微波消解ICP-MS法检测肉制品中的铅、铬、镉、铝、锰、锡

建立肉制品中的铅、铬、镉、铝、锰、锡6种元素的电感耦合等离子体质谱分析方法。采用微波消解对样品进行前处理,消化后的样品经电感耦合等离子体质谱(inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry,ICP-MS)检测,利用内标法进行定量分析。结果表明,6种元素线性范围为0.2μg/L~100μg/L,线性相关系数(R2)均大于0.995;检测限:铅0.02μg/L、铬0.03μg/L、镉0.02μg/L、铝0.01μg/L、锰0.04μg/L、锡0.10μg/L;方法加标回收率均在84.9%~104.2%之间;以重复性考察方法重现性,RSD(n=6)在2.71%~4.38%以内;以精密度考察方法稳定性,RSD(n=6)在2.72%~4.28%以内。此方法简单、快速、准确度高、灵敏度高,可以用于肉制品中6种元素的常规分析检测。     

混合基体改进剂-石墨炉原子吸收光谱法测定 速溶茶中的铅镉铬

目的以微波消解为前处理方式,建立一种石墨炉原子吸收光谱法测定速溶茶中微量重金属铅、铬、镉的实验方法。方法采用高压密闭微波消解仪对速溶茶进行消解,加入硝酸铵、硝酸钯等基体改进剂消除样品干扰,并优化仪器条件进行石墨炉原子法测定。结果测定速溶茶中铅、铬、镉的最佳基体改进剂分别为硝酸铵-硝酸钯混合基体改进剂、硝酸钯基体改进剂、硝酸铵-硝酸钯混合基体改进剂。在最佳实验条件下,铅、铬、镉的线性范围分别为0~80μg/L、0~40μg/L、0~2μg/L,检出限分别为0.3681μg/L、0.1268μg/L、0.0076μg/L,铅、镉、铬的标准曲线相关系数分别为0.9990、0.9978和0.9992,回收率均在98.64%~101.9%之间,样品测定相对标准偏差均小于5%。结论该方法简便、快速、准确,可作为速溶茶中铅、镉、铬快捷、可靠的检测方法。     

石墨炉原子吸收法测定食品接触材料制品中有害重金属迁移量

目的建立一种石墨炉原子吸收法测定聚乙烯制品、聚丙烯制品和三聚氰胺成型品中铅、镉、铬迁移量的检测方法。方法筛选石墨炉原子吸收光谱仪测定铅、镉、铬的最佳灰化温度、原子化温度,采用正交设计仪器参数确定仪器最佳工作条件,测定聚乙烯制品、聚丙烯制品和三聚氰胺成型品中铅、镉、铬迁移量的检出限、重复性、回收率和精密度。结果在最佳试验条件下,铅、镉、铬的线性范围为0~150、0~5、0~100μg/L,检出限为1.04、0.05、0.98μg/L,加标回收率为96.5%~104.0%,样品测定的相对标准偏差均小于5%。结论该方法快速、准确、可靠,可作为食品接触材料制品中铅、镉、铬迁移量的测定方法。     

微波消解-ICP-MS测定酸角浸膏中的铅、砷、镉、铬

目的 采用电感耦合等离子体发射光谱-质谱仪(ICP-MS)测定酸角浸膏中铅、砷、镉、铬的含量。方法 使用微波消解仪消解酸角浸膏试样, 外标法定量。结果 铅、砷、镉、铬在0~50.00 μg /L的浓度范围内线性关系良好, 相关系数为≥0.9995, 方法检出限为: 铅2.0 μg /kg、砷19.0 μg /kg、镉1.0 μg /kg、铬9.0 μ g /kg, 加标回收率的范围为81.5%~119.1%。结论 该方法试样处理简便, 测定速度快, 结果准确, 适用于酸角浸膏的检测。     

胶体钯基体改进剂石墨炉原子吸收光谱法测定食盐中铅、镉

建立了胶体钯基体改进剂用于石墨炉原子吸收光谱法测定食盐中铅、镉的方法。方法采用食盐直接溶解后,以胶体钯作为基体改进剂,石墨炉原子吸收光谱法直接测定。在铅浓度为0~40μg/L、镉浓度为0~4μg/L的相关系数均0.999,铅的检出限为0.3μg/L,样品加标回收率为95.2~101.8%;镉的检出限为0.1μg/L,样品加标回收率为91.0~103.3%,相对标准偏差均5%。该方法准确、灵敏、简便,满足食盐中铅、镉的测定。     

差分脉冲溶出伏安法检测海产品中重金属的方法学研究

建立了微波消解-差分脉冲溶出伏安法测定海产品中5种重金属的方法。采用微波消解法对样品进行消解,调节样品至中性,利用LK-4600水质重金属检测仪,采用差分脉冲溶出伏安法对样品进行测定,结果表明该方法的线性关系良好,5种重金属的相关系数r均大于0.995;检出浓度分别为铅0.1μg/L,镉0.05μg/L,铬10.0μg/L,汞5.0μg/L,砷5.0μg/L,以称样量0.5 g计,方法检出浓度分别为铅0.3μg/L,镉0.12μg/L,铬8.9μg/L,汞4.2μg/L,砷6.4μg/L;加标回收率均在90%~110%之间。     

