不同P与V比的Mo/VPO催化剂物相组成及其催化性能

采用有机相法制备了不同P与V物质的量比的Mo掺杂VOHPO₄·0.5H₂O前驱体,并通过体积分数为50%空气-40%氮气-10%水蒸汽混合气氛活化得到Mo/VPO催化剂,采用固定床反应器评价其催化正丁烷氧化制顺酐的性能。结果表明,Mo/VPO催化剂催化活性随P与V物质的量比的增大而降低,但顺酐选择性与P与V物质的量比并不呈线性关系,P与V物质的量比为0.9的Mo/VPO催化剂具有最佳的催化性能。XRD分析表明,Mo/VPO催化剂催化正丁烷氧化制顺酐的主要活性物相为(VO)₂P₂O₇和钒磷云母相,形成的主要因素不是P与V物质的量比,而是由焙烧条件决定。低P与V物质的量比的Mo/VPO中存在的少量V₂O₅物相能够提升催化剂的活性和顺酐选择性,但含量过高会因深度氧化降低催化性能。催化剂中存在的钒磷云母相有利于缩短催化剂稳定时间并提升催化性能。     

正丁烷氧化制顺酐催化剂的制备及其催化性能

采用有机相法制备了具有优异催化性能的正丁烷氧化制顺酐钒磷氧(VPO)催化剂。通过X射线衍射(XRD)、傅里叶红外光谱(FT-IR)、扫描电镜(SEM)、氮气吸附脱附、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)、热重分析(TG)等方法对催化剂的制备过程进行了研究,分析了催化剂在整个制备过程中物相、价态、形貌和比表面积的变化。在固定床反应器上对正丁烷氧化制顺酐的反应条件进行研究,考察了反应温度、正丁烷浓度和反应空速等条件对催化剂性能的影响。结果表明,催化剂前驱体的主要物相为VOHPO4·0.5H2O。经活化后的催化剂活性相包括(VO)2P2O7(V4+)、VOPO4(V5+)和钒磷云母相(V4+和V5+混合相)。催化剂呈规则的片层结构,具有较高的比表面积,可以达到24.08 m2/g。催化剂在制备过程中需要经过干燥、焙烧和气氛活化,对催化剂的形成具有至关重要的作用。最佳的反应条件:反应温度为395℃,正丁烷摩尔分数为1.4%~1.5%,反应空速为2 000 h-1,此时正丁烷转化率为85%~87%,顺酐收率可达到59%~60%。     

添加助剂Mo对VPO催化剂制顺酐催化性能的影响

在VPO催化剂的制备过程中,添加助剂M o后,与添加的其他助剂相比,其选择性和转化率都有很大提高;在体积分数为1.5%正丁烷与空气的混合气,活化空速为1500-h 1,在反应温度为400℃下反应活化24小时后,测得顺酐的收率在60%以上;同时用XRD、BET、IR等方法对添加助剂M o后催化剂微观性质进行了表征,发现催化剂的主要活性相为(VO)2P2O7,并且含有少量的Ⅱα-VOPO4和-βVOPO4相。     

Ti/Zr助剂掺杂VPO催化正丁烷选择性氧化制顺酐

采用有机相法制备钒磷氧(VPO)催化剂,并在合成过程中加入Ti/Zr助剂,使用微型固定床反应器评价其催化正丁烷选择性氧化制顺酐的性能,考察了不同助剂元素及其化合物形式和添加量对催化剂性能的影响,分析了添加助剂对催化剂晶相及微观形貌的影响. 结果表明,加入助剂未改变催化剂的晶相结构,但促进了活性相(VO)2P2O7生成,且使反应后催化剂微观形貌发生改变,片层更破碎,活性相暴露,同时生成了利于反应的微量V5+;助剂金属Ti和Zr与V元素间的相互作用对催化剂表面P浓度及V价态都有一定影响;与不加助剂的VPO催化剂相比,相同反应条件下,Ti/Zr助剂修饰的VPO催化性能显著提高,摩尔比Zr/V为1.5%的Zr(NO3)4为助剂的催化剂的催化性能最佳,稳定状态下正丁烷的转化率高达99.1%,顺酐收率为54.4%.     

