低温等离子体活化水在食品杀菌保鲜中的应用

低温等离子体在抗菌、杀虫、活性包装、食品功能化和废物处理等方面已有研究。经低温等离子体活化的水体,简称等离子体活化水（PAW）,可以直接以空气为工作气体,蒸馏水为溶液产生,富含多种生物活性物质且对环境友好,在食品工业中有广阔的应用前景。本文综述PAW的产生装置、理化性质、杀菌机理和效果以及在食品保鲜中的应用,旨在为其生产和应用提供参考。     

初探非热力杀菌技术在食品工业中的应用

综述了国内外食品非热力杀菌技术,重点介绍了超高压杀菌、高压脉冲电场杀菌、脉冲强光杀菌、微波杀菌、紫外线杀菌、臭氧杀菌、二氧化碳技术、生物防腐技术等非热力杀菌技术的原理、特点及其在食品工业中的应用,这些技术有望取代部分惯用的食品热力杀菌技术。     

食品工业中混合菌生物被膜的形成、相互作用与新型控制策略

细菌黏附在食品或食品接触表面并形成生物被膜可能导致设备损坏、食品变质甚至人类疾病。混合菌生物被膜作为细菌在食品工业中的主要存在形式,与单菌生物被膜相比,对消毒剂和抗菌素往往具有更强的抗性。然而,混合菌生物被膜的形成与种间相互作用十分复杂,其在食品工业中的潜在作用仍有待探索。本文总结了混合菌生物被膜的形成和种间相互作用以及近年来的新型控制策略,并对未来食品工业中混合菌生物被膜的污染防控进行了展望,旨在为混合菌生物被膜在食品工业中的深入研究以及制定高效的新型控制策略提供理论依据和参考,以期更好地保障食品安全与公众健康。     

等离子体活化水对沙门氏菌的灭活作用及机制研究

等离子体活化水（Plasma-activated water,PAW）是一种新兴的非热杀菌技术,在食品保鲜等领域具有广泛的应用前景。本文研究了PAW处理对沙门氏菌（S. typhimurium）的杀灭效果及其作用机制。将经等离子体放电30、60和90 s得到的PAW分别记为PAW30、PAW60和PAW90。结果表明,PAW对S. typhimurium的杀菌效果随放电时间的延长而逐渐增强。当初始浓度为7.91 lg CFU/mL时,PAW60处理10 min后S. typhimurium活菌数减少了4.22 lg CFU/mL。扫描电镜（Scanning electron microscope,SEM）结果表明,PAW60处理后S. typhimurium细胞形态发生明显变化。经PAW60处理后,S. typhimurium胞外核酸和蛋白含量均显著（P<0.05）升高,表明其细胞膜通透性显著（P<0.05）增强。此外,PAW60处理破坏了S. typhimurium细胞外膜完整性,造成胞内活性氧水平显著（P<0.05）升高。以上实验结果表明,PAW处理能够有效灭活S. typhimurium,其作用机理可能与其破坏细胞结构、增强细胞膜通透性等有关。研究结果为PAW在食品杀菌保鲜中的应用提供了科学理论依据。     

超高压灭菌技术及其在食品工业中的应用

超高压杀菌技术是食品加工业中的一种高新技术,具有广泛的应用前景.本文介绍了超高压杀菌技术的发展历史、杀菌机理、杀菌影响因素以及超高压杀菌技术对食品营养成分的影响和其在食品工业中的应用.     

超高压杀菌技术在乳品生产中的探索

超高压杀菌技术是一种冷杀菌技术,近年来被探索应用于食品工业中。该文简要介绍了超高压杀菌技术及在乳品中的应用可能。     

微波杀菌技术在不同形态食品领域的应用分析

微波杀菌技术在食品工业中应用时呈现出速度快、能耗低、效率高、够安全等优点。详细阐述了微波杀菌技术的热效应和生物效应,并在此基础上分析了该技术在不同形态的食品中应用时的特点,为该杀菌技术在针对性的食品领域中应用提供参照。     

微波杀菌在休闲熟食中的应用

目前休闲熟食的杀菌和保鲜对休闲熟食的加工越来越重要,微波杀菌技术也以其独特的优势被应用到食品生产领域中。综述了微波杀菌技术的原理、优势及缺陷,微波杀菌在休闲熟食中的应用以及其未来的发展趋势,为休闲熟食的杀菌和保鲜提供新的思路和解决方法,加快微波杀菌技术在现代食品工业中的应用。     

