热处理对乳中重要生物活性成分影响的研究进展

介绍了乳体系中存在的生物活性成分及其生理功能,阐述了牛乳中乳铁蛋白、乳过氧化物酶体系、免疫球蛋白、生长因子、溶菌酶等5种重要生物活性成分随热处理强度发生的变化,分析了不同生物活性成分的热稳定性及分子结构的变化,为乳制品功能性领域的研究与开发提供理论参考。     

薄壳山核桃主要生物活性成分及其作用研究进展

为了更好地推动薄壳山核桃生物活性成分的相关研究,对薄壳山核桃不饱和脂肪酸、酚类化合物、维生素E、植物甾醇、角鲨烯、类胡萝卜素等主要生物活性成分研究进展进行了综述,并总结了薄壳山核桃及其提取物在抗氧化、降血脂、降血糖、保护肝脏、抗癌等方面的保健作用。薄壳山核桃含有丰富的生物活性成分,基于其生物活性成分的新产品开发将是未来研究的重点。     

马铃薯中生物活性成分及其功能

马铃薯不仅是一种营养丰富的食品,还含有许多特殊生物活性成分,可以在预防和辅助治疗疾病方面发挥重要作用。本文重点介绍了目前已发现的马铃薯中所含的主要生物活性成分,并总结了已证实的马铃薯及其提取物的保健功能,介绍了品种、贮藏及烹调加工等因素对马铃薯生物活性成分的影响,最后介绍了马铃薯及其制品中存在的潜在健康危害因素,并对未来的研究进行了展望,为进一步开发、利用马铃薯的价值提供参考。     

提取溶剂对石榴籽油生物活性及纳米乳形成的影响

目的:探讨提取溶剂对石榴籽油(pomegranate seed oil,PSO)生物活性及纳米乳形成的影响。方法:选择5种有机溶剂,采用超声法提取PSO,以PSO的出油率、黄酮、多酚、石榴酸含量、抗氧化活性、纳米乳浊度及其抗菌活性为指标,采用主成分分析法筛选提取溶剂,并分析抗氧化活性、纳米乳浊度及抗菌活性与理化常数的相关性。结果:提取溶剂对PSO粘度、酸度、有效成分含量及生物活性有较大影响。PSO抗氧化活性与其皂化值及多酚含量呈显著正相关(P<0.05),纳米乳浊度与油的皂化值呈负相关(r=-0.798)。综合评分最高的提取溶剂为乙酸乙酯。结论:以PSO出油率、有效成分含量、生物活性及纳米乳成型性为指标综合评价提取溶剂,对PSO纳米新制剂研制有重要意义。     

柳蒿芽营养成分及生物活性成分研究进展

柳蒿芽是一种纯天然、野生可食用的野菜,具有较高的营养价值和生物活性。本文就柳蒿芽的主要营养成分、生物活性成分及其提取分离现状进行了综述,并对生物活性成分的研究利用进行了展望,为柳蒿芽资源的开发利用提供参考和依据。     

元宝枫的综合开发利用

综述了元宝枫的生长特性 ,分布 ;含有的营养成分 ,生物活性成分及其保健作用 ;生物活性成分提取方法 ;在食品、医药、化工行业上的开发和应用     

苦瓜的化学成分及功能作用研究进展

苦瓜富合多种生物活性成分，具有降血糖、抗菌、抗病毒、抗肿瘤等功能特性。综述了苦瓜的化学成分、保健功能以及其在食品中的应用展望。     

牛肝菌生物活性成分研究进展

牛肝菌种类多、分布广,营养物质丰富,含有多糖、黄酮、多酚、甾体及萜类化合物等多种生物活性成分,具有抗氧化、抗肿瘤、抑菌等多种生理功效,有着较高的食用和药用价值。该文综述牛肝菌的生物活性成分及最新国内外研究成果,为牛肝菌深加工及资源深度开发利用提供了理论依据。     

