潜伏性热释放2PZ-PS-co-MAA微胶囊固化剂的制备与性能

以2-苯基咪唑(2PZ)为芯材,苯乙烯-甲基丙烯酸共聚物(PS-co-MAA)为壁材,采用溶剂挥发技术,成功地制备了一种新型潜伏性热释放2PZ-PS-co-MAA微胶囊固化剂。通过红外光谱仪(FT-IR)、热重分析仪(TGA)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、粒度分析仪和差示扫描量热仪(DSC)对微胶囊固化剂的化学结构、芯材含量、表面形貌、粒径分布及固化性能等进行了表征。所制备的微胶囊固化剂表面光滑,粒径分布较窄,平均粒径约为15.60μm,壁材厚度约为0.5μm,芯材2PZ含量约为39.19%。由微胶囊固化剂与环氧树脂E-51制备的单组分胶粘剂,具有优良的固化特性和潜伏性能,可在100℃,30 min内实现固化,室温储存期可达32 d以上。     

新型潜伏性M-DDM微胶囊固化剂的制备及表征

利用E-44环氧树脂对二氨基二苯基甲烷环氧树脂固化剂(DDM)进行了改性,合成了含有羟基的E-44-DDM固化剂(M-DDM)。以所合成的M-DDM粉体为囊芯、以2,4-甲苯二异氰酸酯(TD I)为壁材单体,采用界面聚合技术,首次成功制备了一种新型聚脲M-DDM微胶囊固化剂。该微胶囊固化剂粒径分布较窄,平均粒径约为2.54μm。囊壁是TD I与囊芯粉体表面的羟基通过加成聚合反应形成的,壁厚约为100 nm。所制备的微胶囊固化剂具有优良的固化性能和潜伏性能,可以在100℃使环氧树脂E-51在1 h内固化,并且其室温潜伏期可达6个月以上。     

硫醇@三聚氰胺甲醛树脂/环氧树脂固化剂的制备及性能表征

采用三聚氰胺-甲醛树脂(PMF)为壁材,三羟甲基丙烷三(3-巯基丙酸酯)(TMPMP)作为芯材,原位乳液聚合法制备了硫醇@三聚氰胺甲醛树脂(TMPMP@PMF)微胶囊固化剂。研究了乳化剂种类及用量,囊壁质量比,反应温度,反应时间,pH值对合成TMPMP@PMF微胶囊粒径及稳定性等影响。结果表明:当反应乳液中芯材的质量分数达到2wt%,同时芯材与壁材的单体质量比达到2∶1时,能制备出粒径在大约100μm,粒径均匀的TMPMP@PMF微胶囊。TMPMP@PMF微胶囊的结构稳定,耐热性好,并且呈闭孔结构。采用TMPMP@PMF微胶囊为固化剂,与环氧树脂(EP)基体混合配制成压敏型TMPMP@PMF/EP固化剂,发现微胶囊结构在受到外力作用时能及时破裂,室温甚至低温下都能短时间使环氧树脂固化,并且能够很好地改善固化剂的抗冲击性能。     

一种室温固化自修复微胶囊的制备研究

研制了一种可室温固化的固化剂自修复微胶囊。通过优化溶剂挥发法解决室温固化剂包覆难的问题,以DG593改性固化剂为芯材,制备乙基纤维素自修复微胶囊。探讨了分散剂种类及用量、原料比、搅拌速率和反应温度等因素对微胶囊性能的影响。采用光学显微镜、扫描电子显微镜和激光粒度分析仪测定微胶囊形貌和粒径,采用傅里叶红外光谱仪分析微胶囊的化学结构。结果表明:溶剂挥发法成功制备了室温固化剂微胶囊,当分散剂为2.0%聚乙烯醇溶液,原料比为1.0∶1,搅拌速率为800r/min,反应温度为30℃时,微胶囊表面相对致密,粒径分布较为集中,粒径均值为108μm,产率最高达到87%。研究成果可为防腐涂料在室温中实现自修复提供参考。     

