西藏低压环境对油池火火焰形状的影响

通过拉萨和合肥两地开展相同尺寸的甲醇和汽油油池火燃烧实验,研究了两地油池火燃烧特性参数的不同,分析低氧低压条件对于燃烧特性参数的影响机理.研究发现,在燃料类型和尺寸相同的情况下,燃料在拉萨的失重速率比合肥慢,产生的CO浓度更高;采用火焰图像分析对两地火焰图像进行处理,发现相同小尺寸的油盘燃料燃烧,拉萨火焰面积比合肥要大...     

低压低氧环境下油盆火的燃烧特性和烟气特性

为了研究高原地区低压低氧环境下的燃烧特性和烟气特性,在拉萨和合肥两地区分别进行了正庚烷油盆火实验.实验测量了油盆上方温度、热辐射通量、燃料失重速率、烟气热辐射发射率、烟气组分浓度和火焰高度等燃烧和烟气参数.结果表明:随着海拔高度的升高,油盆火单位面积燃烧速率降低,火焰及热烟气温度降低,对周围环境的热辐射通量和单位面积辐...     

高原低压环境小尺寸乙醇池火辐射特性的变化

运用火灾相似模型分析中的辐射相似模型理论,推导了低气压环境下池火辐射特性与常压环境的关系.理论分析表明,池火的辐射分数随气压降低变化不明显,火源对外的热辐射与燃烧速率近似成正比关系.利用合肥及拉萨环境气压差异,在两地开展了边长范围 6～24 cm 的方形乙醇池火的燃烧速率及辐射通量对比实验,对理论分析进行了验证.实验结果表明,燃烧状态受池火尺寸影响,随燃料盆尺寸的增加,燃烧状态从层流主导向湍流主导过渡,两地燃烧速率比向气压比趋近,两地池火的辐射差异也相应改变.总的来说,拉萨高原环境下池火燃烧速率要普遍低于合肥地区,辐射强度也相对较小.     

高原低压环境小尺寸池火图像特征

选用直径3~10,cm小尺寸圆形油盘,分别在低压(拉萨,0.067,MPa)与常压(合肥,0.100,MPa)条件下进行正庚烷池火燃烧实验.实验结果表明,在低压条件下,燃烧速率、火焰高度、振荡频率及振荡强度几项特征参量均比常压下大.在传导主控热反馈阶段,拉萨、合肥两地的燃烧速率比为0.81,小于对流、辐射主控的大尺寸池火.根据振荡频率经验公式f=k D-0.5对小尺寸池火油盘直径和振荡频率进行拟合,低压下拟合值k=1.845,常压下k=1.632.振荡强度在6,cm油盘时均出现拐点,呈先降后升的趋势.     

拉萨和合肥环境下不同厚度保温材料XPS的火蔓延特性

分别对不同厚度保温材料XPS在高原地区拉萨和平原地区合肥进行一系列小尺寸火蔓延实验.通过分析在水平放置时,不同厚度保温材料在两地火蔓延过程中一些重要特性参数(火蔓延速度、平均池火长度、火焰侧面积和最高气相火焰温度等)的变化规律,定性地揭示了高原和平原环境对不同厚度保温材料XPS火蔓延特性参数的影响.结果表明,在拉萨火蔓...     

定容燃烧室有无废气稀释燃烧特性实验研究

研究了甲醇燃料在有、无废气稀释情况下的燃烧特性，采用定容燃烧室进行实验，并利用激光纹影技术和高速摄影机对火焰图像进行可视化，研究了不同燃烧初始压力、不同化学当量比和废气稀释情况下的燃烧时间和火焰传播情况。结果表明，在贫燃料状态，当化学当量比增大时，燃烧时间明显缩短，在废气稀释情况下，燃烧时间延长，在高初始燃烧压力时，火焰传播速度下降更明显。同时，采用图像技术可以获得初始压力变化和废气稀释情况下非常有用的火焰结构信息。实验表明，当燃烧时间较长时，定容燃烧过程要考虑浮升力的影响。     

异丁醇/辛酸甲酯混合燃料预混层流火焰速度的研究

针对生物柴油与醇类混合燃料燃烧机理研究的需求,采用高速纹影光学诊断方法和定容燃烧弹系统试验研究了异丁醇/辛酸甲酯混合燃料的预混层流燃烧特性。测量了不同当量比和初始压力条件下的不同配比混合燃料—空气预混合气的层流燃烧火焰速度,火焰拉伸率以及马克斯坦长度。分析了燃烧初始条件及异丁醇掺混比例对混合燃料的无拉伸层流燃烧速度及火焰不稳定性的影响规律。结果表明:异丁醇/辛酸甲酯混合燃料的拉伸层流火焰传播速度和层流火焰燃烧速度随着当量比的增加先增加后减少,随着初始压力的增加而减小;马克斯坦长度随着当量比和初始压力的增加而减小;异丁醇掺混比例的增加加快了层流火焰燃烧速度,但使得火焰的不稳定性倾向增加。     