几种常见植物多酚降血脂作用及机制研究进展

植物多酚具有许多生物活性,是近年来食品科学热点研究领域之一。本文综述几种常见的果蔬多酚,如石榴多酚、茶多酚、葡萄多酚、苹果多酚、山楂多酚等在降血脂及预防心脑血管疾病等方面的生物学活性及作用机制,并列出这几种多酚的主要活性成分,比较其降脂作用及机制的异同。     

大型真菌菌核生物活性研究进展

菌核是真菌菌丝在不良环境条件下经无性繁殖形成的一种致密而坚硬的组织结构,是真菌的营养贮藏和休眠器官。大型真菌的菌核富含碳水化合物、蛋白质、多磷酸盐、脂质和矿物质等营养素以及萜类、酚类、黑色素等多种生物活性成分,常作为保健食品和营养补充剂,引起越来越广泛关注。本文在概述大型真菌菌核生物活性成分的基础上,重点综述了菌核及其生物活性成分作为功能性食品原料在免疫调节、改善肠道功能、抗氧化、调节血压血糖等方面的潜在价值以及在抗肿瘤、抗炎、利尿与肾保护、抑菌等方面的最新进展。在阐述当前国内外大型真菌菌核生物活性及其功能研究现状的基础上,分析了存在的问题,提出了可能的发展方向,为大型真菌菌核生物活性的进一步开发利用提供参考。     

Total phenols and antioxidant capacity in 10 Moroccan pomegranate varieties

The study focused on characterizing the 10 major Moroccan cultivars to acknowledge the quality and bioactive compounds of the fruits. The following determinations were assessed: pomegranate fruit maturity index, which truly defines juice taste, as well as organic acids and sugar contents, total phenols, and antioxidant activity of pomegranate juice. The cultivar per se (genotype) behaved as the most influencing factor conditioning pomegranate sugar and organic acids profiles, antioxidant activity, and total phenolics. The assessment of pomegranate chemical compositions implies the great potential of Moroccan cultivars for both fresh market and fruit processing. In fact, the "Hamde" sour cv. seems particularly suitable for juice production because of its high phenolics content. Additionally, the presence of bioactive compounds in pomegranate juices may encourage their consumption for potential health benefits. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: The cultivar per se (genotype) behaved as the most influencing factor conditioning pomegranate sugar and organic acids profiles, antioxidant activity, and total phenolics. Given the divergence observed on bioactive compounds concentrations and antioxidant activity among evaluated cultivars, the genotype factor should be considered as the most influencing factor in future breeding programs to enhance the synthesis of beneficial bioactive compounds.     

Experimental Design,Modeling, and Optimization of High-Pressure-Assisted Extraction of Bioactive Compounds from Pomegranate Peel

Pomegranate peels are very rich in bioactive compounds, particularly antioxidants, that when properly extracted, may be used for different applications such as food, cosmetics, and pharmaceutics. In this paper, we studied the effect of high-pressure extraction on antioxidant activity and bioactive compounds (total phenolics, tannins, flavonoids, and anthocyanins) of pomegranate peel, using a Box–Behnken design to evaluate the effects of pressure, extraction time, and ethanol concentration to estimate the optimum extraction conditions by response surface methodology (RSM). Individual phenolics, tannins, and anthocyanins were also identified and quantified using the optimum extraction conditions identified by RSM. The results indicated that a quadratic polynomial model could be used to optimize high-pressure extraction of bioactive compounds from pomegranate peel (R ² higher than 0.90). Ethanol concentration was the variable with higher impact and high pressure increased in average 13% the extraction amount of bioactive compounds. The optimum extraction conditions were similar for all compounds (except for anthocyanins) ranging between 356 and 600 MPa, 32 and 56% of ethanol, and 30 min of extraction time. A pressure of 492 MPa, extraction time of 30 min, and an ethanol concentration of 37% were found to result in the highest amount of the quantified individual compounds. Analysis of variance indicated a high goodness of fit of the used models and adequacy of response surface methodology for optimizing high-pressure extraction. The pomegranate peels are industrial by-products that are rich in bioactive compounds and the results obtained in this work show that high pressure is a promising process for scale up of extraction processes. However, pilot plant tests at higher scale will be necessary to ponder the economic viability of the process.     