碱土金属醇类低共熔溶剂强化钒磷氧催化剂的制备及催化性能研究

钒磷氧(VPO)催化剂是目前实现正丁烷选择性氧化的唯一工业催化剂。利用金属助剂掺杂以及有机助剂强化是提高VPO催化剂性能的有效手段。本工作通过加入氯化镁醇类金属低共熔溶剂,实现了有机-金属助剂同时对VPO催化剂性能的调控。利用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、BET全自动比表面与孔隙度分析仪(BET)、X射线衍射仪(XRD)和X射线光电子能谱仪(XPS)等表征手段,深入探讨了合成过程中加入不同氢键供体乙二醇(EG)、1-4丁二醇(BDO)和甘油(GL)的低共熔溶剂对VPO催化剂微观形貌、比表面积、物相、表面性质和晶相转变温度的影响,同时利用固定床反应器对VPO催化剂催化正丁烷氧化制备顺酐的性能进行了评价。结果表明,氯化镁乙二醇低共熔溶剂调控制备的VPO催化剂具有分散性良好、比表面积大、活性面(020)的数量多、表面P原子富集和表面V平均价态低等特点,在丁烷氧化选择性制顺酐反应中表现出了良好的催化性能,为VPO催化剂的制备提供了新思路。     

活化条件对碳四烃氧化制顺酐VPO催化剂的影响

以V2O5和磷酸为原料,异丁醇为还原剂,合成催化剂前体VOHPO4·0.5H2O,分别在正丁烷/空气、混合碳四/空气气氛中活化得催化剂VPDB和VPDC.采用X射线衍射(XRD)、氢气-程序升温还原实验(H2-TPR)和等离子发射光谱(ICP)等对催化剂进行表征,并考察其分别在正丁烷和混合碳四氧化制顺酐反应中的催化性能.结果表明,催化剂VPDB与VPDC的主要括性相均是(VO)2P2O7相,后者晶格氧的活性较高,比表面积相对较小,两者的钒平均价态分别为4.28和4.12.在相同反应条件下分别进行正丁烷和混合碳四催化氧化反应,VPDC的催化活性均高于VPDB,前者的顺酐选择性低于后者.在相同反应温度下,混合碳四的转化率远大于正丁烷,但混合碳四氧化产物顺酐的选择性较差,故混合碳四催化氧化的适宜反应温度低于正丁烷催化氧化.     

制备方法对正丁烷氧化制顺酐的V-P-O催化剂性能的影响

本文应用多种测试手段对两种不同方法制备的V-P-O催化剂进行了表征,并对其用于丁烷氧化制顺酐的催化活性进行了评价。实验表明,制备方法对催化剂的相组成、孔径分布、比表面积等有明显影响,但对其形貌的影响不大。实验还表明,(VO)_2P_2O_7相是正丁烷氧化制顺酐催化剂的活性相。孔径在100—2000(?)的孔容增多,有利于提高催化剂的活性。     

顺酐生产用VPO催化剂的研究进展

综述了正丁烷选择性氧化制顺酐VPO催化剂的研究进展,介绍了催化剂制备过程中添加载体及助剂对催化剂性能的影响,讨论了正丁烷选择氧化制顺酐的反应机理,并结合国内外研究现状对VPO催化剂未来的发展方向作了展望.     

正丁烷氧化制顺酐流化床催化剂的性能

考察了前驱体制备过程中磷酸含量对催化剂性能的影响。由较高含量制得的催化剂,其(VO)2P2O7相含量较多,正丁烷转化率较高。随着酸浓度的减小,δ-VOPO4相的含量逐渐增多,正丁烷转化率随之升高;而顺酐选择性开始时升高,达到最大值后逐渐降低。在酸质量分数为95 0%时制备的催化剂最佳,在丁烷体积分数为4 0%、空速为500h-1的反应条件下,顺酐收率可达45 49%。     