生物质燃气预混层流燃烧特性的实验研究

在密闭燃烧容器中对常温、常压环境下的生物质燃气预混层流燃烧特性进行了实验研究,研究了不同燃气组分、不同当量比对生物质燃气预混层流火焰传播速度、火焰表面拉伸率和层流燃烧速度的影响规律。研究结果表明:发酵法制取的生物质燃气中甲烷含量越高,其层流火焰传播速度就越快;相同尺寸的火焰锋面上拉伸率越大,层流燃烧速度则越快;随着当量比的增大,层流火焰传播速度、层流燃烧速度呈现出先增大后减小的趋势。     

高原环境下木材表面火蔓延特性的实验研究

在拉萨高原地区和合肥平原地区开展了一系列木材表面火蔓延对比实验研究,通过对火蔓延过程中一些重要特性参数(固相热解温度、气相火焰温度、燃烧区长度和燃烧速率等)的测量,分析了高原地区的火灾危害特性.结果表明,高原地区的固相热解温度与平原差别不大,但是气相火焰温度要略高一些.火蔓延过程中高原地区的燃烧区长度比平原的小,而且两...     

应用高速纹影法对汽油机燃烧过程的研究

根据光学纹影法的基本原理和高速摄影技术,在可视化发动机台架上搭建了一套反射式纹影光路系统,使其能够较清晰准确地记录燃料初期蓝焰的扩散过程。通过对比,纹影图像比直接摄影图像能更早地观察到火焰的产生,火焰轮廓更大,能够反应火焰的变化形态。试验将此系统应用在汽油机燃烧过程的研究中,并分析了空燃比和负荷时汽油机火焰传播速度及火焰形态的影响。结果表明:在理论空燃比附近,随着混合气变浓,着火始点靠前,火焰传播速度加快,火焰的表面皱折变大;负荷的提高使得燃烧更加充分,着火提前,火焰传播速度提高,火焰皱折增大。     

Ash-forming elements in four Scandinavian wood species. Part 1: Summer harvest

Woody biomass in Finland and Sweden comprises mainly four wood species: spruce, pine, birch and aspen. To study the ash, which may cause problems for the combustion device, one tree of each species were cut down and prepared for comparisons with fuel samples. Well-defined samples of wood, bark and foliage were analyzed on 11 ash-forming elements: Si, Al, Fe, Ca, Mg, Mn, Na, K, P, S and Cl. The ash content in the wood tissues (0.2–0.7%) was low compared to the ash content in the bark tissues (1.9–6.4%) and the foliage (2.4–7.7%). The woods’ content of ash-forming elements was consequently low; the highest contents were of Ca (410–1340 ppm) and K (200–1310), followed by Mg (70–290), Mn (15–240) and P (0–350). Present in the wood was also Si (50–190), S (50–200) and Cl (30–110). The bark tissues showed much higher element contents; Ca (4800–19,100 ppm) and K (1600–6400) were the dominating elements, followed by Mg (210–2400), P (210–1200), Mn (110–1100) and S (310–750), but the Cl contents (40–330) were only moderately higher in the bark than in the wood. The young foliage (shoots and deciduous leaves) had the highest K (7100–25,000 ppm), P (1600–5300) and S (1100–2600) contents of all tissues, while the shoots of spruce had the highest Cl contents (820–1360) and its needles the highest Si content (5000–11,300). This paper presented a new approach in fuel characterization: the method excludes the presence of impurities, and focus on different categories of plant tissues. This made it possible to discuss the contents of ash element in a wide spectrum of fuel-types, which are of large importance for the energy production in Finland and Sweden.     

NEXT GENERATION ENGINEERED MATERIALS FOR ULTRA SUPERCRITICAL STEAM TURBINES

正1 ABSTRACT To reduce the effect of global warming on our climate,the levels of CO2emissions should be reduced.One way to do this is to increase the efficiency of electricity production from fossil fuels.This will in turn reduce the amount of CO2emissions for a given power output.Using US practice for efficiency calculations,then a move from a typical US plant running at 37%efficiency to a 760℃/38.5 MPa(1 400/5 580 psi)plant running at 48%efficiency would reduce CO2emissions by 170kg/MW.hr or 25%.     

