掺预处理垃圾焚烧飞灰水泥土的抗剪强度和浸出毒性试验研究

对垃圾焚烧飞灰进行水洗和硫酸亚铁预处理,将其掺入水泥固化软土中,通过三轴固结不排水试验和浸出毒性试验研究不同飞灰/水泥配比下所制得试样的抗剪强度和重金属浸出毒性,通过电镜扫描试验分析了掺垃圾焚烧飞灰的水泥土的微观特性,讨论了垃圾焚烧飞灰作为水泥土外掺剂的可行性.试验结果表明:相同水泥掺量下,随着飞灰含量增加,水泥土的抗剪强度增加,致密性和整体性增强.当水泥和飞灰掺量均为10％时,水泥土抗剪强度提高最显著.掺入垃圾焚烧飞灰的水泥土重金属浸出浓度符合《危险废物鉴别标准浸出毒性鉴别》(GB 5085.3-2007).研究成果可为垃圾焚烧飞灰的工程应用提供理论依据和参数支持.     

土壤聚合物固化飞灰与水泥固化的比较研究

本文分析了焚烧飞灰的主要化学组成,对土聚物固化城市垃圾焚烧飞灰和水泥固化飞灰的效果进行了实验研究和比较,探讨了土壤聚合物固化垃圾焚烧飞灰的机理.结果表明,焚烧飞灰主要包括Ca、Cl、Si、Al、K、S、Na等,重金属包括Zn、Pb、Cu、Cd和Cr等.在相同的条件下,土聚物固化飞灰后固化体的抗压强度明显高于水泥固化体,且表现出早期抗压强度高的特点,固化体重金属的浸出毒性远低于国家有关浸出毒性标准.     

水洗城市生活垃圾焚烧飞灰在水泥生产中资源化利用的研究现状

城市生活垃圾焚烧处理具有减容、减量、无害化程度高等特点,在我国得到了迅速发展,但焚烧过程中产生的焚烧飞灰含有毒有害成分较多,严重阻碍了其资源化利用,因此垃圾焚烧飞灰的预处理对建设资源节约型、环境友好型社会具有重要意义。本文介绍了国内外关于城市垃圾焚烧飞灰物化性质的研究成果,重点分析了其在水泥工业中应用研究的现状,并提出在水泥工业生产中应适当提高石灰饱和系数、选择适宜水洗飞灰掺量以保证熟料质量的建议,旨在为城市垃圾焚烧飞灰用作为水泥生产的原材料进行有益的探索。此外,分析了国内外关于垃圾焚烧飞灰的水泥基材料环境安全性评价方法的研究现状,提出亟须建立一套符合建筑材料工程应用实际的重金属浸出试验方法和评价。     

不同粒径城市垃圾焚烧飞灰中重金属的浸出规律研究

集中焚烧法已经逐渐成为我国城市生活垃圾处理的主要方式,但其中的重金属在焚烧过程中不会被破坏,最终主要集中在垃圾焚烧飞灰中排出。在垃圾焚烧飞灰的安全填埋过程中由于受到环境因素的影响,例如酸雨,其中的重金属会逐渐的发生迁移,从而影响环境。文章对不同粒径的垃圾焚烧飞灰中的重金属浸出特性进行了研究,实验结果表明：小粒径垃圾焚烧飞灰所占比例较大。不同粒径对重金属的浸出特性比较复杂,浸出浓度均不相同,其中除尘器飞灰中的重金属浸出浓度远高于其他三种飞灰,属于有浸出毒性的危险废物。     

利用城市垃圾焚烧飞灰煅烧水泥熟料初探

针对垃圾焚烧飞灰化学组成上的特点,进行了利用垃圾焚烧飞灰烧制水泥熟料的探索研究,通过试验研究了其对水泥生料的易烧性、烧制的水泥熟料的力学性能和水化速率等的影响规律。研究结果表明,垃圾焚烧飞灰可以用作水泥原料从而有效地降低其处置成本,减少其对环境造成的二次污染,硬化水泥浆体水化28d时各重金属浸出量低于鉴别标准规定的指标,是一种有待开发的潜在的水泥原料资源。     

垃圾焚烧飞灰胶凝活性和水泥对其固化效果的研究

垃圾焚烧飞灰是生活垃圾焚烧后烟气除尘器收下的物质,其主要成分属CaO-SiO_2-Al_2O_3-Fe_2O体系,与目前常用的高炉矿渣、粉煤灰等辅助性胶凝材料非常接近,因其中含有能被水浸出的重金属物质而被认为是危险废物,必须对之进行稳定及固化处理。通过试验研究了掺入垃圾焚烧飞灰的硬化水泥浆体的力学性能和水化机理,考察了水泥固化垃圾焚烧飞灰的效果,探讨了垃圾焚烧飞灰作为辅助性胶凝材料利用的可行性。研究表明:垃圾焚烧飞灰的水化反应活性较低,它的掺入在一定程度上延缓了水泥的水化过程,虽然其水化过程可以形成适量的钙矾石,对强度发展有利,但掺量较大时会显著降低水泥强度;采用水泥稳定及固化垃圾焚烧飞灰的效果良好,垃圾焚烧飞灰中重金属可以通过包容、替代或吸收等形式固化进水化产物结构中。     

