圆锥刀侧铣非可展直纹面刀轴轨迹规划的特征线方法

针对圆锥刀侧铣加工非可展直纹面中复杂的刀轴轨迹规划问题,提出一种直观简便的刀轴轨迹生成方法。利用圆锥面的性质,给出法向映射曲线的定义即刀具轴线上诸点在设计曲面上的法向投影点的集合,将刀具包络面向设计曲面的逼近问题转化为每个刀位下法向映射曲线与特征线的最小二乘逼近问题,并给出刀具包络面尚未形成时单刀位下理想特征线的生成方法。用两点偏置法生成初始刀位,以此为基准,利用刚体运动学方法将刀轴位姿描述为3个回转与3个平移运动参数的函数,从而建立单刀位优化条件与6个运动参数的非显性的函数关系。采用拉丁超立方的试验设计方法求解,分析并优选计算过程中的影响因素,得到最优刀位,进而获得优化后的刀轴轨迹面。实例计算可知,刀轴优化后的包络误差显著降低,并且计算结果稳定。该方法可为非可展直纹面的圆锥刀侧铣加工提供一定的理论依据。     

整体叶轮五轴侧铣刀位优化新算法与误差分析

为提高整体叶轮数控侧铣加工的精度和效率,分析厂锥形球头铣刀包络面与刀轴轨迹面之间的关系,提出了一种不可展直纹曲面五轴数控侧铣刀位优化的新算法.该算法首先利用两点偏置法确定圆柱刀初始刀位,然后通过刀轴旋转半锥角得到锥刀初始刀位,最后以刀具包络面与设计曲面间的极差最小为优化目标.采用刀轴上三点优化初始刀位.针对锥刀侧铣加工编程误差计算复杂问题,建立了一种编程误差计算新方法,并成功应用于整体叶轮的锥刀编程误差计算.通过数控加工仿真实例、实际加工试验和编程误差综合对比分析证明,所建立的刀位计算优化新算法正确有效,可显著减小编程误差.     

圆锥刀侧铣整体叶轮叶片曲面的刀轴轨迹规划

针对圆锥刀侧铣加工整体叶轮叶片曲面中复杂的刀轴轨迹规划问题,提出一种可行的刀轴轨迹生成方法。该方法首先根据两点偏置法给出初始的刀轴面,然后利用圆锥面的几何性质调整优化刀轴位置,"强制"刀具面与叶片曲面每瞬时线接触,建立以刀轴位置为变量的刀具面上多点与叶片曲面相切的超定方程组,并用最小二乘法求解。利用共轭曲面的数字仿真原理,以叶片曲面为基准面,以其上发出的标杆射线为纽带,建立刀具包络面与叶片曲面之间的误差计算模型,并给出加工干涉的判定依据。实例计算表明,刀轴优化后的包络误差显著降低,验证了所提方法的有效性。     

基于临界约束的四轴数控加工刀轴优化方法

针对自由曲面四轴加工中复杂刀具运动导致的干涉和刀具运动不连续等现象,提出一种基于临界约束的刀轴优化方法。基于刀具与工件约束曲面之间的相对位置关系,利用曲线上的点搜索算法确定切触点处的临界刀轴矢量,并计算当前切触点刀轴摆动的可行域;以切削行内所有切触点的刀轴可行域为基础,建立当前切削行内无干涉且相邻刀轴变化最小的刀轴矢量优化模型,实现了自由曲面四轴加工无干涉刀轴矢量的光顺控制。整体叶盘四轴加工试验表明,利用此方法获得的刀轴矢量可以显著改善机床运动的连续性,并避免刀具干涉的产生,提高了加工质量。     

圆锥刀五轴侧铣加工刀具路径整体优化原理与方法

三维曲面加工制造是通过刀具刃口的运动扫掠面逼近设计曲面来实现的.针对单行侧铣加工,定义用于评价设计曲面与加工曲面之间偏差的点-刀具包络面有向距离函数.基于刀具包络面的双参数球族包络表示,提出无须构造包络面而直接计算该有向距离的方法,并推导出其关于刀轴轨迹面形状控制参数的一阶梯度表达式,以定量刻画刀具路径的改变对加工曲面法向误差的影响.在此基础上构造基于导数信息的刀具包络面向设计曲面的离散点云的最佳一致逼近算法,并应用序列线性规划算法来求解该约束优化问题,实现圆锥刀五轴侧铣加工刀具路径的整体优化,应用于叶轮叶片加工的实例表明该方法能够显著提高加工精度.有关理论和方法同样也适用于一般回转刀具的侧铣加工规划.     