Performance assessment of some ice TES systems

In this paper, a performance assessment of four main types of ice storage techniques for space cooling purposes, namely ice slurry systems, ice-on-coil systems (both internal and external melt), and encapsulated ice systems is conducted. A detailed analysis, coupled with a case study based on the literature data, follows. The ice making techniques are compared on the basis of energy and exergy performance criteria including charging, discharging and storage efficiencies, which make up the ice storage and retrieval process. Losses due to heat leakage and irreversibilities from entropy generation are included. A vapor-compression refrigeration cycle with R134a as the working fluid provides the cooling load, while the analysis is performed in both a full storage and partial storage process, with comparisons between these two. In the case of full storage, the energy efficiencies associated with the charging and discharging processes are well over 98% in all cases, while the exergy efficiencies ranged from 46% to 76% for the charging cycle and 18% to 24% for the discharging cycle. For the partial storage systems, all energy and exergy efficiencies were slightly less than that for full storage, due to the increasing effect wall heat leakage has on the decreased storage volume and load. The results show that energy analyses alone do not provide much useful insight into system behavior, since the vast majority of losses in all processes are a result of entropy generation which results from system irreversibilities.     

Aerodynamic performance effects of leading-edge geometry in gas-turbine blades

The purpose of this paper is to illustrate the advantages of the direct surface-curvature distribution blade-design method, originally proposed by Korakianitis, for the leading-edge design of turbine blades, and by extension for other types of airfoil shapes. The leading edge shape is critical in the blade design process, and it is quite difficult to completely control with inverse, semi-inverse or other direct-design methods. The blade-design method is briefly reviewed, and then the effort is concentrated on smoothly blending the leading edge shape (circle or ellipse, etc.) with the main part of the blade surface, in a manner that avoids leading-edge flow-disturbance and flow-separation regions. Specifically in the leading edge region we return to the second-order (parabolic) construction line coupled with a revised smoothing equation between the leading-edge shape and the main part of the blade. The Hodson–Dominy blade has been used as an example to show the ability of this blade-design method to remove leading-edge separation bubbles in gas turbine blades and other airfoil shapes that have very sharp changes in curvature near the leading edge. An additional gas turbine blade example has been used to illustrate the ability of this method to design leading edge shapes that avoid leading-edge separation bubbles at off-design conditions. This gas turbine blade example has inlet flow angle 0°, outlet flow angle −64.3°, and tangential lift coefficient 1.045, in a region of parameters where the leading edge shape is critical for the overall blade performance. Computed results at incidences of −10°,   −5°,   +5°,   +10° are used to illustrate the complete removal of leading edge flow-disturbance regions, thus minimizing the possibility of leading-edge separation bubbles, while concurrently minimizing the stagnation pressure drop from inlet to outlet. These results using two difficult example cases of leading edge geometries illustrate the superiority and utility of this blade-design method when compared with other direct or inverse blade-design methods.     

Effect of co-cultivation of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii with Azotobacter chroococcum on hydrogen production

Chlamydomonas reinhardtii cc124 and Azotobacter chroococcum bacteria were co-cultured with a series of volume ratios and under a variety of light densities to determine the optimal culture conditions and to investigate the mechanism by which co-cultivation improves H₂ yield. The results demonstrated that the optimal culture conditions for the highest H₂ production of the combined system were a 1:40 vol ratio of bacterial cultures to algal cultures under 200 μE m^?2 s^?1. Under these conditions, the maximal H₂ yield was 255 μmol mg^?1 Chl, which was approximately 15.9-fold of the control. The reasons for the improvement in H₂ yield included decreased O₂ content, enhanced algal growth, and increased H₂ase activity and starch content of the combined system.     

Natural-gas fueled spark-ignition (SI) and compression-ignition (CI) engine performance and emissions

