Longitudinal cracking of concrete slabs in composite beams with ribbed metal deck

The results of three-dimensional finite element investigation to study the longitudinal cracking phenomena in the slab of composite steel-concrete beams with ribbed metal deck are presented. The effect of eight parameters on the development of longitudinal cracking is investigated. These parameters are: type of loading, compressive strength of the concrete slab, yield stress of the steel beam, beam span to slab width ratio, steel beam size, existence of the ribbed metal deck, height of the ribbed metal deck, and percentage of transverse reinforcement in the slab. Design curves correlating the moment at which the longitudinal cracking initiates to span to width ratio, percentage of transverse reinforcement, , and degree of shear connection are also presented in this paper.     

Experimental study of a pre-cracked steel-concrete composite beam

A steel-concrete composite beam equipped with shear studs is loaded under a monotonic bending moment until failure. The originality and the interest of this experimental study lies in two different aspects: first, the concrete slab is transversally cracked before the beginning of the test because of restrained shrinkage strains; second, the experimental set-up includes the measures of slip at the steel-concrete interface and axial strain of some studs. The first and well-known result is that the behaviour of the beam may be divided into an elastic domain and a plastic domain with a significant ductility; the failure located in the central zone originates in high compressive strain in the concrete slab followed by crushing. Furthermore, the transverse cracks induce, mainly in the elastic domain, strong discontinuities in the longitudinal distribution of the slip and a noticeable evolution of the shear stud deflection scheme in the concrete slab. Numerical simulations performed within the elastic domain, accounting for slip or not, and at the ultimate stage according to Eurocodes are in good agreement with measurements for deflection and longitudinal strains.     

Shear behavior of partially encased steel-concrete composite specimens under tension

为了研究型钢与部分外包混凝土的在拉力作用下的纵向剪力传递性能,对6个部分外包钢-混凝土组合构件进行了轴拉试验,对其破坏形态和荷载-滑移曲线进行了分析。试验中主要考虑了型钢与腹部混凝土的黏结长度、混凝土强度、栓钉连接件数量等影响因素。研究结果表明：部分外包钢-混凝土组合构件破坏形态主要表现为黏结破坏、混凝土压碎和栓钉剪断;轴拉试验和推出试验中无栓钉连接的部分外包型钢混凝土组合构件的黏结力均随着型钢与混凝土间的黏结长度的增加而增大;对于无栓钉和有栓钉组试件,轴拉试验和推出试验中型钢与混凝土间的受剪承载力均随着混凝土抗拉强度的增加而增大,且近似成线性关系;部分外包钢-混凝土组合构件的受剪承载力随栓钉数量的增加而增大;相较无栓钉组试件,采用2根栓钉连接和4根栓钉连接的轴拉试件,其受剪承载力分别可提高近100%和250%。     

Experimental study on mechanical behavior of shear studs in assembled monolithic steel-concrete composite beam

为研究装配整体式钢-混凝土组合梁中栓钉抗剪连接件的受力性能,设计了10个栓钉抗剪连接件,对其进行推出试验,得到了现浇混凝土板和预制混凝土板中栓钉抗剪连接件在单调和重复荷载作用下的界面剪力-滑移曲线以及破坏形态。结果表明：预制混凝土板中栓钉受剪承载力比现浇混凝土中栓钉受剪承载力略低,均为栓杆剪断和栓钉根部焊缝破坏;重复荷载作用下峰值界面剪力对应的界面滑移明显大于单调荷载作用下峰值界面剪力对应的界面滑移;重复荷载作用下的峰值界面剪力与单调荷载下的峰值界面剪力相当,其界面剪力-滑移曲线基本一致。     

H型钢腹板焊接栓钉的部分外包混凝土组合构件纵向受剪性能试验研究

通过13个在单调荷载作用下H型钢腹板焊接栓钉的部分外包混凝土组合构件的推出试验,对其破坏形态、荷载-滑移特性和纵向剪力传递性能进行了研究,分析了栓钉数量、栓钉直径、栓钉布置方式、型钢翼缘宽度、腹部混凝土箍筋布置方式及加载方式等对受剪承载力的影响。试验结果表明：H型钢腹板焊接栓钉的部分外包混凝土组合构件的主要破坏形态为外包混凝土劈裂破坏和栓钉剪断破坏;典型的荷载-滑移曲线可分为3个特征阶段,分别为无滑移阶段、荷载上升段及荷载下降段;腹部栓钉有效地提高了部分外包混凝土组合构件的纵向受剪承载力,且受剪承载力随栓钉直径的增大和栓钉数量的增加而增大;腹部栓钉纵向布置优于横向布置,栓钉纵向偏心布置对受剪承载力影响较小;宽翼缘型钢能更好地约束腹部混凝土,提高其受剪承载力;腹部箍筋不同布置方式对极限荷载的影响较小;通过分析构件的受力机理和纵向剪力传递模式,提出了H型钢腹板焊接栓钉的部分外包混凝土组合构件纵向受剪承载力算式,计算结果与试验结果吻合较好。     

