FOF-18结构与性能的量子化学研究

用B3LYP法,在6-31G基组水平上优化了FOF-18的几何构型,得其稳定的几何构型;在振动分析的基础上求得体系的振动频率、IR谱;采用Monte-Carlo方法预估了密度;设计等键等电子反应计算了生成焓;运用Kamlet公式预测爆速、爆压和爆热;将计算性能与CL-20的性能作比较.结果表明,FOF-18整个分子呈N字形,且存在7个强吸收峰,密度2.06 g/cm3、生成焓501.03 kJ/mol、爆速9411.82 m/s、爆压42440.76 MPa、爆热6637.46 kJ/kg,该化合物的性能与CL-20接近.     

5,5'-氧化偶氮双(4-硝基-1,2,3-三唑-1-)氧化呋咱的理论研究与性能预估

设计了一种新型富氮类高能量密度化合物5,5'-氧化偶氮双(4-硝基-1,2,3-三唑-1-)氧化呋咱,采用密度泛函理论的B3LYP方法,在6-31G**基组水平上得到该化合物全优化构型;在振动分析的基础上求得体系的振动频率、IR谱;通过键级分析得到热解引发键的键离解能(BDE);预估了该化合物密度、生成焓、爆速、爆压和爆热,并预测了撞击感度.结果表明,该化合物存在11个强吸收峰,校正后热解引发键的BDE为144.77kJ/mol,热分解活化能为204.93kJ/mol,稳定性较优;密度1.975g/cm3、生成焓963.837kJ/mol、爆速9015m/s(K-J)、9337m/s(VLW),爆压38.64GPa(K-J)、50.60GPa(VLW);撞击感度H50为16.89cm,稍低于RDX(24cm)和HMX(26cm).     

3-硝基-4-叠氮基氧化呋咱的性能预估

采用密度泛函理论的B3LYP方法,在6-31G(d)基组水平上得到了3-硝基-4-叠氮基呋咱(NAFO)的全优化构型,并在相同基组水平上求得体系的振动频率,用B3LYP/6-311+G(2d,p)方法求得NAFO的核磁数据。预估了该化合物的前线轨道能级差、密度、生成焓、爆速、爆压和撞击感度。结果表明,该化合物的分子轨道能级差为422.45kJ/mol,理论密度为1.86g/cm3,固相生成焓为572.66kJ/mol,爆速为9 398m/s,爆压为40.71GPa,撞击感度H50为2.8cm,爆轰性能优于RDX和HMX,但其感度较高。     

5,5′-氧化偶氮双(4-硝基-1,2,3-三唑-1-)氧化呋咱的理论研究与性能预估

设计了一种新型富氮类高能量密度化合物5,5′-氧化偶氮双(4-硝基-1,2,3-三唑-1-)氧化呋咱,采用密度泛函理论的B3LYP方法,在6-31G**基组水平上得到该化合物全优化构型;在振动分析的基础上求得体系的振动频率I、R谱;通过键级分析得到热解引发键的键离解能(BDE);预估了该化合物密度、生成焓、爆速、爆压和爆热,并预测了撞击感度。结果表明,该化合物存在11个强吸收峰,校正后热解引发键的BDE为144.77 kJ/mol,热分解活化能为204.93 kJ/mol,稳定性较优;密度1.975 g/cm3、生成焓963.837 kJ/mol、爆速9 015 m/s(K-J)、9 337 m/s(VLW),爆压38.64 GPa(K-J)、50.60 GPa(VLW);撞击感度H50为16.89 cm,稍低于RDX(24 cm)和HMX(26 cm)。     