复杂曲面五轴端铣加工刀具轨迹规划研究进展

五轴端铣加工是提高重点工业和国防领域复杂曲面类零部件加工质量和加工效率的重要手段。围绕刀位优化、刀路规划和刀轴矢量优化三个关键问题,综述近年来五轴端铣加工刀具轨迹规划技术的研究进展。根据刀具和工件曲面之间切触点数量,将五轴端铣加工刀位优化算法分为单点切触、多点切触和无切触点三类,并建立多点切触刀位优化的通用数学模型。然后系统梳理了刀路规划、全局干涉检测及刀轴矢量优化理论和方法。最后分析了当前研究存在的不足,指出五轴端铣加工刀具轨迹规划应该尽可能从整体角度出发,且应充分考虑机床的运动学和动力学特性,同时应加强多点切触加工理论和应用研究,使其在工程实际中真正发挥高效优势。     

平底刀最优刀轴矢量规划算法

在进行自由曲面平底刀五轴数控加工刀轴矢量规划时,现有算法多以材料去除率最大作为优化目标,然而加工效率最高的刀轴矢量不一定是刀具最优姿态,还需要综合考虑加工质量、刀轴光顺等因素。从这几个方面建立单个刀轴矢量和相邻刀轴矢量光顺性的度量指标,并以归一化度量指标加权和最小作为优化目标建立刀轴矢量优化模型,经理论分析将多目标规划问题转化为力学平衡问题,弹簧模型中高斯球面上运动节点的平衡位置就是最优刀轴矢量。仿真结果表明SE权因子影响加工效率,DW、DM权因子影响机床运动平稳性,DF权因子影响切削条件,选择合适的权因子可以获得材料去除率大、加工效率高以及在工件坐标系、机床坐标系和进给坐标系下光顺的刀轴矢量。     

薄壁曲面零件五轴侧铣加工过程几何-力学仿真及变形误差刀路补偿

正五轴侧铣加工因具有极高的加工效率和表面质量,在航空航天复杂零件制造中有着广泛的应用。但由于切削几何的复杂性和加工系统的弱刚性,复杂薄壁件侧铣加工往往容易出现刀具包络面与设计面几何失配引起的刀路偏差和时变强切削力引起的让刀变形误差,导致加工精度难以保证。针对上述问题,本文开展了五轴加工过程的几何-力学集成仿真研究,解决了侧铣刀路误差控制和五轴铣削力精确预报的难题,提出了基于刀位修正的加工让刀变形补偿技术,显著提高了复杂薄壁零件的     

复杂曲面环形刀五轴端铣加工的刀具轨迹规划方法

为了降低复杂曲面类零部件加工的刀具路径,减小刀具路径条数,提高加工效率,提出了一种新的复杂曲面环形刀五轴端铣加工刀具轨迹优化方法。在局部可铣性基础上对刀轴矢量角进行自适应优化,采用新型加工带宽计算方法——等残留高度算法,给出了等残留高度算法的刀具轨迹生成具体步骤。仿真结果表明:与传统等残留高速算法相比,刀具轨迹优化算法的刀具路径更短、条数更少,能够有效提高复杂曲面加工效率。     

复杂曲面环形刀五轴加工的自适应刀轴矢量优化方法

针对复杂曲面的环形刀五轴加工,建立了二阶泰勒逼近下的加工带宽模型与刀轴倾角之间的函数关系。通过分析函数变化规律,基于刀具切削刃与被加工曲面的形状匹配原则自动计算满足局部可铣性充分条件的后跟角,并以最大化加工带宽为目的优化侧偏角。算例表明,该算法能有效地缩短加工路径,提高加工效率。     

