UHMWPE人工髋关节的接枝改性进展

随着人口老龄化与疾病年轻化趋势的发展,髋关节股骨头坏死、关节炎等病变的基数也在逐年增长,给患者的身体带来了疼痛,也会生活带来了诸多不便,而人工髋关节置换术的出现,为病变患者消除病痛、恢复关节正常活动及功能提供了有效途径.目前常用的人工髋关节的摩擦副由超高分子量聚乙烯(UHMWPE)衬垫与金属股骨头两部分组成,其中,UHMWPE具有良好的力学性能、耐磨性、生物相容性等,但仍是人工关节最薄弱的环节,存在长期与金属接触摩擦产生磨损颗粒的现象,并会进一步引起骨溶解及无菌松动而导致炎症反应,为此,出现了UHMWPE的纳米材料填充改性与辐照交联改性,后者包括改性后的后处理工艺.以上方法通过利用纳米填料的特殊纳米结构及将UHMWPE的线性结构转变为三维体型结构,虽然在一定程度上改善了UHMWPE的耐磨性,但磨损颗粒并未消除,UHMWPE的生物相容性也未得到明显改善,且改性程度会因UHMWPE力学性能的下降而受限.基于此,UHMWPE的化学接枝改性技术得以应用.化学接枝改性可以在界面间形成化学键,提升基体的润滑、耐磨等性能,对基体的力学性能影响较小,并能获得与天然软骨相类似的结构,延长了人工髋关节的使用寿命.本文首先介绍了UHMWPE的辐照、接枝改性及聚合物刷的水化润滑原理;其次详细介绍了2-甲基丙烯酰氧基乙基磷酰胆碱(MPC)、磺酸甜菜碱(SB)、聚乙烯醇水凝胶(PVA-H)和其他有机物对UHMWPE的接枝改性,及其在润滑、摩擦磨损、生物相容性等方面的效果,简单对比了UHMWPE、交联UHMWPE与接枝UHMWPE的临床结果,并展望今后人工髋关节可从衬垫、股骨头及临床应用等方向进行深入研究.     

碳化硅对超高分子量聚乙烯摩擦磨损及力学性能的影响

通过干、湿2种方法分别制备了超高分子量聚乙烯(UHMWPE)/碳化硅(SiC)复合材料,采用热重分析、扫描电镜、摩擦磨损测定等表征手段,研究了不同方法制备的复合材料中SiC粒子在UHMWPE基体中的分散情况,以及2种方法对复合材料摩擦磨损和力学性能的影响。结果表明,湿法制备的复合材料中SiC粒子在UHMWPE基体中分散均匀,团聚现象得到改善。在干摩擦条件下,湿法制备的UHMWPE/SiC复合材料的稳态摩擦系数最低,磨损率最小,UHMWPE的粘着磨损、磨粒磨损得到有效改善。湿法制备的复合材料力学性能优于干法。     

纳米ZnO和SiO2共混填充UHMWPE复合材料的摩擦磨损行为

以纳米ZnO和纳米SiO2作为复合填料,通过热压成型工艺制备了纳米ZnO-SiO2复合填充超高分子量聚乙烯(UHMWPE)复合材料;采用销-盘式摩擦磨损试验机考察了复合材料在干摩擦条件下与45#钢配副时的摩擦磨损行为;采用扫描电子显微镜观察了复合材料磨损表面形貌。结果表明,适量的纳米ZnO-SiO2作为复合填料可有效地改善UHMWPE的摩擦磨损性能,其中填充2%ZnO 2%SiO2的UHMWPE基复合材料改性效果最为明显。与纯UHMWPE材料相比,其磨损率下降了84.7%。纯UHMWPE的磨损机制主要表现为粘着磨损和疲劳磨损,而不同含量的无机纳米微粒共混填充UHMWPE基复合材料的磨损机制主要表现为不同程度的粘着磨损、犁沟效应和塑性变形特征。     

UHMWPE-SiC生物摩擦学的特性及机理

为了探索超高分子量聚乙烯（UHMWPE）与碳化硅（SiC）陶瓷组合作为人工关节置换材料的可能性,利用Falex摩擦磨损实验机测定了37℃下UHMWPE与SiC陶瓷摩擦副在血浆润滑条件下的生物摩擦学性能．结果表明,UHMWPE－SiC摩擦副的摩擦系数为0.05;UHMWPE的磨损系数＜8．45×10^-10mm³／N.m．表面轮廓仪对磨损前后SiC陶瓷表面进行测试,未发现明显变化,说明SiC陶瓷磨损甚微．根据XPS分析结果;提出了生物摩擦磨损机理．     