食品工业中的新型杀菌技术

本文对食品工业中的新型杀菌技术,如高压脉冲电场、超声波、通电杀菌、高压杀菌、远红外线杀菌、脉冲强光杀菌等的机理、优点及应用进行了综合分析介绍,指出这些新型杀菌技术开发利用前景广阔,应进行深层次的研究,以促进食品工业的发展。     

物理杀菌技术

物理杀菌技术作为一类新型杀菌技术 ,正逐渐在食品工业中得到广泛应用。本文在阐明物理杀菌特点的基础上 ,介绍了几种典型的物理杀菌方法的机理、工艺流程及其在食品工业中的应用。     

Evaluating the effects of plasma-activated slightly acidic electrolyzed water on bacterial inactivation and quality attributes of Atlantic salmon fillets

In this study, an intervention non-thermal processing technology plasma-activated slightly acidic electrolyzed water (PASW) was developed to better preserve salmon fillets. Compared to the plasma-activated water (PAW) and slightly acidic electrolyzed water (SAEW), PASW treatment was found to be more effective in inactivating microorganisms. After PAW, SAEW, or PASW treatment for 120 s, the population of Shewanella putrefaciens (S. putrefaciens) was reduced by 2.04, 2.62 and 2.08 Log CFU/mL (P < 0.05) using plate counts, respectively. The test for the leakage of nucleic acids and protein in intracellular contents confirmed that PASW caused serious damage to the microbial cell structural integrity compared to that alone PAW or SAEW. Meanwhile, scanning electron microscopic observations also showed that PASW caused apparent bacterial structural changes. Besides, the PASW treatment did not alter color and textural properties of salmon fillets, and restrained lipid oxidation as compared to the control and SAEW treatments. In all, this study compared the bacterial inactivation mechanisms for PAW, SAEW, and PASW, and suggested that PASW was effective in inactivating S. putrefaciens of salmon fillets.Industrial relevancePlasma-activated slightly acidic electrolyzed water, an emerging technology in food processing, can be a potential green technology for the processing of aquatic food products. PASW treatment had higher disinfection efficacy than that of SAEW or PAW treatment alone, and no adverse effect on the quality of Atlantic salmon fillets. These results boost knowledge in the food preservation field, as well as the application of non-thermal processing in the food industry.     

Effect of Non-Thermal Plasma-Activated Water on Fruit Decay and Quality in Postharvest Chinese Bayberries

Recently, non-thermal plasma-activated water (PAW) became a relatively new concept developed in the food industry. The effects of PAW on fruit decay, microbial loads, and quality of postharvest Chinese bayberry were investigated. Chinese bayberries were treated by PAW for 0.5, 2, or 5 min and then stored at 3 °C for 8 days. Experimental results show that all PAW treatments could reduce fruit decay by around 50 % compared to control at the end of storage. There was no dose-effect relationship between PAW treatment time and fruit decay. Meanwhile, a 0.5-min PAW treatment could remarkably decrease microbial population on Chinese bayberries during storage, and the maximum reductions reached around 1.1 log CFU/g both for bacteria and fungi at the end day of storage. Scanning electron microscopy results reveal that PAW could significantly change the morphology of microbial cells on Chinese bayberries. Moreover, physicochemical properties analysis of PAW demonstrates that the microbial inactivation of PAW is mainly attributed to the combined action of high oxidation reduction potential and low pH. Additionally, PAW-treated fruits exhibited markedly higher firmness, color index of red grapes, and total soluble solids than the control did at the eighth day. These results indicate that PAW might be a promising strategy to control fruit decay and maintain quality of Chinese bayberry during postharvest storage.     

Nonthermal plasma-activated water: A comprehensive review of this new tool for enhanced food safety and quality

Nonthermal plasma (NTP) is an advanced technology that has gained extensive attention because of its capacity for decontaminating food from both biological and chemical sources. Plasma-activated water (PAW), a product of NTP's reaction with water containing a rich diversity of highly reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS), is now being considered as the primary reactive chemical component in food decontamination. Despite exciting developments in this field recently, at present there is no comprehensive review specifically focusing on the comprehensive effects of PAW on food safety and quality. Although PAW applications in biological decontamination have been extensively evaluated, a complete analysis of the most recent developments in PAW technology (e.g., PAW combined with other treatments, and PAW applications in chemical degradation and as curing agents) is nevertheless lacking. Therefore, this review focuses on PAW applications for enhanced food safety (both biological and chemical safeties) according to the latest studies. Further, the subsequent effects on food quality (chemical, physical, and sensory properties) are discussed in detail. In addition, several recent trends of PAW developments, such as curing agents, thawing media, preservation of aquatic products, and the synergistic effects of PAW in combination with other traditional treatments, are also presented. Finally, this review outlines several limitations presented by PAW treatment, suggesting several future research directions and challenges that may hinder the translation of these technologies into real-life applications.     