平底刀五轴端铣3D刀补中运动突变的检测算法

应用3D刀补功能进行五轴端铣加工时,如果某一点处的刀具半径补偿矢量出现奇异解,会导致直线轴控制点在该位置附近发生运动突变。为了准确检测出发生运动突变的位置,从而为进一步解决该类型突变问题提供前提条件,以平底刀为研究对象,在建立切触点与直线轴控制点空间映射关系的基础上,分析了3D刀补中加工奇异点产生的原因;针对奇异点、奇异点相邻点以及奇异区域边界三处会发生运动突变的位置,给出了基于计算刀轴法矢量夹角与观察刀轴姿态主导角符号的检测算法。仿真实验证明了该算法的正确性与有效性。     

整体叶轮五轴侧铣数控加工方法的研究

为提高整体叶轮的五轴编程和加工的能力,生成合理的刀位文件,在制定出合理的加工工艺的基础上,提出了一种适合于直纹面叶片五轴侧铣加工的刀轴矢量计算方法.对两个相邻叶片的直母线进行插值后,得到的刀轴矢量能完全避免刀具与叶片之间的干涉问题.同时,提出了一种小四边形参数模型来解决直线与自由曲面求交问题,并成功应用于刀心计算中.实例计算表明,所提出的方法能很好地应用于整体叶轮的五轴加工.     

[误差建模及精度保证方法]几何误差贡献值影响下五轴数控机床运动轴误差灵敏度分析方法

针对现有误差元素灵敏度分析与后续误差补偿关联性不强的问题，建立运动轴几何误差贡献值模型并提出运动轴几何误差灵敏度分析方法，以获得本身几何误差对机床精度有很大影响的关键运动轴。结合指数积理论和坐标系微分运动理论建立基于误差敏感矩阵的运动轴几何误差贡献值模型，各运动轴几何误差贡献值相加得到机床综合误差模型；计算各运动轴误差权重分量和误差综合权重实现运动轴误差灵敏度分析，选择误差综合权重平均值最大的运动轴为机床关键运动轴，并对关键运动轴的误差补偿方法进行分析讨论。最后，在北京精雕集团的五轴加工中心上进行仿真实验验证。研究结果表明：所建立模型和所提出分析方法是有效的，且只补偿关键运动轴的几何误差贡献值能有效地提高五轴机床加工精度。     

A control algorithm for a vertical five-axis turning centre

It is very useful to accomplish turning and five-axis milling, drilling and boring in only one setup, which is possible on five-axis turning centres. In this paper, we present a control algorithm for this machine with two translational and three rotational axes. The turning centre has a two rotary axis head with axes that do not intersect. This increases the possibility of machining and allows for certain types of machining without the machine taking the singular positions. The high angular speed of the table required for turning causes heating of the table-bearing support and base thermal deflection. If milling or drilling is done immediately after turning, the motion of the machine axis should be corrected to eliminate the error in machining that arises because of the deflection, a correction that has been done in this paper. The solution for the forward and inverse kinematics for this type of machine allows for programming the machine motion as if the machining were performed on a five-axis gantry milling machine. This has essentially facilitated machine programming.     

Process modeling and toolpath optimization for five-axis ball-end milling based on tool motion analysis

In free-form surface machining, the prediction of five-axis ball-end milling forces is quite a challenge due to difficulties of determining the underformed chip thickness and engaged cutting edge. Part and tool deflections under high cutting forces may result in poor part quality. To solve these concerns, this paper presents process modeling and optimization method for five-axis milling based on tool motion analysis. The method selected for geometric stock modeling is the dexel approach, and the extracted cutter workpiece engagements are used as input to a force prediction. The cutter entry?Cexit angles and depth of cuts are found and used to calculate the instantaneous cutting forces. The process is optimized by varying the feed as the tool?Cworkpiece engagements vary along the toolpath, and the unified model provides a powerful tool for analyzing five-axis milling. The new feedrate profiles are shown to considerably reduce the machining time while avoiding process faults.     