超高分子量聚乙烯摩擦磨损行为及拉曼成像

以未交联超高分子量聚乙烯(UHMWPE)和交联UHMWPE为研究对象,探讨2种材料在滑动和滚动摩擦条件下的摩擦磨损行为,重点采用拉曼成像的方法分析了磨损表面的结晶度分布和取向分布。结果表明,交联降低了UHMWPE的摩擦系数和磨损率;在滑动摩擦下,交联使UHMWPE的耐磨性提高了96%,在滚动摩擦方式下,交联使UHMWPE的耐磨性提高了41%;拉曼光谱成像表明,UHMWPE和交联UHMWPE磨损区域的表面结晶度都比未摩擦区域高;在滑动摩擦下,纯UHMWPE和交联UHMWPE均发生了取向,而在滚动摩擦下两者都没有发生明显的取向。     

碳黑、微珠粉填充UHMWPE摩擦学性能研究

比较了碳黑、微珠粉填充UHMWPE复合材料摩擦学行为,用MM-200型摩擦磨损试验机考察了载荷及对摩偶件粒度对碳黑、微珠粉填充UHMWPE复合材料摩擦磨损性能的影响,利用扫描电子显微镜观察磨损表面形貌并分析了磨损机理.结果表明:碳黑可以提高UHMWPE抗磨损的性能,其耐磨性比纯UHMWPE好;而微珠粉填充UHMWPE的耐磨性比纯UHMWPE差,两种材料填充的UHMWPE磨损量随着载荷的增大而加大;对摩偶件的粒度对两种材料填充UHMWPE复合材料的摩擦磨损性能影响较大,偶件表面粒度增大,它们磨损量显著增大.两种材料填充UHMWPE复合材料的摩擦系数相近,且较纯UHMWPE的摩擦系数大,特别是载荷增大和对摩偶件粒度增大时,UHMWPE复合材料的摩擦系数急剧增大.     

超高分子量聚乙烯/纳米TiO_2复合材料的摩擦磨损行为

用热压成型法制备了纳米TiO2填充超高分子量聚乙烯(UHMWPE)复合材料,采用销-盘式摩擦磨损试验机考察了复合材料在干摩擦条件下与45#钢配副时的摩擦磨损行为,采用扫描电子显微镜观察了复合材料磨损表面形貌。结果表明,填充质量分数为15%的纳米TiO2能显著改善UHMWPE的耐磨性能。纯UHMWPE的摩擦过程中呈现出一次磨合期、一次稳定期、二次磨合期和二次稳定期四个明显的特征。当填充质量分数为15%的纳米TiO2时,UHMWPE基复合材料的摩擦过程中二次磨合特征已基本消失,整个摩擦过程的基本特征主要表现为磨合期和稳定期两个阶段,且磨合时间明显缩短,同时复合材料的磨损表面出现了明显的贫Ti区和富Ti区,其磨损机制主要表现为粘着磨损,局部磨损表面呈现了轻微的塑性变形特征。     

超高分子量聚乙烯/金属复合材料的摩擦磨损性能

用MM-200型摩擦磨损试验机研究了Ag、Cu、Co、Cr、Fe、Mo、W、Ni、Zn、Pb、Sn、Al等金属粉末填充超高分子量聚乙烯(UHMWPE)复合材料的摩擦磨损性能,利用扫描电子显微镜观察了复合材料磨损表面形貌.结果表明:在低速条件下,金属填料可降低UHMWPE复合材料的摩擦系数;在高速条件下,金属填料对UHMWPE复合材料的摩擦系数影响不尽相同.Ag、Cu、Co、Cr、Fe、Mo、W、Ni、Zn、Pb等金属填料可使UHMWPE的耐磨性显著提高, 而Sn、Al导致UHMWPE的磨损率增大;Ag的减摩抗磨效果最佳.     