6,6′-二氨基氧化偶氮-1,2,4,5-四嗪-1,1′,5,5′-四氧化物(DAATO5)的密度泛函理论

运用密度泛函理论,在DFT-B3LYP/6-31G*水平下,对6,6′-二氨基氧化偶氮-1,2,4,5-四嗪-1,1′,5,5′-四氧化物(DAATO5)进行理论计算,求得DAATO5优化后的几何构型和IR光谱,并通过设计合理的等键反应,求得DAATO5的理论生成热为713kJ/mol。按照Kamlet-Jacobs方程计算了DAATO5的爆轰性能。结果表明,DAATO5符合HEDM能量要求,密度为1.904g/cm3,爆速为9.33km/s,爆压为40.0GPa。N-氧化反应能够有效改善DAAT的氧平衡,并能提高密度、爆速、爆压等各项性能。     

2,4,6,8-四硝基-2,4,6,8-四氮杂三环[3.3.0.0~(3,7)]辛烷的理论研究

为了研发新型高能量密度化合物,设计了一种笼型奥克托金——2,4,6,8-四硝基-2,4,6,8-四氮杂三环[3.3.0.0~(3,7)]辛烷(cage-HMX)。基于密度泛函理论(DFT)的B3LYP方法,在6-31G**基组水平上,研究了cageHMX-I~cage-HMX-IV的几何构型、张力能、静电势分布、密度、生成焓、氧平衡、爆速、爆压、单元比冲以及撞击感度。结果表明,cage-HMX-I是4种构型中较为稳定的构型;cage-HMX的张力能大于CL-20;与HMX相比,cageHMX具有较高的密度(1.92~1.93g/cm~3)、爆速(9.341~9.478km/s)、爆压(40.97~42.30GPa)、单元比冲(277.1~281.4s)和撞击感度(4.3~5.0J),是一种潜在的高能量密度材料。     

5,8-二硝基四唑并三嗪的理论研究（英文）

运用量子化学方法研究了5,8-二硝基四唑并三嗪化合物的结构和性能。在B3LYP/6-311+G(2d)理论水平下,对其进行了几何优化及计算了电子密度、IR和NMR,以探究其电子结构性质和化学键本质,预估了密度、生成焓和爆炸性能等关键参数。结果表明,5,8-二硝基四唑并三嗪生成焓为497.64kJ/mol,密度为1.82g/cm3,其爆速和爆压分别为8.73km/s和33.97GPa,具有良好的爆炸性能,有望成为潜在的含能材料。     

高能量密度化合物TNBIW性能的理论计算

设计了一种新型高能量密度化合物2,6,8,12-四硝基-4,10-二(硝基氧化偶氮基)-2,4,6,8,10,12-六氮杂异伍兹烷(TNBIW)。采用B3LYP法在6-31G**基组水平上对其结构进行了优化,得到其稳定的几何构型,在振动分析的基础上求得体系的振动频率和IR谱。采用Monte-Carlo法、Politzer推导的公式、Kamlet-Jacobs公式和VLW方程估算了密度、生成焓及爆轰性能。利用逆合成分析法设计了合成路线。结果表明,TNBIW笼形环与CL-20笼形环结构相似,但由于笼形结构更加扭曲,其结构稳定性较CL-20有所降低;键离解能(BDE)为124.71kJ/mol,稳定性良好;预估密度2.025g/cm3,爆轰性能优于HMX,与CL-20相当,是一种爆炸性能良好的潜在含能化合物。     

含氟唑类含能化合物分子设计及性能预测

以三唑和四唑为主体骨架结构设计了11种新型含氟唑类含能化合物,采用密度泛函理论,优化了化合物的几何结构,计算了化合物的密度、生成焓、爆速、爆压和撞击感度等相关性能参数。计算结果表明,含氟基团的引入使化合物具有较高的键离解能和较好的热稳定性,且对化合物的撞击感度影响较小;除二氟氨基二硝基联三唑外所有化合物的密度均在1.90g/cm3以上,爆速均在8.32~11.13km/s之间,爆压均在31.97~56.31GPa之间;所有化合物都具有较好的热稳定性,其键离解能均大于230kJ/mol;化合物的撞击感度分布在17.51~38.85cm之间;各基团对化合物密度贡献的大小顺序为:-OCF3>-CF3>-NF2>-F>-CF(NO2)2,基团对能量贡献的大小顺序为:-F(NO2)2>-OCF3>NF2;根据理论计算结果优选出了两种性能较好的含能化合物1-三氟甲氧基-3,5-二硝基-1H-1,2,4-三唑和1-三氟甲基-3,5-二硝基-1,2,3,4-四唑,两种化合物的密度分别为2.03和2.10g/cm3,生成焓分别为-170.73和-146.24kJ/mol,爆速分别为9.32和9.23km/s,爆压分别为40.23和32.60GPa,二者能量水平高于DNMT;撞击感度(H50)分别为33.10和38.85cm。     