含微胶囊单组分环氧树脂黏结剂的制备及性能研究

以自制的2PZ-PGMA微胶囊固化剂为固化剂,环氧E-51为树脂基体制备单组分黏结剂,并利用差热扫描量热仪(DSC)、力学性能试验机等研究了单组分黏结剂的优选组成、优选固化工艺、固化特性、潜伏性能及力学性能。结果表明:所制备的单组分黏结剂具有优良的固化特性和潜伏性能,可在100℃/30min内实现固化,室温储存期可达50天以上;其浇注体拉伸剪切强度达15.36MPa,压缩强度达170.67MPa,冲击强度达5.13×10-3kJ/m2。     

明胶-壳聚糖-纳米SiO2复合微胶囊的制备及结构

以石蜡和壳聚糖作为囊芯材料,以明胶作为壁材,制备明胶-壳聚糖-纳米SiO_2复合微胶囊。通过油水比、壳聚糖和明胶中分别引入纳米SiO_2等因素的调节,研究了其对微胶囊性能、结构的影响。采用光学显微镜、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)对微胶囊形貌等微观结构进行表征。结果表明,油水比为3∶1时,制备的微胶囊结构和性能较好,在此基础上分别以不同的方式在壳聚糖和明胶中引入不同粒径的纳米SiO_2。结果表明,未引入纳米SiO_2制备的微胶囊呈球形结构,部分为多核微胶囊;当在壳聚糖或明胶中加入SiO_2时,微胶囊壁材出现多孔结构,球形度降低,随着SiO_2量的增加,微胶囊壳层孔状结构增多,微胶囊的热损失率也随之增大;不同粒径的纳米SiO_2无论引入壳聚糖还是明胶中,微胶囊的热损失率都是随着SiO_2含量的增加而增大;较大粒径的纳米SiO_2引入后微胶囊热损失率小于小粒径纳米SiO_2引入后微胶囊的热损失率。     

芯材表面修饰法制备聚脲石蜡相变微胶囊及其表征

采用芯材表面修饰法制备了聚脲石蜡相变微胶囊。首先在固体石蜡颗粒表面引入氨基(-NH2),制备表面氨基修饰的固体石蜡芯材,再加入2,4-甲苯二异氰酸酯(TDI)和改性胺固化剂,形成聚脲壁包覆芯材。用差示扫描量热仪、傅里叶红外光谱仪(FT-IR)和激光粒径分布仪表征了芯壁用量比以及搅拌速度对相变微胶囊结构和性能的影响。FT-IR测试结果表明,该方法成功地在固体石蜡微球的表面引入了氨基。固定转速时,随着芯壁用量比中TDI用量的增加,微胶囊相变潜热明显增加;在十八胺与TDI摩尔比相同的条件下,随着芯材制备搅拌速率的增大,微胶囊的平均粒径减小而相变潜热明显增加。当搅拌速率为800 r/min,十八胺与TDI摩尔比为1∶2时,所制备的聚脲石蜡相变微胶囊包覆完整,热稳定性好,平均粒径为18.262μm,相变潜热可达142.8 J/g,包覆率达63%以上。     

25#相变蜡-十四醇相变共晶材料的制备及性质研究

为了解决单一相变材料热工性质的不足,以25~#相变蜡-十四醇相变共晶材料(PCEM)为芯材,三聚氰胺改性脲醛树脂(MUF)和三聚氰胺改性酚醛树脂(MPF)为壁材,通过原位聚合法制备了相变微胶囊,探讨了壁材种类、乳化剂用量及乳化转速对微胶囊的影响,并采用SEM、DSC、FT-IR、TG对微胶囊的微观结构、热学性质及稳定性进行测试分析。结果表明,以MUF为壁材,所制备的微胶囊近似球形,粒径分布均匀,其相变温度和相变潜热分别为22.43℃和74.00 J/g,包覆率高达74.88%。芯材与壁材之间仅为简单的物理嵌合,且50次冷热循环后微胶囊的储热性能几乎未发生变化。当温度高于190℃,微胶囊才会出现明显的失重现象,具有良好的储热性能和热稳定性。因此,PCEM在建筑节能领域具有良好的应用前景。     