Effect of plasma activated water (PAW) on rocket leaves decontamination and nutritional value

Plasma Activated Water (PAW) obtained by exposing water to cold atmospheric pressure plasma, has recently emerged as a promising alternative for food decontamination, compared to the use of traditional chemical sanitizers. The aim of the study was to evaluate the efficacy of PAW treatments for rocket salad decontamination. Washing with PAW for 2, 5, 10 and 20 min was assessed against different endogenous spoilage microorganisms and compared to untreated water and hypochlorite solution. The chemical composition of PAW as a function of treatment and delay time was characterized and the effect on product quality and nutritional parameters was evaluated.Results showed that PAW allowed an average reduction of 1.7–3 Log CFU/g for total mesophilic and psychrotrophic bacteria and Enterobacteriaceae following 2–5 min washing with minimal variation of qualitative and nutritional parameters. Overall, experimental results highlighted the potentiality of PAW treatments as a promising alternative to chlorine having the advantage of a minor adverse impact on environment and consumers' health.Industrial relevanceTo meet consumers demand, the minimally processed fruit and vegetable industry needs to find sustainable solutions as alternative to the use of traditional chemical sanitizers that allow to increase product shelf-life and preserve safety, qualitative and nutritional characteristics.Plasma activated water represents a promising strategy for food decontamination, but its effects on foods have been only limitedly investigated. The present research is the first study on the use of plasma activated water on fresh rocket leaves, providing new and important information on microbial inactivation and quality of the fresh cut product.     

Effect of plasma-activated water on microbial quality and physicochemical characteristics of mung bean sprouts

The efficacy of nonthermal plasma-activated water (PAW) in the decontamination of mung bean sprouts was evaluated in this work. After being treated with PAW for 30 min, the populations of total aerobic bacteria and total yeasts and moulds on mung bean sprouts were decreased by 2.32- and 2.84- log₁₀ CFU/g, respectively. The PAW treatment had no significant effect on the antioxidant potential of mung bean sprouts as shown by using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl free radical (DPPH•) scavenging activity assay, 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt (ABTS) method, and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay (p > 0.05). Additionally, the PAW treatment caused no significant changes in the total phenolic and flavonoid contents, nor the sensory characteristics of mung bean sprouts (p > 0.05). Reactive species such as nitrates, nitrites, and H₂O₂ were generated in PAW, which presumably contributed to the disinfection efficacy of PAW. These data show that PAW can be used as a promising nonthermal technology for the control of microbial contamination in sprouts.Industrial relevanceEdible sprouts are common food ingredients across the world. However, sprouts can be contaminated by pathogenic microorganisms, which may result in health risks to humans. Recently, PAW has been shown to be a safe and effective method for food surface sanitation. However, the application of PAW in the microbial control for sprouts is less investigated. In this study, the influences of PAW on the microbial load, chemical and sensory quality of mung bean sprouts were investigated for the first time. The results showed that PAW could effectively inactivate bacteria and yeasts and moulds on mung bean sprouts without resulting in significant changes in the antioxidant capacities, total phenolic and flavonoid contents, and sensory characteristics of mung bean sprouts. These data indicated that PAW can be used as a promising nonthermal technology for reducing microbial populations on sprouts.     

Nonthermal Plasma–Liquid Interactions in Food Processing: A Review

Nonthermal processing methods are often preferred over conventional food processing methods to ensure nutritional quality. Nonthermal plasma (NTP) is a new field of nonthermal processing technology and seeing increased interest for application in food preservation. In food applications of NTP, liquid interactions are the most prevalent. The NTP reactivity and product storability are altered during this interaction. The water activated by NTP (plasma‐activated water [PAW]) has gained considerable attention during recent years as a potential disinfectant in fruits and vegetable washing. However, detailed understanding of the interactions of NTP reactive species with food nutritional components in the presence of water and their stability in food is required to be explored to establish the potential of this emerging technology. Hence, the main objective of this review is to give a complete overview of existing NTP–liquid interactions. Further, their microbial inactivation mechanisms and the effects on food quality are discussed in detail. Most of the research findings have suggested the successful application of NTP and PAW for microbial inactivation and food preservation. Still, there are some research gaps identified and a complete analysis of the stability of plasma reactive species in food is still missing. By addressing these issues, along with the available research output in this field, it is possible that NTP can be successfully used as a food decontamination method in the near future.     

