超声波辅助溶剂萃取印楝素条件优化

研究了以甲醇、乙醇、丙酮、乙腈、甲基叔丁基醚为溶剂在超声波辅助条件下萃取印楝素的工艺，利用高效液相色谱法进行快速测定印楝素含量，筛选出较佳萃取溶剂为甲醇。通过正交实验找到超声波辅助条件下甲醇萃取印楝素的较佳条件：料液比1：2；超声波功率设定200W；超声波作用时间设定为15min．此时印楝素萃取率达0．3792％。     

植物源杀虫剂对棉花苗蚜防治效果比较

[目的]为明确植物源杀虫剂对棉蚜的防治效果。[方法]对苦参碱、藜芦碱、印楝素、鱼藤酮、除虫菊素等5种常用植物源杀虫剂进行了田间防治试验。[结果]药后1 d,1.5%除虫菊素水乳剂和0.5%藜芦碱可溶液剂表现最好,防效分别达78.10%和71.09%,速效性较强;药后3 d,各药剂处理对苗蚜表现出最佳防治效果,防效由高到低依次为1.5%除虫菊素水乳剂、7.5%鱼藤酮乳油、0.5%藜芦碱可溶液剂、0.5%苦参碱水剂、0.3%印楝素乳油,但0.3%印楝素乳油防效显著低于其他4种药剂处理;药后7 d,各药剂处理对苗蚜防效略有下降,但仍对苗蚜有较好的控制作用,除0.3%印楝素乳油外,其他4种药剂防效均高于60.00%;药后14 d,0.3%印楝素乳油防效较之前升高,其他各药剂处理防效下降,0.5%藜芦碱可溶液剂和0.5%苦参碱水剂防效分别保持在50.45%和44.24%。药后14 d,施药区与对照区的捕食性瓢虫种群数量不存在显著差异,均显著高于化学杀虫剂处理。[结论]印楝素对苗蚜防效较低,除虫菊素、藜芦碱、鱼藤酮、苦参碱等4种植物源杀虫剂有效控制了棉蚜种群数量,同时对天敌安全性较高,可作为苗期棉蚜的防治药剂。     

印楝种仁中印楝素微波萃取方法研究

以家用变频微波炉改造而成的微波化学反应器为主要设备 ,研究了在微波诱导下萃取印楝种仁中印楝素的方法。对微波功率、辐射时间和萃取溶剂等影响微波萃取的条件进行了筛选 ,优化条件为以甲醇为萃取溶剂 ,微波功率 2 80W ,辐射时间 10 0s,溶剂用量 12 0ml。以HPLC法测定萃取物中的印楝素A含量 ,采用HypersilODS (4mm× 2 5 0mm)色谱柱 ,水 乙腈 (6 3∶37)为流动相 ,检测波长 2 18nm ,流速为 1ml/min。将微波萃取法与常规甲醇室温浸提法和加热回流法进行了比较 ,结果表明 ,微波诱导萃取法具有萃取速度快、溶剂用量少、萃取效率高等优点。     

印楝素类成分对照品的制备与鉴定

[目的]报道一种快速、高效制备印楝素类成分对照品的方法。[方法]采用反相制备高效液相色谱(RP-PHPLC),从印楝粗提物中分离得到10种化合物,并采用NMR和HPLC Q-TOF MS对分离产物进行结构鉴定,通过HPLC检测,外标法或面积归一化法定量。[结果]10种化合物分别是印楝素A(azadirachtin A,AZ-A)、印楝素B(azadirachtin B,AZ-B)、印楝素D(azadirachtin D,AZ-D)、印楝素H(azadirachtin H,AZ-H)、印楝素I(azadirachtin I,AZ-I)以及nimbin、salannin等,10种印楝素类成分对照品的纯度均98%。[结论]该方法操作简便,可重复进样,适用于制备高纯度印楝素类成分对照品;该对照品可用作印楝素相关产品、制剂质量控制及农产品农药残留检测等实践中的定性、定量依据。     