环氧树脂-脲醛树脂@2-甲基咪唑微胶囊/环氧树脂复合材料的制备及自修复性能

以一步原位聚合法制备芯材为环氧树脂（E-51）,壁材为脲醛树脂（UF）的E-51-UF微胶囊。采用FTIR、SEM、TG、粒度分析仪等分别对E-51-UF微胶囊结构、表面形貌、耐热性和粒径分布进行了表征。以E-51-UF微胶囊为核,固化剂2-甲基咪唑（2-MI）为壳通过共混复合,得到E-51-UF@2-MI复合微胶囊。将E-51-UF@2-MI微胶囊填充到E-51基体中,制备了E-51-UF@2-MI微胶囊/E-51复合材料拉伸试样、弯曲试样和梯形双悬臂梁（TDCB）修复试样,并采用电子万能试验机测试其性能。分析了填充E-51-UF@2-MI微胶囊质量分数对E-51-UF@2-MI微胶囊/E-51复合材料力学性能及自修复性能的影响。结果表明:制备的E-51-UF微胶囊呈现规整球形结构,平均粒径为130 μm,耐热温度达364℃;E-51-UF@2-MI复合微胶囊质量分数为10wt%时,E-51-UF@2-MI微胶囊/E-51复合材料拉伸强度达到最大值,为31.17 MPa,弯曲强度为66.77 MPa,最大修复率为90.1%。      

脂肪酸微胶囊型相变材料的制备及表征

以癸酸-棕榈酸低共熔物为芯材,脲醛树脂为壁材,采用原位聚合法制备微胶囊,并对微胶囊的化学结构、热性能和粒径分布等进行表征。结果表明:合成的微胶囊中癸酸-棕榈酸低共熔物含量为74.83%,相变温度和相变潜热分别为27.17℃和105.03J/g,体积平均粒径38.34μm,100次冷热循环后仍具有良好的热稳定性,在建筑节能上具有巨大潜力。     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

The Research of Anti-Wear Properties of Organomolybdenum Compounds in the Engine Oils

A four-ball tester was used to evaluate the anti-wear performance of three kinds of organomolybdemun compounds in the engine oils, i. e., molybdenum dialkyldithiophosphate (MoDDP), molybdenum dialkyldithiocarbamate ( MoDTC), and sulphur and phosphorus freeorganomolybdeum (Molybdate). The results indicate that a low concentration of MoDDP doesn' t improve the anti-wear properties of the commercial engine oils, but a high concentration of MoDDP can obviously improve the anti-wear properties and the load-carrying capacity of the engine oils. MoDTC doesn' t improve the antiwear properties of the engine oils, but worsens the anti-wear properties of the oils. Signifi can timprove ment of frictional and wear characteristics is obtained with Molybdate added in the commercial engine oils and the formulated oils.     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Synthesis of Alumina-Zirconia Nanocomposites by Solgel Process

Al₂O₃-ZrO₂ nanocomposites were developed starting with the solgel process. Composite alumina-zirconia nanopowders were synthesized from metallorganic precursors (Aluminium secondary butoxide and zirconium Iso propoxide) using the solgel process. The parameters affecting the synthesis—solvent, concentration of precursor, R/H ratio (i.e., dilution of water in solvent)—were varied as also the temperature and pH. BET and TEM were used to measure nanosize. Diffuse reflectance spectroscopy and also qualitative optical absorption led to identical particle size estimate. The variation of process parameters was used to study the effect and interdependence of process parameters. Artificial Neural Networks was used to rigorously analyze the process. Although this led to confirmation of interdependence of parameters, the presence of a single overwhelming solvent variable was also established. Then the optimal process was used to synthesize more nanopowder. To produce bulk nanocomposite the nanopowders were sintered by varying the temperature and time period. The sintered lithoids were probed with a vickers hardness tester to measure elastic modulus, hardness, and fracture toughness. The results showed high elastic modulus, modest hardness, and very high fracture toughness.     

Certification Becomes Important for the I Quality; and Safety Supervision of the Chinese Liquor Sector

The end of 2007, over 200 unit products of more than 80 Chinese firms have passed the quality grade certification for liquor products. These products involve distilled spirits, beer, wine, yellow wine, fruit syrup wine and others, and cover over 80% of the national top-branded liquor products.……     

Deposition and Coating Properties on CVD Tungsten

Surface characterization and microstructure studies are performed on chemical vapor deposited (CVD) tungsten coating. There is about 2 μm thickness diffusion layer of tungsten in the molybdenum substrate. The thermal shock test shows tungsten coating has good adhesion with molybdenum substrate, but the elements of oxygen and carbon in the tungsten coating have the bad affection to the adhesion. The result of high-temperature diffusion experiment is the diffusion rate from molybdenum substrate to tungsten coating is faster.