同位镀汞阳极溶出伏安法测定牛奶中镉、铅、铜

建立阳极溶出伏安法同时快速测定牛奶中的镉、铅和铜元素的方法。利用同位镀汞阳极溶出伏安法对 牛奶样品中镉、铅和铜元素含量进行同时测定,并对测试条件进行优化。镉、铅和铜元素峰电位分别为－0.70、 －0.52、－0.08 V;线性范围分别为0.1～40、1～80、0.5～100 μg/L;检测限为0.06、0.3、0.1 μg/L。采用该方法测 定了牛奶样品中的镉、铅和铜含量,加标回收率分别为99.57%、101.3%、98.00%,相对标准偏差（n=5）分别为 4.0%、2.9%、2.7%,将测定结果与原子吸收光谱法检测结果对比,两者无显著性差异(P＞0.05）。结果表明该方法 快速、简单、准确,可用于牛奶中镉、铅和铜元素的同时检测。     

石墨湿法消解-电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定云南水产品鱼类中的铅、铬、镉含量

目的 建立石墨湿法消解-电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定云南水产品鱼类中的铅、铬、镉3种金属含量。方法 以云南省8个州市共132件水产品中鱼类样品作为实验对象, 采用石墨湿法消解进行样品前处理, 电感耦合等离子体质谱法定量测定样品中铅、铬、镉的含量。结果 铅、铬、镉三种金属元素在0~ 100 μg/L的浓度范围内线性关系良好, 相关系数均大于0.999。铅、铬、镉3种元素的加标回收率依次为94.9%~98.8%, 98.89%~100.4%, 80.9%~96.6%。测定30 μg/L铅、铬、镉标准溶液得到相对标准偏差依次为0.59%、2.51%、0.08%。132件样品中, 均检出铅、铬、镉3种金属, 其中铅的检出率为79.5%, 铬、镉的检出率为100%。结论 该方法适用于水产品鱼类中的铅、铬、镉含量的检测, 所检测的云南水产品鱼类样品中铅、铬、镉三种金属元素都有检出, 但含量均达到国家标准的要求。     

微波消解-电感耦合等离子体质谱测定海带中铅、镉、铬、铜和锌

海带样品经智能加热器预消解,再经微波消解,利用电感耦合等离子体质谱法,分别采用外标法和内标法对海带中的铅、镉、铬、铜和锌含量进行测定。结果显示:内标法是一种较好的方法,各元素线性范围均为0～50μg/L,相关系数均在0.9998以上,加标回收率为91.2%～107%,相对标准偏差均小于5%,方法检出限为0.3～1.9μg/kg。该方法能够简单、快速、灵敏和准确地测定海带中的重金属元素。     

电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定海鱼中6种重金属含量

目的建立电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定海鱼中6种重金属的检测方法。方法样品用硝酸溶液微波消解进行前处理,采用电感耦合等离子体质谱法对样品中6种重金属进行测定。结果各元素在0~1.0 mg/L范围内呈良好的线性关系,相关系数均>0.999。方法检出限为铅:2.5μg/kg,镉:0.3μg/kg,汞:2.5μg/kg,砷:12.5μg/kg,铬:10μg/kg,镍:13μg/kg。回收率为92.4%~101%,相对标准偏差为2.1%~4.5%。结论该方法具有较高灵敏度、准确度及精密度,适用于海鱼中6种重金属元素的测定。     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

An internet compendium of analytical methods and spectroscopic information for monomers and additives used in food packaging plastics

An internet website (http://cpf.jrc.it/smt/) has been produced as a means of dissemination of methods of analysis and supporting spectroscopic information on monomers and additives used for food contact materials (principally packaging). The site which is aimed primarily at assisting food control laboratories in the European Union contains analytical information on monomers, starting substances and additives used in the manufacture of plastics materials. A searchable index is provided giving PM and CAS numbers for each of 255 substances. For each substance a data sheet gives regulatory information, chemical structures, physico-chemical information and background information on the use of the substance in particular plastics, and the food packaging applications. For monomers and starting substances (155 compounds) the infra-red and mass spectra are provided, and for additives (100 compounds); additionally proton NMR are available for about 50% of the entries. Where analytical methods have been developed for determining these substances as residual amounts in plastics or as trace amounts in food simulants these methods are also on the website. All information is provided in portable document file (PDF) format which means that high quality copies can be readily printed, using freely available Adobe Acrobat Reader software. The website will in future be maintained and up-dated by the European Commission's Joint Research Centre (JRC) as new substances are authorized for use by the European Commission (DG-ENTR formerly DGIII). Where analytical laboratories (food control or other) require reference substances these can be obtained free-ofcharge from a reference collection housed at the JRC and maintained in conjunction with this website compendium.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