5，8-二硝基四唑并三嗪的理论研究

运用量子化学方法研究了5,8-二硝基四唑并三嗪化合物的结构和性能。在 B3LYP／6-311＋G（2d）理论水平下,对其进行了几何优化及计算了电子密度、IR 和 NMR,以探究其电子结构性质和化学键本质,预估了密度、生成焓和爆炸性能等关键参数。结果表明,5,8-二硝基四唑并三嗪生成焓为497．64 kJ／mol,密度为1．82 g／cm3,其爆速和爆压分别为8．73 km／s 和33．97 GPa,具有良好的爆炸性能,有望成为潜在的含能材料。     

Sapindaceae,cyanolipids, and bugs

Scentless plant bugs (Heteroptera: Rhopalidae) are so named because adults of the Serinethinae have vestigial metathoracic scent glands. Serinethines are seed predators of Sapindales, especially Sapindaceae that produce toxic cyanolipids. In two serinethine species whose ranges extend into the southern United States,Jadera haematoloma andJ. sanguinolenta, sequestration of host cyanolipids as glucosides renders these gregarious, aposematic insects unpalatable to a variety of predators. The blood glucoside profile and cyanogenesis ofJadera varies depending on the cyanolipid chemistry of hosts, and adults and larvae fed golden rain tree seeds (Koelreuteria paniculata) excrete the volatile lactone, 4-methyl-2(5H)-furanone, to which they are attracted.Jadera fed balloon vine seeds (Cardiospermum spp.) do not excrete the attractive lactone. Loss of the usual heteropteran defensive glands in serinethines may have coevolved with host specificity on toxic plants, and the orientation ofJadera to a volatile excretory product could be an adaptive response to save time.Mention of a commercial product does not consititute an endorsement by the USDA.     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Many Drugs of Abuse May Be Acutely Transformed to Dopamine,Norepinephrine and Epinephrine In Vivo

It is well established that a wide range of drugs of abuse acutely boost the signaling of the sympathetic nervous system and the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, where norepinephrine and epinephrine are major output molecules. This stimulatory effect is accompanied by such symptoms as elevated heart rate and blood pressure, more rapid breathing, increased body temperature and sweating, and pupillary dilation, as well as the intoxicating or euphoric subjective properties of the drug. While many drugs of abuse are thought to achieve their intoxicating effects by modulating the monoaminergic neurotransmitter systems (i.e., serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine) by binding to these receptors or otherwise affecting their synaptic signaling, this paper puts forth the hypothesis that many of these drugs are actually acutely converted to catecholamines (dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine) in vivo, in addition to transformation to their known metabolites. In this manner, a range of stimulants, opioids, and psychedelics (as well as alcohol) may partially achieve their intoxicating properties, as well as side effects, due to this putative transformation to catecholamines. If this hypothesis is correct, it would alter our understanding of the basic biosynthetic pathways for generating these important signaling molecules, while also modifying our view of the neural substrates underlying substance abuse and dependence, including psychological stress-induced relapse. Importantly, there is a direct way to test the overarching hypothesis: administer (either centrally or peripherally) stable isotope versions of these drugs to model organisms such as rodents (or even to humans) and then use liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry to determine if the labeled drug is converted to labeled catecholamines in brain, blood plasma, or urine samples.     

2008～2009年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2008年7月～2009年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2008～2009年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况。按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、环氧树脂、不饱和聚酯树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍。