气中二氧化碳捕集技术研究进展

二氧化碳是一种主要的温室气体,而化石燃料燃烧产生和排放出大量的CO2气体是造成全球气候变暖的最主要原因,CO2减排控制技术在碳资源循环利用和环境保护方面均具有重要的意义,CO2的排放控制以及封存利用已经成为一个举世关注的重大科学研究课题.本文综述了近年来CO2捕集技术的研究进展.     

煤制油气和化工产品CO_2的不同减排方式成本分析

煤制油气和化工产品生产过程会排放大量高浓度CO2气体,成为制约煤转化技术发展的主要瓶颈之一。CO2捕集、封存与利用被认为是煤制油气和化工产品CO2减排的有效措施。采用排放因子法,分析了煤直接液化、煤间接液化、煤制天然气和煤制烯烃等典型项目CO2排放特征,并设定碳捕集后封存至咸水层、碳捕集后用来驱油和征收碳税三种碳减排方式,对比了三种方式下CO2的减排成本。结果表明:吨CO2排放征收碳税大于300元时,煤化工低温甲醇洗单元产生的CO2封存至咸水层技术具有竞争力;吨CO2排放征收碳税大于50元时,选择捕集后驱油会节约成本。     

我国化学工业碳减排：责任与贡献

叙述了国内外能源消费和CO2排放状况,提出了我国化学工业CO2排放量的核算方法,研究了五个化工重点耗能子行业的CO2排放量和减排潜力,预测了未来发展趋势和碳税对煤化工行业可能产生的影响。     

日用玻璃原料与燃料对CO2减排影响的研究

从玻璃原料和燃料两方面论述了日用玻璃生产中CO2的来源和减排措施.宜在原料方面采取控制日用玻璃配合料气体率、添加活性原料、加大碎玻璃掺入量;燃料优选焦炉煤气和天然气,限制发生炉煤气的使用,建议推广使用富氧燃烧技术等有效措施,有利于大幅降低CO2排放,同时分析了CO2减排效果.     

负载型钾基CO2吸收剂的结构表征和碳酸化反应特性

The structure identification and carbonation characteristics of several potassium-based supported sorbents for CO₂ capture were investigated with TGA,XRD,XRF,SEM and N₂ adsorption method.Potassium-based sorbents were prepared by impregnation with potassium carbonate on supports,such as cocoanut activated charcoal（AC1）,coal active carbon（AC2）,silica gel（SG）and diatomite（DT）using the iso-volume impregnation method.The results showed that the K₂CO₃ loading amounts of AC1,AC2,SG and DT were 24.1%,22.5%,21.7% and 19.1% respectively.The surface area and pore volume of K₂CO₃/AC1 and K₂CO₃/AC2 were larger than others.In contrast,those of K₂CO₃/DT were small.For K₂CO₃/SG,pore volume was large but surface area was small.K₂CO₃/AC1 and K₂CO₃/AC2 showed excellent carbonation capacity.However,the carbonation capacities of K₂CO₃/SG and K₂CO₃/DT were low.The difference in carbonation capacity of those sorbents were attributed to the difference in pore structure,leading to different supported sorbents.     

活性炭担载金属氧化物用于热煤气脱硫

以热煤气脱硫并回收单质硫为目的,考察了活性炭担载金属氧化物(M/AC)在中温范围150—250℃内,催化氧化硫化氢生成单质硫的研究。担载量1%(质量分数)的M/AC通过等体积浸渍法制得,在固定床上评价了其脱硫活性,并考察了温度、反应气氛等工艺条件对脱硫效果的影响。M/AC脱硫的活性顺序为:Mn/ACCu/ACCe/ACFe/ACCo/ACV/AC。通过DTG分析,硫化氢选择性氧化的主要产物是单质硫。M/AC上金属氧化物起主要的催化作用,催化硫化氢和氧气反应生成单质硫,生成的单质硫被吸附在活性炭的孔道中。     