Textural Properties of Cold-set Gels Induced from Heat-denatured Whey Protein Isolates

A 9% whey protein (WP) isolate solution at pH 7.0 was heat-denatured at 80°C for 30 min. Size-exclusion HPLC showed that native WP formed soluble aggregates after heat-treatment. Additions of CaCl2 (10–40 mM), NaCl (50–400 mM) or glucono-delta-lactone (GDL, 0.4–2.0%, w/v) or hydrolysis by a protease from Bacillus licheniformis caused gelation of the denatured solution at 45°C. Textural parameters, hardness, adhesiveness, and cohesiveness of the gels so formed changed markedly with concentration of added salts or pH by added GDL. Maximum gel hardness occurred at 200 mM NaCl or pH 4.7. Increasing CaCl2 concentration continuously increased gel hardness. Generally, GDL-induced gels were harder than salt-induced gels, and much harder than the protease-induced gel.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Occurrence of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in fish canned in oil

The levels of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) were quantified as part of a European survey on the migration of residues of epoxy resins into oil from canned fish. The contents of BFDGE in cans, lids and fish collected from all 15 Member States of the European Union and Switzerland were analysed in 382 samples. Cans and lids were separately extracted with acetonitrile. The extraction from fish was carried out with hexane followed by re-extraction with acetonitrile. The analysis was performed by reverse phase HPL C with fluorescence detection. BFDGE could be detected in 12% of the fish, 24% of the cans and 18% of the lids. Only 3% of the fish contained BFDGE in concentrations considerably above 1mg/kg. In addition to the presented data, a comparison was made with the levels of BADGE (bisphenol-A-diglycidyl ether)analysed in the same products in the context of a previous study.     

Contribution of European research to risk analysis

The European Commission's, Quality of Life Research Programme, Key Action 1—Health, Food & Nutrition is mission-oriented and aims, amongst other things, at providing a healthy, safe and high-quality food supply leading to reinforced consumer confidence in the safety of European food. Its objectives also include the enhancing of the competitiveness of the European food supply. Key Action 1 is currently supporting a number of different types of European collaborative projects in the area of risk analysis. The objectives of these projects range from the development and validation of prevention strategies including the reduction of consumers risks; development and validation of new modelling approaches; harmonization of risk assessment principles, methodologies, and terminology; standardization of methods and systems used for the safety evaluation of transgenic food; providing of tools for the evaluation of human viral contamination of shellfish and quality control; new methodologies for assessing the potential of unintended effects of genetically modified (genetically modified) foods; development of a risk assessment model for Cryptosporidium parvum related to the food and water industries; to the development of a communication platform for genetically modified organism, producers, retailers, regulatory authorities and consumer groups to improve safety assessment procedures, risk management strategies and risk communication; development and validation of new methods for safety testing of transgenic food; evaluation of the safety and efficacy of iron supplementation in pregnant women; evaluation of the potential cancer-preventing activity of pro- and pre-biotic ('synbiotic') combinations in human volunteers. An overview of these projects is presented here.     

低温带皮菜籽粕微粉的不同粒级部分的功能特性

为研究低温带皮菜籽粕微粉的不同粒级部分的功能特性,以经低温脱脂的带皮菜籽粕为原料,经微粉碎后筛分成212~425μm、150~212μm和106~150μm的3个不同粒级的微粉样品,检测这些样品的吸水性、吸油性、乳化性和乳化稳定性、蛋白质体外消化率。结果表明:1 3个不同粒级的微粉样品之间的粗纤维含量存在显著差异,表明三者的结构组成成分有一定差异。23个微粉样品的乳化活性和乳化稳定性随粒度级别的减小而显著增加(P0.01)。33个微粉样品的蛋白质体外消化率随粒度级别的减小而显著增加(P0.01)。4不同粒级带皮菜籽粕微粉样品的吸水性与吸油性受其结构组成物质不同和粒度的双重影响,与粒度的相关性不明显。     

Microbiology of food taints

Fresh and processed foods are often spoilt by the presence of undesirable flavours and odours caused by microbial action. The aim of this paper is to review the current knowledge of microbiologically induced taints that occur in a wide range of foodstuffs, including meats, poultry, fish, crustaceans, milk, dairy products, fruits, vegetables, cereals and cereal products. Examples have been chosen where the compounds responsible for the taint have been identified and sufficient data obtained to demonstrate the involvement of microorganisms. However, in some cases the full identity of the causative organism may not have been elucidated. The types of microorganisms covered by this review include bacteria, fungi, yeasts, actinomycetes and cyanobacteria. Although cyanobacteria do not in general infect foods, their presence in aqueous systems and water supplies can lead to off-flavours in aquatic organisms and processed foodstuffs. Several examples of each of these processes are discussed. Wherever possible, the likely biosynthetic pathway used by the microorganism to produce the offending compound in a foodstuff is indicated.