Some fundamentals of B. F. Skinner's behaviorism.

Despite B. F. Skinner's prominence, his impressive written corpus, and the many authoritative presentations by others of his approach to psychology, the fundamentals of Skinner's psychology have never been addressed in any comprehensive manner. In this article, the authors take steps to fill this gap by synopsizing Skinner's written corpus into 12 fundamental points that seem to characterize his behaviorism. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Racemose angiomatosis. Comments on the article of D.E. Matsko and I.A.Sokolova. Racemose angioma of the nervous system: tumor or developmental defect? Vopr. onkol. 1966. V.42, No.6. p.91-96

Diversion colitis is thought to result from nutritional deficiencies secondary to fecal diversion. Symptoms include hemorrhagic purulent rectal discharge, abdominal pain, and tenesmus. 5-Aminosalicylic acid (5-ASA) and N-butyrate enemas have been reported to help this condition non-spinal cord injury (SCI) patients. We report the case of a 49-year-old C6 ASIA B tetraplegic man who had received colostomy because of intractable ileus 10 years earlier. He presented with a 2-week history of rectal pain and bleeding. Abdominal and rectal examination on admission were unremarkable. Colonoscopy showed a partial stricture 70cm proximally to the rectum. The colonic mucosa appeared granular and friable with evidence of linear ulceration. Histopathologic study was consistent with colitis. The patient developed fever, abdominal distention, and extensive retroperitoneal air after endoscopy, suggesting colonic perforation. He was treated with daily 5-ASA suppository and total parenteral nutrition for the presumed diagnosis of diversion colitis, and intravenous antibiotics for perforated colon. After 6 weeks of treatment with 5-ASA, the patient had decreased rectal pain and bleeding. This experience suggests that diversion colitis may be a cause of abdominal discomfort in SCI patients and that 5-ASA may be used in the management of diversion colitis.     

Educators' perceptions of the D.A.R.E. program

This study examines the perceptions of educators about the Drug Abuse Resistance Education (D.A.R.E.) program, based on the results of a statewide survey among 286 fifth and sixth grade teachers and principals. Educators gave their highest ratings to teacher/officer interaction, the role playing exercises, and the graduation ceremony. Ratings of overall program quality and the impact of the program on students were both high. Block regression analysis was used to examine factors predictive of educators' views of D.A.R.E. D.A.R.E. program elements were the most important factors explaining variance in educators' ratings of over-all program quality and program impact on students. Altogether, 54 percent and 38 percent of the variance in both dependent variables were explained. The results are discussed in terms of the important role teachers and principals play as stakeholders in prevention education.     

小方坯连铸机的切割设备

现在采用的小方坯连铸机的切割设备，分为机械剪和火焰切割机，机械剪包括电动机械剪和液压剪，而液压剪又有平剪刃和４５°剪刃之分，火焰切割机则分为有动力传动和无动力传动的火焰切割机，对这些切割设备的结构特点和优缺点均进行了分析介绍。     

Structural bonding contributions and the elastic response of b.c.c. and f.c.c. crystals

The anisotropic elastic response of body centered cubic (b.c.c.) and face centered cubic (f.c.c.) crystals is reviewed within the framework of general elasticity and particular model dependent relations. It is found that important trends in the observed behavior of specific groups of crystals can be reproduced by models that include only structural contributions to crystal binding. In fact, a very simple model, consisting of only nearest and next nearest neighbor interactions, reproduces the salient behavior, including the algebraic signs of Poisson's ratio and the orderings of the shear moduli, Young's moduli, and Poisson's ratios associated with major crystallographic symmetries. The analysis provides insight into the differences between the b.c.c. transition metals and the b.c.c. alkali metals.     

Study of the h.c.p.-f.c.c. phase transition in cobalt by acoustic measurements

Acoustic measurements have been performed in the vicinity of the h.c.p.-f.c.c. phase transition in cobalt. The main results are the following: At low frequency (~ 1 Hz), a high transitory internal friction peak is observed. It is shown that this internal friction is a function of T/vT temperature rate, v vibration frequency) but is not proportional to T/v. This behavior is explained in the framework of a recent model based on a Clausius-Clapeyron-like equation expressing the coupling between stress and phase transition; At medium (~5 KHz) and high (~ 20 MHz) frequencies, the transitory internal friction becomes negligible. However, a small peak appears accompanied by an elastic modulus decrease. It is shown that these anomalies are related to the shear modes parallel to the transformation plane. Thus, they might be related to the motion of the partial dislocations composing the h.c.p.-f.c.c. interface.     

E. L. Thorndike and the immediacy of reinforcement.

The earliest reference to the immediacy of reinforcement in E. L. Thorndike's writings is found in Animal Intelligence (1911), not in Volume 1 of Educational Psychology as previously stated in an earlier article by L. T. Benjamin and R. Perloff (1982). (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

E. G. B.: The early years and change of course.

Discusses why E. G. Boring left the laboratory to become the foremost historian of experimental psychology. The position of psychology in general and at Harvard in particular in the mid-1920s is examined, and it is concluded that Boring turned to history because he could not accept the current phenomenological or behavioristic approaches. The Zeitgeist had rendered Titchenerian structuralism obsolete so it was natural for Boring to devote himself to the history of the great sensory tradition. His inclusion of James and Freud among the "very great" psychologists showed his growth in appreciation of men outside the structuralist school. Boring's career exemplified the positive and negative interactions of eponyms with the Zeitgeist which he maintained was an essential factor in the progress of science. (19 ref.) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

H. M. revisits the Tower of Hanoi Puzzle.

To address the controversy of whether an intact procedural memory system alone can support the teaming of the recursive strategy for solving the Tower of Hanoi Puzzle, the authors tested 2 amnesic patients, H.M. and P.N. Contrary to the report of N. J. Cohen, H. Eichenbaum, B. S. Deacedo, and S. Corkin (1985), both patients failed to master the recursive strategy under the active-interaction condition. In contrast, normal control participants were able to master the strategy under identical testing conditions. The failure of H.M. and P.N. could not be attributed to the differences between the original and current testing conditions. In addition, neither patient showed frontal lobe dysfunction or impairment in procedural memory. Together with evidence provided by theoretical analyses of this puzzle as well as studies on normal participants, the authors conclude that declarative memory plays a vital role in the acquisition of the recursive strategy for solving the Tower of Hanoi Puzzle. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Laudatio: Prof. Dr. med. Dr. phil. Dres. h. c. Heinz H?fner

During the course of a year, there are many healthcare workers nationwide who sustain sharps injuries whilst carrying out their duties. Staff who work in the Accident and Emergency (A & E) units are no different from anyone else in this respect. The emotional cost of such an accident cannot be calculated, whereas the financial costs can. This article aims to show how the cost of an injury to a member of staff can be calculated, thus allowing a manager to assess the financial implications of sharps injuries to their department. In the absence of access to an Occupational Health (OH) department, most A & E units have to respond to sharps injuries to healthcare workers in the hospital. This task must be attended to by the medical staff as well as the nursing staff of the A & E unit. Within the following text the appropriate responses and methods to ensure uniformity of response are discussed. The tables and the calculation figures shown are taken directly from the information held in the St James's University Hospital Trust's OH department. All calculations are based on the middle band of the salary scale for each discipline. Accurate costings for each member of staff injured cannot be shown in this article, but the general principle is laid down and can be easily followed for any situation.     

1969 C.P.A. Institute.

Presents the program for the C.P.A. Institute entitled "The Role of Counseling Services on the Contemporary Campus." The Institute was held on June 2-3, 1969. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)