Supplementation effects of pomegranate by-products on oxidative status,metabolic profile,and performance in transition dairy cows

Recent studies demonstrated a high antioxidant capacity for pomegranate components due to their rich bioactive compounds, such as conjugated fatty acids and phenolics. The objective of the present study was, therefore, to assess whether pomegranate seed or pomegranate seed pulp (peel + seed) supplementation could be effective to improve antioxidant status, and hence metabolic profile and performance in periparturient dairy cows. After a 1-wk pretreatment period, Holstein cows (primiparous n = 12, multiparous n = 18) were assigned to 3 dietary treatments from 25 d before expected calving through 25 d postcalving. The dietary treatments included (1) control (CON); (2) diet supplemented with pomegranate seeds (PS; 400 g/cow per day); and (3) diet supplemented with pomegranate seed pulp (PSP; 400 g of seeds/cow per day + 1200 g of peels/cow per day). Compared with CON, supplementation with either PS or PSP had no effects on dry matter intake, rumen fermentation, and plasma concentrations of cholesterol, total protein, globulin, and aspartate amino transferase, but enhanced plasma total antioxidant activity, and lowered triacylglycerol, free fatty acids (FFA), and β-hydroxybutyrate at both pre- and postpartum periods. Plasma concentration of glucose, albumin, malondialdehyde (MDA) and blood superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity were not affected by dietary treatments at prepartum, whereas SOD activity increased and glucose, albumin, MDA, and FFA-to-albumin ratio decreased by feeding both by-products at postpartum period. In contrast to PS, supplementing PSP resulted in a greater decrease in plasma glucose and triacylglycerol concentration and higher increase in SOD activity. Energy- and fat-corrected milk yields were higher in cows fed PSP diet compared with those fed CON or PS diets, but content of milk fat, protein, and lactose were similar across the dietary treatments. These findings indicated that dietary pomegranate by-products supplementation, in particular PSP, could improve antioxidant status, which was associated with a decline in lipid oxidation (FFA and β-hydroxybutyrate) and peroxidation (MDA) and an enhancement in glucose utilization as well as fat-corrected milk yield.     

基于电子鼻和HS-SPME-GC-MS技术分析9种新疆石榴果实挥发性成分

本研究采用电子鼻（Electronic Nose）与顶空固相微萃取-气相色谱-质谱联用（headspace solid-phase microextraction gas chromatography-mass spectrometer,HS-SPME-GC-MS）技术相结合对新疆南部地区9个不同石榴品种的果实挥发性成分进行比较分析,并对固相微萃取的条件进行了优化。结果表明：顶空固相微萃取的较优条件为：加盐量0.3 g/mL,萃取时间45 min,萃取温度45℃。电子鼻结果表明不同品种石榴果实之间的整体挥发性成分之间存在差异性。HS-SPME-GC-MS从9个石榴果实样品中共检测出73种化合物,其中萜烯类物质23种,醇类物质16种,酯类物质3种,醛类物质15种,酮类物质5种,酸类物质8种,其它3种。不同石榴品种之间果实的共有挥发性成分有6种,相对含量为63.11%～92.32%,它们构成了新疆石榴果实挥发性成分的主体特征,特有挥发成分分别有2、6、0、1、3、3、3、3、3种,赋予了不同品种石榴果实各自特有的风味特点,该研究结果可为新疆地区部分石榴品种的品质评价和综合利用提供参考依据。     

石榴的化学成分与药理活性

介绍了石榴的化学成分与活性物质,并对石榴的药理活性及其在人体中的作用进行了概述。     

石榴花中黄酮类成分的提取与含量测定

该文对石榴花中黄酮类成分进行提取,并对其含量进行测定,采用正交试验优化石榴花中黄酮提取条件,并用紫外可见分光光度计在波长504 nm处测定其吸光度值并计算其含量。用体积分数70%的乙醇,液料比20∶1（mL∶g）,在80 ℃条件下,黄酮类成分提取效果较好,此时石榴花瓣及花粉中黄酮类成分的含量分别为32.7 mg/g和51.6 mg/g。     