超高分子量聚乙烯人工关节耐磨改性的研究进展

UHMWPE一直是常用作人工关节的轴承材料,在长期使用的情况下,因其受压力、润滑剂、对磨材料等因素的影响而产生的磨损最终导致人工关节失效。简述了UHMWPE在人工关节中的磨损机理,重点介绍了其影响因素以及其摩擦磨损性能的改性方法,并对UHMWPE用于人工关节的研究及发展前景进行了展望。     

超高分子量聚乙烯／石墨包覆铜纳米粒子摩擦磨损性能

在超高分子量聚乙烯(UHMWPE)中填充石墨包覆铜纳米粒子(GECNP),利用扫描电子显微镜观察了复合材料的断面形貌,用XP销-盘摩擦磨损试验机研究了其摩擦磨损性能,并用铜粉(Copper)、纳米石墨粉(GNS)作对比添加荆进行了同等试验.结果表明,GECNP均匀分散在UHMWPE中,当线速度为0.25m·s-1,GECNP填充量不高于3%时,UHMWPE/GECNP复合材料与空白UHMWPE相比磨损率降低,摩擦系数保持不变,综合性能优于UHMWPE/Copper和UHMWPE/GNS.当GECNP填充量为1%时,磨损率最低,与空白样相比降低了53.9 %,摩擦系数也略有降低.     

Tribological behavior of ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene in a hip joint simulator

In this paper effects of various injection molding parameters on tribological properties of ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) were investigated. The tribological properties like coefficient of friction and wear rate were obtained from the experimental results of hip simulator which was designed and fabricated in the laboratory. Bovine serum was used as a lubricant in this study. In addition, the hardness of the specimen was also investigated as well. The injection molding parameters that varied for this study are melt temperature, injection velocity and compaction time. The results show that contact loads and melt temperature were mostly influenced the tribological behavior of UHMWPE. A wear mechanism map was developed to study the dominant wear mechanism that influences the wear behavior of UHMWPE. SEM was employed to study the worn out morphologies of UHMWPE. The dominant wear mechanisms that are dominated through our study are ironing, scratching, ploughing, plastic deformation, and fatigue wear.     

Measurement of Molecular Orientation in Retrieved Ultra-high-molecular-weight Polyethylene (UHMWPE) Hip Sockets using Fourier-transform Infrared Spectroscopy

Abstract:  This paper describes the use of Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) to measure the degree of orientation in retrieved ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) acetabular components of prosthetic hip joints quantitatively. Multidirectional shearing has been found to result in a wear rate that is several orders of magnitude higher than that for linear shear. This is because linear wear of UHMWPE is believed to induce orientation of the polymer lamellae. The FTIR technique described in this paper enables a direct comparison to be made between patient biomechanics and the molecular orientation of UHMWPE hip sockets. Patients were identified prior to revision surgery of the hip for loosening of components. Individual patient's hip-joint kinematics were quantified by the aspect ratio of movement loci developed from clinical gait analysis. It was found that patients with high aspect ratios and therefore more linear wear paths, exhibited measurable orientation of the UHMWPE polymer lamellae in their retrieved hip sockets. An aspect ratio of 5.36 resulted in 67% of the polymer lamellae being oriented in the a- axis direction. The technique was qualitatively validated by the use of transmission electron microscopy and it was found that an aspect ratio of 4.46 or greater resulted in the observed orientation of the polymer lamellae.     

超高分子量聚乙烯的冲蚀磨损

用气流喷砂到冲依试验装置测试了超高分子量聚乙烯（UltraHighMolecularWeightPolyethylen）的冲蚀磨损佳能．考察了冲蚀粒子的入射角、速度、粒子的硬度对冲蚀磨损的影响．用扫描电子显微镜观察冲蚀后报表面形统指出：在高角冲蚀时，摩根机理主要为塑性变形和显微裂纹；在低角冲蚀时，磨损机理主要为显微切削和显微犁耕．冲蚀磨损机理与冲蚀粒子有关．     

高性能陶瓷人工髋关节材料摩擦磨损研究发展

陶瓷已经在人工髋关节假体制作中获得一定的应用,并且有更大的潜力以待开发.对于陶瓷人工髋关节假体,其摩擦磨损性能是决定其寿命的最重要的性能之一,而体外的摩擦磨损测试对于确定其摩擦磨损性能有着重要意义.本文综述了国内外对于氧化铝、氧化锆、氮化硅和碳化硅四种陶瓷的摩擦磨损性能的研究结果,并且结合作者的工作对其进行评论.     

超高分子量聚乙烯摩擦学性能研究进展

综述了超高分子量聚乙烯(UHMWPE)在摩擦学领域的研究进展,着重评述了UHMWPE材料在人工关节方面的应用以及在减摩耐磨材料方面的研究,并提出了UHMWPE作为减摩耐磨材料在研究与应用方面几个亟待解决的问题.     