Sulfidation and regeneration of iron-based sorbents supported on activated-chars prepared by pressurized impregnation for coke oven gas desulfurization

The sulfidation and regeneration properties of lignite char-supported iron-based sorbent for coke oven gas (COG) desulfurization prepared by mechanical stirring (MS), ultrasonic assisted impregnation (UAI), and high pressure impregnation (HPI) were investigated in a fixed-bed reactor. During desulfurization, the effects of process parameters on sulfidation properties were studied systematically. The physical and chemical properties of the sorbents were analyzed by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope coupled with energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM-EDS), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and BET surface area analysis. The results of desulfurization experiments showed that high pressure impregnation (HPI) enhanced the sulfidation properties of the sorbents at the breakthrough time for char-supported iron sorbents. HPI method also increased the surface area and pore volume of sorbents. Sulfur capacity of sorbents was enhanced with increasing sulfidation temperatures and reached its maximum value at 400 °C. It was observed that the presence of steam in coke oven gas can inhibit the desulfurization performance of sorbent. SO₂ regeneration of sorbent resulted in formation of elemental sulfur. HPIF10 sorbent showed good stability during sulfide-regeneration cycles without changing its performance significantly.     

载体对Pt催化甲基环己烷脱氢性能的影响

采用浸渍法制备了Al₂O₃、SiO₂、Y₂O₃及活性炭负载的0.2%(质量分数,下同)Pt催化剂。氮气吸附脱附、H₂-TPR、CO脉冲吸附对催化剂表征的结果表明,活性炭载体上活性组分的分散度最高,催化甲基环己烷(MCH)脱氢反应的结果表明,活性炭负载的Pt催化剂具有最高的催化活性。     

邻苯二甲酸酯加氢Ru-Ni双金属催化剂研究

采用浸渍法制备了双金属Ru-Ni_x/AC系列催化剂,并采用X射线衍射（XRD）、程序升温还原（H₂-TPR）和CO脉冲吸附等表征手段对催化剂进行了表征。在邻苯二甲酸二异辛酯（DOP）加氢制备环己烷1,2-二甲酸二异辛酯（DEHCH）反应中评估了该系列催化剂的性能,并讨论了Ni在其中的作用。发现掺杂Ni后RuNi/AC催化剂对于DOP生成环己烷1,2-二甲酸二异辛酯的选择性有明显提高（99.7%）,远高于未掺杂Ni的Ru/AC催化剂（77.7%）。而且催化活性会随着Ni的质量比增加而增加,并在m（Ru）∶m（Ni）为0.6∶5.0时加氢活性达到最大。H₂-TPR结果比对发现,Ru金属的存在可以降低Ni金属的还原温度,说明2种金属之间存在相互作用,同时也佐证了Ru和Ni之间的协同效应。     

铝基铜干法烟气脱硫剂制备及脱硫再生实验

采用浸渍法制备了铝基铜脱硫剂,考察了制备过程中浸渍液浓度对脱硫剂脱硫性能的影响,同时对制得的脱硫剂进行了循环烟气脱硫-再生实验,分析了脱硫剂的表面微观结构在脱硫和再生过程中的变化.实验和分析表明,制得的铝基铜脱硫剂具有较高的脱硫效率,使用该脱硫剂进行循环烟气脱硫的性能是稳定的.     