多溶剂萃取法精制印楝素的研究

对比研究了多溶剂萃取法与单溶剂萃取法精制印楝素的效果,并通过正交试验法选择了多溶剂萃取法精制印楝素的最佳试验条件为:萃取溶剂V(二氯甲烷):V(乙酸乙酯)1:5,分相液V(丙酮):V(水)1:1,V(萃取溶剂):V(分相液)10:3,该方法可将乙醇提取物中印楝素的质量分数从 3.68% 提高到 17.76%。多溶剂萃取法是一种简单高效的精制印楝素的方法。     

生物农药对南美斑潜蝇的协同防治效果

在南美斑潜蝇发生较重时期,利用阿维菌素EC、苦参碱EC、除虫菊素 苦参碱EC、印楝素EC、毒死蜱EC、吡虫啉WP等8种农药防治大田中的南美斑潜蝇. 结果表明:0.3%印楝素EC、0.5%藜芦碱EC是防治南美斑潜蝇较好生物农药. 利用高脂膜EC、0.3%印楝EC对美洲斑潜蝇的室内试验表明:其中施药5 d后270 mg/L高脂膜EC抑制效果最好,卵的孵化率为13.45%. 3种不同质量浓度的27%高脂膜ec对南美斑潜蝇的产卵量有不同的影响,其中135 mg/L处理药后4 d的产卵抑制率最高,为72.40%,其中135 mg/L的高脂膜处理拒食效果好,4 d后成虫拒食率达70.2%;150 mg/L,0.3%印楝素EC药后5 d对南美斑潜蝇成虫的产卵抑制率为30.50%.     

雄烯二酮在含大豆油的有机溶剂体系中溶解度的测定与关联

测定了雄烯二酮在不同有机溶剂及含大豆油的有机溶剂体系中的溶解度,旨在为工业生产工艺优化提供基础数据和理论支持。采用平衡法测定了253.15K~313.15K,雄烯二酮在甲醇、乙腈、丙酮、异丙醇、乙酸乙酯和乙醇这六种有机溶剂和分别含有大豆油的这六种有机溶剂体系中的溶解度,结果表明:雄烯二酮在乙腈中的溶解度最大,有机溶剂对雄烯二酮溶解能力的大小依次为:乙腈丙酮乙酸乙酯甲醇乙醇异丙醇。且雄烯二酮在所有溶剂体系中溶解度随着温度的升高而增加。在含大豆油的有机溶剂体系中的溶解度均大于在相应纯溶剂中的溶解度。采用多项式经验方程、半经验关联模型和Apelblat方程模型对实验测定溶解度数据进行关联,相关系数都在98%以上,结果满意。     

溶剂法萃取印楝素的研究进展

化学农药由于其污染环境、杀伤天敌、残留物对人畜有害而使其应用受到限制,而生物源农药因其安全性越来越被看好。印楝素就是一种从植物中提取的天然杀虫活性物质。溶剂法萃取印楝素工艺分为4类:①先去油,再用极性有机溶剂萃取;②直接用极性有机溶剂萃取;③用烃类溶剂和极性溶剂协同萃取;④用水萃取。4种工艺各有特点,今后溶剂法萃取印楝素工艺应向操作简便、收率高、成本低的方向发展。     

快速浸出法提取印楝素浸膏

比较了微波法、超声波法、常规溶剂浸提法和快速浸出法4种方法提取印楝种子中印楝油、印楝素浸膏得率和浸膏中印楝素A、印楝素B的质量百分含量。快速浸出法提取总耗时0．5h,印楝油得率31．9％,印楝素浸膏得率3．39％,浸膏中AzadirachtinA含量8．99％、AzadirachtinB含量2．92％。快速浸出法耗时少,得率高,具有较多优势。测定了快速浸出法提取印楝素不同萃取时间下印楝种粉的粒度,发现物料粒度不断减小是达到快速萃取目的的一个重要因素。     