Axis geometrical errors analysis through a performance test to evaluate kinematic error in a five axis tilting-rotary table machine tool

Geometrical work piece errors in milling process are commonly generated by different error sources. Axis geometrical errors, such as the straightness error for linear axis and the offset location error of the origin of rotary axis, introduce kinematic error in the tool path. Direct measurement of kinematic error requires special devices such as laser interferometers, grid plate encoders or double ball bars, which impose production stop and specialized staff. These problems could be analyzed using indirect measurements obtained by means of a cutting performance test that is already a standard for three axis machine tools. Because of the different architectures of five-axis milling machines these tests are hardly standardizable, therefore this paper proposes a devised easy-to-use and time efficient cutting performance test to identify and quantify axis geometrical errors for a five axis tilting-rotary table machine tool. This test can be performed as a periodical checkup or, in case of production, as a re-start test. The main goal of this study is to develop a kinematic analytical model capable of correlating the work-piece geometrical errors to the axis geometrical errors of the machine tool. The model has been implemented on a multi-body software in order to simulate the axes motion sequence of the performance test and validated to decouple the kinematic error into the geometrical axis errors. The developed models have demonstrated to be capable of correcting a generic five axis tool path by predicting the tool-path error displacement. The overall validation of this approach has been carried out by comparing the simulated and experimentally measured profile of the NAS 979 standard five axis contouring cone frustum profile.     

数控机床转动轴进给系统轮廓误差分析

在五轴联动数控机床中,转动轴进给系统的动态精度对轮廓误差的影响是不可忽视的。采用不同空间位置上的外形轮廓,对五轴联动数控机床转动轴的联动运动产生的轮廓误差进行分析。在建立转动轴进给系统模型的基础上,利用刀具位置系统到加工系统的转换得到转动轴指令,通过进给系统动态误差模型得到仿真输出指令,再将输出指令从加工系统转换回刀具位置系统,比较刀具位置的偏差,从而得到轮廓误差。找出轮廓误差点与外形轮廓空间位置之间的对应关系,利用这种关系可快速通过轮廓误差来考察转动轴进给系统的动态性能,为机床快速调整和维修提供一种手段。     

基于ADAMS五轴联动数控机床的可视化仿真

将可视优化设计与概念设计相结合,提出了基于概念设计的数控机床可视化设计流程。以某五轴联动数控铣床为研究对象,应用所提出的概念设计流程,对其整体结构进行设计,提出3种不同的设计方案,并结合ADAM S软件对每种方案进行运动学仿真研究,得出刀具的运动轨迹,获得最理想的五轴联动数控铣床布置形式,证明了可视化设计与概念设计相结合的可行性。     

Three-dimensional tool radius compensation for multi-axis peripheral milling

Few function about 3D tool radius compensation is applied to generating executable motion control commands in the existing computer numerical control (CNC) systems. Once the tool radius is changed, especially in the case of tool size changing with tool wear in machining, a new NC program has to be recreated. A generic 3D tool radius compensation method for multi-axis peripheral milling in CNC systems is presented. The offset path is calculated by offsetting the tool path along the direction of the offset vector with a given distance. The offset vector is perpendicular to both the tangent vector of the tool path and the orientation vector of the tool axis relative to the workpiece. The orientation vector equations of the tool axis relative to the workpiece are obtained through homogeneous coordinate transformation matrix and forward kinematics of generalized kinematics model of multi-axis machine tools. To avoid cutting into the corner formed by the two adjacent tool paths, the coordinates of offset path at the intersection point have been calculated according to the transition type that is determined by the angle between the two tool path tangent vectors at the corner. Through the verification by the solid cutting simulation software VERICUTwith different tool radiuses on a table-tilting type five-axis machine tool, and by the real machining experiment of machining a soup spoon on a five-axis machine tool with the developed CNC system, the effectiveness of the proposed 3D tool radius compensation method is confirmed. The proposed compensation method can be suitable for all kinds of threeto five-axis machine tools as a general form.     

五轴工具磨床通用后置处理研究

数控机床后置处理能将刀位轨迹转换为机床数控加工程序,其先进程度对零件加工质量和效率有重要影响。目前五轴工具磨床后置处理大都专机专用或另外购买专用后置处理模块。通过对五轴工具磨床的结构类型分析,建立通用五轴工具磨床运动模型,并采用机床运动创成函数将砂轮的位姿转换为机床各轴的运动量,从而得到五轴工具磨床通用后置处理方法,提高了五轴工具磨床后置处理算法的通用性。