活化过程对正丁烷氧化制顺酐钒磷氧系催化剂性能影响的研究

本文在丁烷/空气气氛下,系统地考察了活化过程对正丁烷氧化制顺酐钒磷氧系催化剂性能的影响.活化前后的催化剂用XRD、IR、SEM、EPMA、TEM和比表面进行了较全面地表征,并与催化剂的活性进行了关联.结果表明:活化过程对催化剂相转变、比表面积、表面磷钒比(P/V)等有明显的影响.活化前后催化剂的形貌基本不变.实验证明(VO)_2P_2O_7是正丁烷选择性生成顺酐的活性相.催化剂活性防活化时间的增加而增长,并趋于稳定,但活性诱导期随之缩短.通过研究找到了工业催化剂的适宜活化条件,在该条件下活化的催化剂具有活性高、选择性好、活性诱导期短的特点.     

Many Drugs of Abuse May Be Acutely Transformed to Dopamine,Norepinephrine and Epinephrine In Vivo

It is well established that a wide range of drugs of abuse acutely boost the signaling of the sympathetic nervous system and the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, where norepinephrine and epinephrine are major output molecules. This stimulatory effect is accompanied by such symptoms as elevated heart rate and blood pressure, more rapid breathing, increased body temperature and sweating, and pupillary dilation, as well as the intoxicating or euphoric subjective properties of the drug. While many drugs of abuse are thought to achieve their intoxicating effects by modulating the monoaminergic neurotransmitter systems (i.e., serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine) by binding to these receptors or otherwise affecting their synaptic signaling, this paper puts forth the hypothesis that many of these drugs are actually acutely converted to catecholamines (dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine) in vivo, in addition to transformation to their known metabolites. In this manner, a range of stimulants, opioids, and psychedelics (as well as alcohol) may partially achieve their intoxicating properties, as well as side effects, due to this putative transformation to catecholamines. If this hypothesis is correct, it would alter our understanding of the basic biosynthetic pathways for generating these important signaling molecules, while also modifying our view of the neural substrates underlying substance abuse and dependence, including psychological stress-induced relapse. Importantly, there is a direct way to test the overarching hypothesis: administer (either centrally or peripherally) stable isotope versions of these drugs to model organisms such as rodents (or even to humans) and then use liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry to determine if the labeled drug is converted to labeled catecholamines in brain, blood plasma, or urine samples.     

Sapindaceae,cyanolipids, and bugs

Scentless plant bugs (Heteroptera: Rhopalidae) are so named because adults of the Serinethinae have vestigial metathoracic scent glands. Serinethines are seed predators of Sapindales, especially Sapindaceae that produce toxic cyanolipids. In two serinethine species whose ranges extend into the southern United States,Jadera haematoloma andJ. sanguinolenta, sequestration of host cyanolipids as glucosides renders these gregarious, aposematic insects unpalatable to a variety of predators. The blood glucoside profile and cyanogenesis ofJadera varies depending on the cyanolipid chemistry of hosts, and adults and larvae fed golden rain tree seeds (Koelreuteria paniculata) excrete the volatile lactone, 4-methyl-2(5H)-furanone, to which they are attracted.Jadera fed balloon vine seeds (Cardiospermum spp.) do not excrete the attractive lactone. Loss of the usual heteropteran defensive glands in serinethines may have coevolved with host specificity on toxic plants, and the orientation ofJadera to a volatile excretory product could be an adaptive response to save time.Mention of a commercial product does not consititute an endorsement by the USDA.     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

2008～2009年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2008年7月～2009年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2008～2009年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况。按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、环氧树脂、不饱和聚酯树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍。     

ICP-MS法测定地球化学样品中As、Cr、Ge、V等18种微量痕量元素的研究

建立了测定地球化学样品中包括As、Cr、Ge、V等18种微量、痕量元素的ICP-MS方法。地化试样用HF-HNO3混酸分解后,以1 1 HNO3溶解干渣。由于制样不使用盐酸,避免了Cl对As、Cr、Ge、V的质谱干扰。用国家一级地球化学标准物质GBW 07309制备溶液优化仪器工作参数,并用于校准。方法测定限(6s)为:0.007~6.4μg/g,精密度(RSD%,n=12)为:29%~9.4%,经过国家一级地球化学标准物质的分析验证,结果与标准值吻合。方法已应用于国土资源调查的试样分析。