石榴籽油的理化性质及清除自由基能力研究

以石榴籽为原料,利用超声波辅助提取石榴籽油,采用气相色谱-质谱(GC-MS)联用技术分析其脂肪酸组成,并对其理化性质及自由基清除能力进行了研究。结果表明:石榴籽油的主要成分是石榴酸58.68%,二十碳三烯酸15.02%,亚油酸6.06%,油酸6.46%等。理化测定结果表明:石榴籽出油率为23.53%,折光率为1.5168,皂化价为181.67mgKOH/g,碘价为150.9gI2/100g,酸价为0.81mgKOH/g,过氧化值为0.91meq/kg,相对密度为0.906g/mL;DPPH.及.OH最大清除率分别达83.62%和90.16%,可见石榴籽油是值得开发利用的营养保健油源。     

Authentication of pomegranate juice using multidimensional analysis of its metabolites

With the growing popularity and demand of pomegranate juice, its adulteration has also steadily increased. In this study, to authenticate pure or adulterated juice, the major components of pomegranate juice were compared with those of grape, peach, and apple juices (which are common adulterants in pomegranate juice) using liquid chromatography–electrospray–tandem mass spectrometry, ion chromatography, and inductively coupled plasma spectrometry. The various parameters evaluated were as follows: the ratio of malic acid to citric acid content, presence of tartaric acid, and levels of glucose, fructose, and mannitol, and sucrose. Potassium was the most abundant mineral in pomegranate juice, and the content ratio of other minerals/potassium did not exceed 0.1. The reliability of this method was confirmed in blind tests and monitoring experiments with commercial pomegranate juice. In conclusion, a simple and effective method was developed to detect adulteration in pomegranate juice.

     

Sustainable extraction of proteins and bioactive substances from pomegranate peel (Punica granatum L.) using pressurized liquids and deep eutectic solvents

Pomegranate peel is a source of proteins, bioactive peptides, and phenolic compounds. The simultaneous extraction of these compounds required the use of polluting solvents and reagents that are non-suitable. This work targets the development of green methodologies based on pressurized liquids (PLE) or deep eutectic solvents (DES) for the extraction of these compounds. Extracts were digested with different proteolytic enzymes and different functionalities (antioxidant, hypocholesterolemia, and antihypertensive capacities) were evaluated. Highly antioxidant and hypocholesterolemic extracts and hydrolysates were obtained using PLE while high antihypertensive capacity was observed in the hydrolysates from proteins extracted using DES. Peptides and polyphenols were identified by HPLC-ESI-Q-TOF/MS. Higher amounts of peptides were shown in hydrolysates from DES extracts while hydrolysates from PLE extracts presented higher amounts of phenolic compounds. Some peptides were assigned to proteins from Punica granatum. Both green methods improved the extraction of bioactive compounds from pomegranate peel compared to the non-sustainable method.Industrial relevanceThe development of green methodologies which employ sustainable solvents such as pressurized liquids (PLE) and deep eutectic solvents (DES) allows extracting proteins and bioactive compounds from pomegranate peel. In addition, these solvents improve the extraction of health beneficial compounds compared to the non-sustainable and polluting solvents. Therefore, they could be used for the development of nutraceuticals and functional foods or even in medicinal, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical preparations.     

HPLC-PDA-MS fingerprinting to assess the authenticity of pomegranate beverages

HPLC with fluorescence, PDA and mass spectrometric detection were used to analyse the (poly)phenol content of a Bordeaux red wine, POM Wonderful pomegranate juice and three other beverages advertised as being made from 100% pomegranate juice. The red wine and POM Wonderful juice contained characteristic anthocyanin profiles with the latter also being characterised by the presence of ellagitannins and the former by flavan-3-ols monomers and procyanidin dimers and trimers. The three other pomegranate products all contained the expected ellagitannins but their anthocyanin profiles were a mixture of red wine and pomegranate anthocyanins. They also contained flavan-3-ol monomers and procyanidin dimers and trimers, components not usually detected in 100% pomegranate beverages. The HPLC-based procedures, therefore, provide a straight-forward means of accessing the authenticity of pomegranate-based products with the ready detection of constituents derived from red grapes.