Experimental study on shear behavior of bolt connectors in steel-concrete composite beams

为研究螺栓抗剪连接件在钢-混凝土组合梁中的受剪性能,对24个采用螺栓连接件的钢-混凝土组合试件进行了推出试验,分析了螺栓直径、螺栓强度、螺栓埋置长细比和混凝土强度等参数对螺栓连接件的破坏模式、荷载-滑移特性和受剪承载力的影响。研究结果表明：螺栓抗剪连接件的破坏模式主要为螺栓周围混凝土受压破坏和螺栓栓杆的剪断破坏;当发生混凝土受压破坏时,增大混凝土强度、螺栓直径、螺栓埋置长细比可以提高螺栓连接件的受剪承载力;当发生螺栓的栓杆剪断破坏时,提高螺栓强度可以提高螺栓连接件的受剪承载力。在试验研究的基础上,给出了不同破坏模式下钢-混凝土组合梁螺栓连接件的受剪承载力的计算方法,建议公式的计算结果与试验结果吻合较好。     

钢-混凝土组合桥梁中无抗剪配筋的桥面板在轴向拉力作用下的抗剪极限承载力试验研究

完成31根钢筋混凝土梁的剪切破坏试验,对钢-混凝土组合桥梁中无抗剪配筋的桥面板在轴向拉力作用下的抗剪极限承载力进行了研究。试验中主要考虑了轴向拉力对抗剪极限承载力的影响,同时对配筋率、最小抗剪配筋、混凝土强度等级等其他因素也进行了研究。试验结果表明,欧洲规范2第1部分中用来计算无抗剪配筋的钢筋混凝土构件的抗剪极限承载力的公式过于保守,建议进行修正。     

Capacities of headed stud shear connectors in composite steel beams with precast hollowcore slabs

In steel-concrete composite beams, the longitudinal shear force is transferred across the steel flange/concrete slab interface by the mechanical action of the shear connectors. The ability of the shear connectors to transfer these longitudinal shear forces depends on their strength, and also on the resistance of the concrete slab against longitudinal cracking induced by the high concentration of shear force. Most of the research in composite construction has concentrated on the more traditional reinforced concrete and metal deck construction, and little information is given on shear capacity of the headed studs in precast hollowcore slabs. In this paper, a standard push test procedure for use with composite beams with precast hollowcore slabs is proposed. Seven exploratory push tests were carried out on headed studs in solid RC slabs to validate the testing procedures, and the results showed that the new test is compatible with the results specified in the codes of practice for solid RC slabs. Once a standard procedure is established, 72 full-scale push tests on headed studs in hollowcore slabs were performed to determine the capacities of the headed stud connectors in precast hollowcore slabs and the results of the experimental study are analysed and findings on the effect of all the parameters on connectors’ strength and ductility are presented. Newly proposed design equations for calculating the shear connectors’ capacity for this form of composite construction are also be given.     

Effect of shear connector spacing and layout on the shear connector capacity in composite beams

A three dimensional nonlinear finite element model has been developed to study the behaviour of composite beams with profiled sheeting oriented perpendicular to its axis. The analysis of the push test was carried out using ABAQUS/Explicit with slow load application to ensure a quasi-static solution. Both material and geometric nonlinearities were taken into account. Elastic-plastic material models were used for all steel components and the Concrete Damaged Plasticity model was used for the concrete slab. The post-failure behaviour of the push test was accurately predicted, which is crucial for realistic determination of shear capacity, slip and failure mode. The results obtained from finite element analysis were verified against the experimental push tests conducted in this research and also from other studies. After validation, the model was used to carry out an extensive parametric study to investigate the effect of transverse spacing in push tests with double studs placed in favourable and staggered positions with various concrete strengths. The results were also compared with the capacity of a single shear stud. It was found that shear connector resistance of pairs of shear connectors placed in favourable position was 94% of the strength of a single shear stud on average, when the transverse spacing between studs was 200 mm or more. For the same spacing, the resistance of staggered pairs of studs was only 86% of the strength of a single stud. The strength of double shear studs in favourable position was higher than that of the staggered pairs of shear connectors.     

Push-out tests on a new shear connector of I-shape

In steel-concrete composite beams, the shear connectors are commonly used to transfer the longitudinal shear forces across the steel-concrete interface. This paper summarizes the results of 24 push-out test specimens with a new type of shear connector called “I-shape connector”. The test specimens were designed to study the effect of the following parameters on the ultimate load capacity: the height of I-shape connector, the length of I-shape connector, the compressive strength of concrete and the number of transverse reinforcing bars. The experimental results are presented and discussed, focusing on the failure modes and load-slip behaviour. Finally, the experimental results are compared to the existing design equations to predict the ultimate load capacity of I-shape shear connectors.     