Effect of different organic compounds on the preparation of CaO-based CO2 sorbents derived from wet mixing combustion synthesis

CaO based sorbents have great potential for commercial use to capture CO_2 of power plants. In the demand of producing sorbents with better cyclic performance, CaO-based sorbents derived from different kinds of calcium precursors, containing calcium carbonate(CC-CaO), calcium gluconate monohydrate(CG-CaO), calcium citrate(CCi-CaO) and calcium acetate monohydrate(CA-CaO), were tested cyclically and compared using simultaneous thermal analyzer(STA). And further study was conducted on the sorbents modified with citric acid monohydrate and 50% gluconic acid solution by wet mixing combustion synthesis. The modified sorbents showed better performance and higher pore parameters as well as porous microstructure with more organic acid added. After 20 cycles of carbonation and calcination, the C2CCi8(CaO: citric acid = 2:8 by mass ratio) and C2G8(CaO: gluconic acid = 2:8 by mass ratio) sorbent possess CO_2 capture capacity of 0.45 g·g~(-1)(g CO_2 per g sorbents) and 0.52 g·g~(-1) respectively. The citric acid was more effective for modification than gluconic acid for extended 50 cycles. Furthermore, good linear relationship between CaO conversion and specific surface area as well as pore volume were determined, of which the specific surface area showed closer correlation with CaO conversion.     

载体对Pt催化剂制备邻苯基苯酚催化性能的影响

分别以活性炭(AC)、γ-Al2O3、MgO、TiO2为载体,氯铂酸为活性金属前驱体,采用等体积浸渍法制得不同载体负载的Pt催化剂,考察了它们对环己烯基环己酮(dimer)脱氢制备邻苯基苯酚(OPP)的催化活性和选择性。并用X射线衍射(XRD)、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)、H2程序升温脱附(H2-TPD)、CO2程序升温脱附(CO2-TPD)等对催化剂进行表征。结果表明,载体对所制备的催化剂表面Pt含量、酸碱性和对氢吸附能力等微观性能有影响,以γ-Al2O3为载体制备的Pt-K/γ-Al2O3催化剂,由于催化剂表面Pt质量分数高达0.41%,碱性强和碱中心多,利于氢和中间产物在催化剂表面的吸附,从而提高环己烯基环己酮的转化率和OPP选择性。Pt/γ-Al2O3催化剂在LHSV 0.12 h-1、H2空速33 mL/(g.h)、反应温度380℃的条件下,在200 t/a的工业化装置运转8 000h后,环己酮二聚物转化率仍能达99%以上,OPP选择性达90%以上。     

Bimetallic Pt–Sn catalysts supported on activated carbon. II. CO oxidation

A commercial activated carbon (AC) was used as a catalyst support either in its original form or after two different oxidation treatments, namely air oxidation and HNO₃ oxidation, aiming at the enhancement of its textural and surface chemical characteristics. These properties were determined by N₂ adsorption and temperature programmed desorption (TPD), respectively. Monometallic Pt and bimetallic Pt–Sn catalysts were prepared on the AC supports. Impregnation was used in the preparation of the monometallic samples. For the bimetallic samples, coimpregnation and a sequential impregnation procedure, in which the Sn precursor is introduced prior to Pt, were used. The Pt load was kept fixed as 1 wt.% for all monometallic and bimetallic samples. Two different Sn loads, 0.25 and 0.50 wt.%, were used for the bimetallic samples in order to investigate the effects of Sn load on the catalytic properties. The catalyst samples were characterized by H₂ adsorption, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and structure insensitive benzene hydrogenation. The activities of all samples were measured in CO oxidation. The results indicate the strong effects of the surface chemistry of the AC supports, the Pt:Sn ratio, the preparation procedure and the reduction procedure, on the CO oxidation activities of the catalysts.     

La2O3/AC催化剂在CO同时还原SO2和NO反应中的性能

以改性活性炭为载体,采用等体积浸渍法制备了La₂O₃/AC催化剂。采用XRD和BET手段对催化剂进行表征,使用微型固定床反应器考察催化剂的脱硫脱硝活性。结果表明,La₂O₃/AC催化剂对CO同时还原SO₂和NO具有良好活性,负载质量分数10%的La₂O₃/AC催化剂活性较好,SO₂和NO转化率达到90%的反应温度最低,分别为335 ℃和325 ℃;载体与活性组分之间存在协同作用,引入活性炭载体能够降低反应温度并提高催化活性。