Mechanism characterization of bacterial inactivation of atmospheric air plasma gas and activated water using bioluminescence technology

We assessed the efficacy of bacterial inactivation using a dielectric barrier discharge in three different plasma setups: plasma gas (PG), and direct and indirect plasma activated water (PAW), where deionized water was placed either between or away from the electrodes, respectively. We used bioluminescent Escherichia coli K12 lux as a model bacteria in a biosensor format to study the inactivation kinetics and mechanism of action of produced PG and PAW. The results showed that uninterrupted application of PG decreased bioluminescence rapidly by 1-log within the first minute and 3.6-log after 10 min of treatment. Exposing the bacterial culture with a sublethal dose of PAW (1 mL) rapidly decreased the bioluminescence; however, luminescence slowly recovered after exposure. Subsequent treatment with PAW decreased the bioluminescence to a lesser extent. In addition, direct PAW induced a greater decrease in bioluminescence compared to indirect treatments for both single and multiple exposures. In contrast to the PG, PAW treatments induced a lower bactericidal effect with 0.11 to 0.22-log reduction for indirect PAW and 0.2 to 0.32-log for direct PAW. Our results also indicate that antimicrobial activity of PAW decreased slowly within 20 min of its preparation. The rapid decrease in bioluminescence followed by a partial recovery in a repeatable pattern suggests an incomplete inactivation, and that the reducing power of the cell helps them to survive. Moreover, the complete and partial oxidation of NADH solutions in vitro by PG and PAW, respectively, strongly suggest that the lux fluorophore FMNH₂ and other reducing cofactors could be the target of such treatment before other cell components. This hypothesis was supported by the tendency to recover luminescence by potentially replenishing the pool of FMNH₂ after plasma treatment. It is also important to consider that the reducing power of the cell (NADH, NADPH, and FMNH₂) is crucial for cell viability mostly due to reducing potential for critical metabolic reactions. Therefore, in situ bioluminescence monitoring technology can potentially serve as a unique approach to elucidate the mechanism of bacteria inactivation in real time.Industrial relevanceThe present study developed three dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) plasma setups to produce plasma gas and plasma activated water, which can disinfect both food products and their contact surfaces regardless of geometry. Our in situ bioluminescent technology elucidated bacterial inactivation mechanisms of plasma treatments, which may potentially suggest sufficient exposures to plasma resulting in safe food products without deteriorating their quality. The results will help food manufacturers apply new plasma-based disinfection methods with appropriate treatments.     

等离子体活化水-苯乳酸协同杀灭大肠杆菌O157:H7作用及机制研究

拟研究等离子体活化水（Plasma-activated water,PAW）与苯乳酸（Phenyllactic acid,PLA）协同处理对大肠杆菌O157:H7的杀灭效果及其作用机制。采用平板计数、扫描电镜、荧光染色等方法研究PAW与PLA协同处理对大肠杆菌O157:H7的杀灭作用及其对细胞形态、细胞膜完整性和胞内活性氧水平等的影响。结果表明,经终浓度为0.125～1.0 mg/mL的PLA处理8 min后,大肠杆菌O157:H7活细胞数未发生显著变化（P>0.05）。经PAW与PLA（终浓度为1.0 mg/mL）协同处理8 min后,大肠杆菌O157:H7降低了5.65 lg CFU/mL,显著高于PAW单独处理组（降低了1.06 lg CFU/mL） （P<0.05）。扫描电镜结果表明,PAW与PLA协同处理可造成细胞形态发生明显变化。与对照组细胞相比,经PAW-PLA（1.0 mg/mL）协同处理8 min后,胞外蛋白含量、细胞膜电位和胞内活性氧分别升高了25.6、0.75和9.53倍（P<0.05）。综上所述,PAW与PLA协同处理能够有效杀灭大肠杆菌O157:H7,这可能与其破坏细胞膜及诱导氧化损伤等有关。本研究为PAW与PLA协同处理在食品保鲜中的应用提供了理论依据。     

我国冷冻面团技术的应用和发展综述

冷冻面团技术因具有便于冷藏和运输、能够标准化生产、降低成本等优越性,已成为我国食品工业最具发展潜力的技术之一,本文介绍了冷冻面团技术在生产上的应用现状,综述了国内外对冷冻面团技术的研究进展,分析了目前我国冷冻面团技术中存在的问题以及今后发展前景。