腹板嵌入式组合梁局部受压试验研究

基于传统钢-混凝土组合梁提出了一种节省钢材且具有较高抗剪承载力的新型组合梁——腹板嵌入式钢-混凝土组合梁,由倒T形钢梁腹板上部开槽,嵌入到混凝土翼板中形成。通过4个局部受压试件的试验得出,腹板嵌入式组合梁局部受压承载力随混凝土强度等级和局部荷载作用下扩散应力分布面积的增加而提高。综合各影响因素推导出了腹板嵌入式组合梁中连接件的局部受压承载力计算公式,并提出进行局部受压设计时对横向配筋率和应力扩散深度的构造要求。通过理论计算值与试验结果的对比,验证了公式的适用性。     

单调荷载下栓钉连接件受剪性能试验研究

栓钉是钢-混凝土组合梁中常用的柔性受剪连接件。通过18个栓钉受剪试件在单调荷载下的推出试验,较系统地研究了混凝土强度等级、栓钉直径以及钢梁类型等参数对栓钉的破坏形态、破坏机理、荷载-滑移规律和极限受剪承载力的影响。研究表明:栓钉的受剪承载力随着混凝土强度等级的提高以及栓钉直径的增大而增加;轧制工字钢试件中栓钉的受剪承载力比焊接工字钢试件中的高10%~30%。在试验的基础上提出了栓钉受剪承载力的计算方法。     

集簇式栓钉抗剪承载力折减系数计算方法

为给装配式钢-混组合结构梁桥集簇式栓钉抗剪连接件的设计提供参考,深入研究了集簇式栓钉抗剪连接件的受力特性。采用ABAQUS有限元软件建立推出试验有限元模型,对群钉效应及其主要影响因素进行了有限元参数化分析,并给出综合考虑混凝土强度、栓钉排数、栓钉纵向间距影响的集簇式栓钉连接件抗剪承载力折减系数计算公式。结果表明:受到群钉效应的影响,集簇式栓钉连接件的单钉平均抗剪承载力有较大程度的折减并且钉群受力呈现明显的不均匀性; 随着混凝土强度的提高,φ22×200栓钉连接件抗剪承载力、抗剪刚度逐渐增大; 当栓钉排数从3排增加至7排时,群钉的单钉平均抗剪承载力以及栓钉抗剪承载力折减系数逐渐降低,同时钉群受力的不均匀程度大幅提升; 当栓钉纵向间距由4d(d为栓钉直径)增加至8d时,群钉的单钉平均抗剪承载力以及栓钉抗剪承载力折减系数呈现增大趋势; 提出的集簇式栓钉连接件抗剪承载力折减系数计算公式计算值与有限元值吻合良好,可以为装配式钢-混组合结构梁桥集簇式栓钉抗剪连接件的设计提供理论依据。     

钢桥面-薄层CRRPC组合结构栓钉连接件抗剪疲劳性能研究

采用推出试验和弯曲疲劳试验,研究钢桥面板与薄层CRRPC铺装层间栓钉连接件抗剪疲劳性能。基于Von Mises材料破坏准则和双线性本构关系,对 推出试验模型进行有限元分析、静力试验和疲劳试验,得到不同加载比和界面联接方式下的滑移-加载循环次数曲线,以及栓钉连接件抗剪承载力;开展足 尺组合梁弯曲疲劳试验,考察组合桥面系统中栓钉整体抗剪疲劳性能。研究结果表明：加载比是影响栓钉抗剪疲劳寿命关键因素之一,对于推出疲劳试验, 加载比建议取0.4;钢板与CRRPC间的黏结效应是影响疲劳寿命另一重要因素,对于存在黏结效应的推出试件,在0.5的加载比下等效疲劳寿命可以达到92.2 万次,但无黏结时,疲劳寿命仅为16.9万次;控制栓钉间距是提高组合桥面抗剪疲劳性能的有效方式,在等效实桥应力幅下,即使钢板-CRRPC间不存在黏结 效应,栓钉布距为125mm×125mm,经过8888.9万次疲劳加载,组合梁界面仍没有发生疲劳破坏。     

钢-混凝土组合梁在负弯矩作用下抗剪性能的试验研究

通过3根钢-混凝土组合梁在负弯矩作用下的试验,研究了其变形发展及破坏过程,得到了组合梁的跨中剪力-挠度曲线、交界面滑移曲线和沿截面高度分布的应变变化曲线,分析了剪切连接程度、截面尺寸、剪跨比、材料强度、钢筋配置等因素对组合梁承载力和延性的影响。对钢梁进行了塑性分析,得出在负弯矩作用下钢-混凝土组合梁抗剪承载力的提高不是由于钢梁腹板的硬化效应所致,而是由于混凝土翼板的贡献,并提出了考虑混凝土翼板影响的组合梁在负弯矩作用下抗剪承载力计算公式。将计算结果与实测结果进行了比较,二者吻合良好。     