Wear tests in a hip joint simulator of different CoCrMo counterfaces on UHMWPE

The objective in this work was to study the effect of different material counterfaces on the Ultra High Molecular Weight Polyethylene (UHMWPE) wear behavior. The materials used as counterfaces were based on CoCrMo: forged with hand polished and mass finished, CoCrMo coating applied on the forged CoCrMo alloy obtained by Physical Vapour Deposition (PVD). A hip joint simulator was designed and built for these studies. The worn surfaces were observed by optical and scanning electron microscopy. The results showed that the hand polished CoCrMo alloy caused the higher UHMWPE wear of the acetabular cups. The CoCrMo coating caused the least UHMWPE wear, while the mass finished CoCrMo alloy caused an intermediate UHMWPE wear. It is shown that the wear rates obtained in this work are closer to clinical studies than to similar hip joints simulator studies.     

超高分子量聚乙烯的剖蚀磨损

用气流喷砂型冲蚀试验装置测试了超高分子量聚乙烯（ＵｌｔｒａＨｉｇｈＭｏｌｅｃｕｌａｒＷｅｉｇｈｔＰｏｌｙｅｔｈｙｌｅｎｅ）的冲蚀磨损性能，考察了冲蚀粒子的入射角，速度，粒子的硬度对冲蚀磨损的影响，用扫描电子显微镜观察冲蚀磨损表面形貌，指出：在高角冲蚀时，磨损机理主要为塑性变形和显微裂纹；在低角冲蚀时，磨损机理主要为显微镜切削和显微犁耕冲蚀磨损机理与冲蚀粒子有关。     

Acetabular metal backed fatigue due to severe wear before revision

The polymer UHMWPE is widely applied as bearing element at acetabular side in total hip arthroplasty. In some designs, a metal backed is placed between the polymer and bone. Today, wear of the polymer is the major cause of revisions. In some extreme cases, the metallic cephalic component and the metal backed experience contact wear promoting wear debris, which has catastrophic consequences. In this paper, it was analyzed a retrieved acetabular component of total hip arthroplasty re-revised due to metal backed rupture after gross metal wear. Failure analysis shown fatigue of the metal backed. To simulate the stress distribution over the metal backed and polymer liner, a finite element analysis was performed taking account metal backed wall reduction due to wear. It was observed that the decrease in the metal backed thickness increase stresses at the metal/polymer interface and the stresses which enhance polymer wear. It was also observed that wear produces a change of the location of maximum stress, from the contact periphery to the middle section of the hemispherical wall. This change promotes failure due to bending of the metal backed. Revision of metal backed shall be always made when metal backed wear is observed, even when it is well fixed in the bone.     

La2O3填充超高分子量聚乙烯的摩擦磨损性能

用La2O3对超高分子量聚乙烯(UHMWPE)进行了填充改性，测试了La2O3填充量对其硬度及摩擦学性能的影响。用扫描电镜观察了材料摩擦表面磨痕形貌。结果发现：随着La2O3含量的增加，UHMWPE—La2O3复合材料的硬度上升。填充量为6％的UHMWPE—La2O3复合材料在干摩擦及磨粒磨损条件下的磨损率都最小。UHMWPE在干摩擦下的磨损主要表现为犁沟及粘着，填充La2O3可减轻磨损表面的犁沟，但填充量过高，磨损转变为表面脆性脱落。     

Biotribological properties of UHMWPE grafted with AA under lubrication as artificial joint

Osteolysis caused by wear particles from polyethylene in the artificial hip joints is a serious issue. In order to endow the low friction and wear of the bearing surface of ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) artificial joint for a longer term, hydrophilic acrylic acid (AA) was grafted on UHMWPE powders with the method of ultraviolet irradiation and then the modified powders were hot pressed. The tribological properties of modified UHMWPE sliding against CoCrMo metallic plate on reciprocating tribometer under calf serum, saline and distilled water lubrication during a long-term friction were investigated. The measurement of Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy indicates that AA is successfully grafted on the surface of UHMWPE powders by photo-induced graft polymerization. Contact angles of UHMWPE are decreased from 83° to 35° by grafting and the surface wettability is effectively improved. The tensile strength of modified sample decreases. The friction coefficient and wear rate of UHMWPE-g-PAA under calf serum, saline and distilled water lubrication are lower than that of untreated UHMWPE. With the increase of grafting ratio, the wear rate of UHMWPE-g-PAA decreases firstly and then increases. The modified UHMWPE with grafting ratio of 3.5 % has the lowest wear rate, which is just quarter of the untreated UHMWPE. The hydrated PAA polymer brushes enclosed in the UHMWPE bulk material provide continuous lubrication during long term sliding.