水泥窑协同处置垃圾焚烧飞灰技术的应用进展

<正>水泥窑协同处置飞灰,是指将垃圾焚烧飞灰作为原料投加到水泥生产工艺中,替代部分水泥原料,有效去除或稀释飞灰中富集的二恶英等有机污染物,最终实现飞灰的资源化处置的过程。飞灰中存在大量的氯和重金属,因此必须有效避免飞灰对水泥生产和产品质量的影响。目前,随着我国垃圾焚烧飞灰处置需求的不断增加,水泥窑协同处置飞灰技术越来越受到重视。1垃圾焚烧飞灰的主要成分我国不同地区垃圾焚烧飞灰的化学分析如表     

垃圾焚烧飞灰制备硫铝酸盐水泥的安全性研究

采用垃圾焚烧飞灰辅以其他校正原料,控制碱度、铝硫比和铝硅比分别为1.05、2.5和3,煅烧制得硫铝酸盐水泥熟料,研究了石膏对硫铝酸盐水泥性能及水化过程的影响,并采用不同浸出试验方法分析硬化水泥浆体中重金属的浸出特性。结果表明:以垃圾焚烧飞灰可成功煅烧制得以C4A3S和C2S为主的硫铝酸盐水泥熟料,石膏影响熟料中C4A3S的水化程度和钙矾石生成量,有助于硫铝酸盐水泥早期强度发展;而熟料中C2S持续水化有助于水泥后期强度的稳定增长;采用醋酸作浸出液相对去离子水,使得重金属浸出浓度有所增加;破碎和完整的试样在去离子水、醋酸溶液中重金属浸出浓度均远低于相关标准关于毒性浸出浓度的最高限值。     

城市生活垃圾焚烧灰渣作为水泥混合材的试验研究

针对生活垃圾焚烧灰渣的组成和特性,进行了垃圾焚烧灰渣作为水泥混合材的试验研究.结果表明:掺入垃圾焚烧灰渣的水泥,随垃圾焚烧灰渣掺量的增加,水泥凝结时间逐渐延长.标准稠度需水量增加,水泥的强度呈下降趋势;水泥矿物的水化产物能有效固化垃圾焚烧灰渣中的重金属,掺垃圾焚烧灰渣水泥的重金属浸出浓度均低于浸出毒性标准限值.     

浸出液pH值对生活垃圾焚烧飞灰螯合物重金属Zn浸出结果影响的研究

通过对垃圾焚烧飞灰螯合物重金属浸出毒性检测过程中各个因素探究,发现浸提剂中醋酸含量、飞灰螯合物和浸提剂浸出反应后的pH(浸出终点pH)对于重金属Zn检测结果都有较大影响。因此对于飞灰螯合物重金属浸出毒性的检测,应精确控制浸提剂的配置方式,另外可通过浸提终点pH的指示作用,初步判断浸出液中重金属含量的大小。     

Sapindaceae,cyanolipids, and bugs

Scentless plant bugs (Heteroptera: Rhopalidae) are so named because adults of the Serinethinae have vestigial metathoracic scent glands. Serinethines are seed predators of Sapindales, especially Sapindaceae that produce toxic cyanolipids. In two serinethine species whose ranges extend into the southern United States,Jadera haematoloma andJ. sanguinolenta, sequestration of host cyanolipids as glucosides renders these gregarious, aposematic insects unpalatable to a variety of predators. The blood glucoside profile and cyanogenesis ofJadera varies depending on the cyanolipid chemistry of hosts, and adults and larvae fed golden rain tree seeds (Koelreuteria paniculata) excrete the volatile lactone, 4-methyl-2(5H)-furanone, to which they are attracted.Jadera fed balloon vine seeds (Cardiospermum spp.) do not excrete the attractive lactone. Loss of the usual heteropteran defensive glands in serinethines may have coevolved with host specificity on toxic plants, and the orientation ofJadera to a volatile excretory product could be an adaptive response to save time.Mention of a commercial product does not consititute an endorsement by the USDA.     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

2008～2009年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2008年7月～2009年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2008～2009年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况。按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、环氧树脂、不饱和聚酯树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍。     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Many Drugs of Abuse May Be Acutely Transformed to Dopamine,Norepinephrine and Epinephrine In Vivo

It is well established that a wide range of drugs of abuse acutely boost the signaling of the sympathetic nervous system and the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, where norepinephrine and epinephrine are major output molecules. This stimulatory effect is accompanied by such symptoms as elevated heart rate and blood pressure, more rapid breathing, increased body temperature and sweating, and pupillary dilation, as well as the intoxicating or euphoric subjective properties of the drug. While many drugs of abuse are thought to achieve their intoxicating effects by modulating the monoaminergic neurotransmitter systems (i.e., serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine) by binding to these receptors or otherwise affecting their synaptic signaling, this paper puts forth the hypothesis that many of these drugs are actually acutely converted to catecholamines (dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine) in vivo, in addition to transformation to their known metabolites. In this manner, a range of stimulants, opioids, and psychedelics (as well as alcohol) may partially achieve their intoxicating properties, as well as side effects, due to this putative transformation to catecholamines. If this hypothesis is correct, it would alter our understanding of the basic biosynthetic pathways for generating these important signaling molecules, while also modifying our view of the neural substrates underlying substance abuse and dependence, including psychological stress-induced relapse. Importantly, there is a direct way to test the overarching hypothesis: administer (either centrally or peripherally) stable isotope versions of these drugs to model organisms such as rodents (or even to humans) and then use liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry to determine if the labeled drug is converted to labeled catecholamines in brain, blood plasma, or urine samples.