用普通钢筋混凝土叠合板作受压翼的钢-混凝土组合梁

本文通过6根试验梁受弯性能、钢筋混凝土板纵向抗剪性能和破坏形态的分析,找出了影响该类组合梁受力性能和承载力的主要因素,建立了按塑性方法计算该类组合梁极限抗弯承载力和钢筋混凝土板纵向抗剪承载力的公式,其与试验结果符合良好。最后提出了发挥该类组合梁理论极限抗弯承载力的最小横向配筋率。     

Shear strength estimation of reinforced concrete beam–column sub‐assemblages using multiple soft computing techniques

The aim of the present study is to propose innovative predictive models for shear capacity of reinforced concrete (RC) exterior joints in terms of multiple soft computing techniques. Existing models were evaluated and by a preliminary sensitivity analysis, seven parameters including compressive strength of concrete, product of the yield stress and the reinforcement ratio of the joint stirrups, the effective width of the joint panel, cross‐sectional column width, beam tensile longitudinal reinforcement ratio, beam compressive longitudinal reinforcement ratio, and column longitudinal reinforcement ratio were considered. Then, a large data set having the details of experimental programs on shear capacity of exterior RC beam–column joints was provided. The experimental data were utilized in developing the proposed models. After verification of the new models against available database, their efficiency compared with existing models was confirmed. Finally, a sensitivity analysis was performed in order to find the relative importance of each input parameter on the shear strength of RC joints. The results indicated that the beam reinforcement is the most important factor in shear capacity estimation of exterior RC beam–column connections.     

Inelastic behaviors of steel shear tab connections

Inelastic behaviors of shear tab connections commonly used in modern steel buildings are investigated in this work. Full‐scale steel shear tab connections with and without concrete slab physically tested by other researchers are closely simulated by non‐linear finite element (FE) method. Different nonlinear FE features (inelastic materials, surface‐based contacts and large geometric options) are included, and different solution strategies (Newton method and Explicit Dynamic method) are employed to balance computational effort and solution accuracy. The simulations extend our understandings on shear tab connections at micro levels, including stress distribution in the connection zone, movement of the neutral axis along the beam sections and normal stress distributions along steel shear tabs and concrete slabs. It is found that the shear tabs contribute to flexural strength of the beam‐to‐column connection and the elastic–plastic theory explains the observed behavior well only when concrete slab is not present. The composite steel shear tab connections have unsymmetrical behavior under negative and positive bending moments. The compressive concrete slabs significantly increase the flexural stiffness and strength of composite shear tab connections. It is also verified that the shear studs near steel columns play a key role for the composite connections. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

开孔板连接件受剪性能试验研究

开孔板连接件是钢-混凝土组合梁中常用的一种抗剪连接件。通过21个开孔板连接件试件在单调静力荷载作用下的推出试验,研究了开孔板的开孔直径、混凝土强度等级、孔中横向贯通钢筋的直径和数量等对开孔板连接件的破坏形态、荷载-滑移特性和受剪承载力等的影响。研究表明:开孔板连接件的荷载-滑移曲线(P-S曲线)大致可分为弹性阶段、塑性发展阶段和下降段;提高混凝土强度等级、增大开孔直径可提高开孔板连接件的受剪承载力,横向贯通钢筋直径由16mm增大至20mm时,试件的受剪承载力提高了21.8%,配置横向贯通钢筋2 16的试件受剪承载力比相应的未配置横向贯通钢筋的试件高19.1%;随着混凝土强度等级的提高,试件抗剪刚度增大,而开孔直径及横向贯通钢筋直径则对抗剪刚度无明显影响。最后,基于试验结果提出了开孔板连接件受剪承载力的计算方法。研究成果可为编制《钢-混凝土组合桥梁设计规范》提供依据和参考。     

压型钢板-混凝土组合楼板纵向受剪承载力试验研究

针对组合楼板主要的破坏模式——纵向剪切破坏进行分析,对8块U76型压型钢板-混凝土组合楼板进行了静力试验。试验结果表明:组合板越厚、剪跨越小、剪力横向钢筋越多,组合板纵向受剪承载力就越高。通过与无栓钉组合板的试验结果比较分析,表明组合板中剪跨区的栓钉,能极大地提高受剪承载力;并通过试验得到组合板的荷载-纵向相对滑移关系曲线图,采用欧洲规范4的建议公式,以试验数据为依据,回归得出组合楼板的剪力粘结系数m、k,为该种楼板的工程设计提供参考依据。