Natural gas is a fossil fuel that has been used and investigated extensively for use in spark-ignition (SI) and compression-ignition (CI) engines. Compared with conventional gasoline engines, SI engines using natural gas can run at higher compression ratios, thus producing higher thermal efficiencies but also increased nitrogen oxide (NO_x) emissions, while producing lower emissions of carbon dioxide (CO₂), unburned hydrocarbons (HC) and carbon monoxide (CO). These engines also produce relatively less power than gasoline-fueled engines because of the convergence of one or more of three factors: a reduction in volumetric efficiency due to natural-gas injection in the intake manifold; the lower stoichiometric fuel/air ratio of natural gas compared to gasoline; and the lower equivalence ratio at which these engines may be run in order to reduce NO_x emissions. High NO_x emissions, especially at high loads, reduce with exhaust gas recirculation (EGR). However, EGR rates above a maximum value result in misfire and erratic engine operation. Hydrogen gas addition increases this EGR threshold significantly. In addition, hydrogen increases the flame speed of the natural gas-hydrogen mixture. Power levels can be increased with supercharging or turbocharging and intercooling. Natural gas is used to power CI engines via the dual-fuel mode, where a high-cetane fuel is injected along with the natural gas in order to provide a source of ignition for the charge. Thermal efficiency levels compared with normal diesel-fueled CI-engine operation are generally maintained with dual-fuel operation, and smoke levels are reduced significantly. At the same time, lower NO_x and CO₂ emissions, as well as higher HC and CO emissions compared with normal CI-engine operation at low and intermediate loads are recorded. These trends are caused by the low charge temperature and increased ignition delay, resulting in low combustion temperatures. Another factor is insufficient penetration and distribution of the pilot fuel in the charge, resulting in a lack of ignition centers. EGR admission at low and intermediate loads increases combustion temperatures, lowering unburned HC and CO emissions. Larger pilot fuel quantities at these load levels and hydrogen gas addition can also help increase combustion efficiency. Power output is lower at certain conditions than diesel-fueled engines, for reasons similar to those affecting power output of SI engines. In both cases the power output can be maintained with direct injection. Overall, natural gas can be used in both engine types; however further refinement and optimization of engines and fuel-injection systems is needed.     

Hydrogen production by steam-gasification of carbonaceous materials using concentrated solar energy – V. Reactor modeling,optimization, and scale-up

A chemical reactor for the steam-gasification of carbonaceous particles (e.g. coal, coke) is considered for using concentrated solar radiation as the energy source of high-temperature process heat. A two-phase reactor model that couples radiative, convective, and conductive heat transfer to the chemical kinetics is applied to optimize the reactor geometrical configuration and operational parameters (feedstock's initial particle size, feeding rates, and solar power input) for maximum reaction extent and solar-to-chemical energy conversion efficiency of a 5 kW prototype reactor and its scale-up to 300 kW. For the 300 kW reactor, complete reaction extent is predicted for an initial feedstock particle size up to 35 μm at residence times of less than 10 s and peak temperatures of 1818 K, yielding high-quality syngas with a calorific content that has been solar-upgraded by 19% over that of the petcoke gasified.     

Assessment methods of material ageing using Sdobyrev''s creep rupture model

The physical aspects of the activation energy, in higher and high temperatures, of the metal creep process were examined. The research results of creep-rupture in a uniaxial stress state and the criterion of creep-rupture in biaxial stress states, at two temperatures, are then presented. For these studies creep-rupture, taking case iron as an example the energy and pseudoenergy activation was determined. For complex stress states the criterion of creep-rupture was taken to be Sdobyrev's, i.e. σ_red = σ₁ β + (1 − β)σ_i, where: σ₁-maximal principal stress, σ_i-stress intensity, β-material constant (at variable temperature β = β(T)). The methods of assessment of the material ageing grade are given in percentages of ageing of new material in the following mechanical properties: 1) creep strength in uniaxial stress state, 2) activation energy in uniaxial stress state, 3) criterion creep strength in complex stress states, 4) activation pseudoenergy in complex stress states. The methods 1) and 3) are the relatively simplest because they result from experimental investigations only at nominal temperature of the structure work, however, for methods 2) and 4) it is necessary to perform the experimental investigations at least at two temperatures.     

Production of hydrogen from sewage biosolids in a continuously fed bioreactor: Effect of hydraulic retention time and sparging

Hydrogen was produced from primary sewage biosolids via mesophilic anaerobic fermentation in a continuously fed bioreactor. Prior to fermentation the sewage biosolids were heated to 70 °C for 1 h to inactivate methanogens and during fermentation a cellulose degrading enzyme was added to improve substrate availability. Hydraulic retention times (HRT) of 18, 24, 36 and 48 h were evaluated for the duration of hydrogen production. Without sparging a hydraulic retention time of 24 h resulted in the longest period of hydrogen production (3 days), during which a hydrogen yield of 21.9 L H₂ kg⁻¹ VS added to the bioreactor was achieved. Methods of preventing the decline of hydrogen production during continuous fermentation were evaluated. Of the techniques evaluated using nitrogen gas to sparge the bioreactor contents proved to be more effective than flushing just the headspace of the bioreactor. Sparging at 0.06 L L min⁻¹ successfully prevented a decline in hydrogen production and resulted in a yield of 27.0  L H₂ kg⁻¹ VS added, over a period of greater than 12 days or 12 HRT. The use of sparging also delayed the build up of acetic acid in the bioreactor, suggesting that it serves to inhibit homoacetogenesis and thus maintain hydrogen production.     

汽轮机数字电液调节系统挂闸异常的技术完善

分析了200MW汽轮机数字电液调节系统在运行中存在的挂闸异常问题,采取了相应的技术处理措施,且运行实践效果良好。