快速溶剂萃取高效液相色谱法测定蔬菜中印楝素残留

[目的]建立了快速溶剂萃取-高效液相色谱法测定蔬菜中印楝素残留量的方法。[方法]样品用甲醇作为提取剂,快速萃取蔬菜中的印楝素,采用高效液相色谱法进行印楝素残留量测定。使用Dionex C_(18)色谱柱,甲醇-水(体积比60∶40)为流动相,流速为1.0 m L/min,检测波长为218 nm。[结果]印楝素A和印楝素B保留时间分别为8.69、11.98 min,在质量浓度为0.1～10.0 mg/L范围内,线性关系良好,线性相关系数分别为0.9997、0.9991。在3个质量分数添加水平范围内,回收率分别为85.7%～94.6%和83.6%～93.9%,相对标准偏差(RSD)分别为2.95%～7.01%和3.62%～7.73%。[结论]该方法操作步骤简单快速、准确度好,适用于蔬菜中印楝素残留的快速检测。     

Many Drugs of Abuse May Be Acutely Transformed to Dopamine,Norepinephrine and Epinephrine In Vivo

It is well established that a wide range of drugs of abuse acutely boost the signaling of the sympathetic nervous system and the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, where norepinephrine and epinephrine are major output molecules. This stimulatory effect is accompanied by such symptoms as elevated heart rate and blood pressure, more rapid breathing, increased body temperature and sweating, and pupillary dilation, as well as the intoxicating or euphoric subjective properties of the drug. While many drugs of abuse are thought to achieve their intoxicating effects by modulating the monoaminergic neurotransmitter systems (i.e., serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine) by binding to these receptors or otherwise affecting their synaptic signaling, this paper puts forth the hypothesis that many of these drugs are actually acutely converted to catecholamines (dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine) in vivo, in addition to transformation to their known metabolites. In this manner, a range of stimulants, opioids, and psychedelics (as well as alcohol) may partially achieve their intoxicating properties, as well as side effects, due to this putative transformation to catecholamines. If this hypothesis is correct, it would alter our understanding of the basic biosynthetic pathways for generating these important signaling molecules, while also modifying our view of the neural substrates underlying substance abuse and dependence, including psychological stress-induced relapse. Importantly, there is a direct way to test the overarching hypothesis: administer (either centrally or peripherally) stable isotope versions of these drugs to model organisms such as rodents (or even to humans) and then use liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry to determine if the labeled drug is converted to labeled catecholamines in brain, blood plasma, or urine samples.     

Sapindaceae,cyanolipids, and bugs

Scentless plant bugs (Heteroptera: Rhopalidae) are so named because adults of the Serinethinae have vestigial metathoracic scent glands. Serinethines are seed predators of Sapindales, especially Sapindaceae that produce toxic cyanolipids. In two serinethine species whose ranges extend into the southern United States,Jadera haematoloma andJ. sanguinolenta, sequestration of host cyanolipids as glucosides renders these gregarious, aposematic insects unpalatable to a variety of predators. The blood glucoside profile and cyanogenesis ofJadera varies depending on the cyanolipid chemistry of hosts, and adults and larvae fed golden rain tree seeds (Koelreuteria paniculata) excrete the volatile lactone, 4-methyl-2(5H)-furanone, to which they are attracted.Jadera fed balloon vine seeds (Cardiospermum spp.) do not excrete the attractive lactone. Loss of the usual heteropteran defensive glands in serinethines may have coevolved with host specificity on toxic plants, and the orientation ofJadera to a volatile excretory product could be an adaptive response to save time.Mention of a commercial product does not consititute an endorsement by the USDA.     

2008～2009年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2008年7月～2009年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2008～2009年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况。按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、环氧树脂、不饱和聚酯树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍。     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

ICP-MS法测定地球化学样品中As、Cr、Ge、V等18种微量痕量元素的研究

建立了测定地球化学样品中包括As、Cr、Ge、V等18种微量、痕量元素的ICP-MS方法。地化试样用HF-HNO3混酸分解后,以1 1 HNO3溶解干渣。由于制样不使用盐酸,避免了Cl对As、Cr、Ge、V的质谱干扰。用国家一级地球化学标准物质GBW 07309制备溶液优化仪器工作参数,并用于校准。方法测定限(6s)为:0.007~6.4μg/g,精密度(RSD%,n=12)为:29%~9.4%,经过国家一级地球化学标准物质的分析验证,结果与标准值吻合。方法已应用于国土资源调查的试样分析。     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.