超导线圈的等效热膨胀系数的理论与实验研究

给出了计算超导线圈等效热膨胀率的理论模型和计算方法,对比了各种测量材料线膨胀系数的实验方法,并且给出了低温应变片测量热膨胀系数的技术原理.采用低温应变片法测量了矩形截面导线缠绕成型的超导线圈由77 K到300 K的线膨胀系数,并将实验测试结果与理论计算结果进行了对比分析.     

高导热金属基复合材料的热物理性能

分别采用无压浸渗、气压浸渗、内氧化技术制备了高导热Al/SiC、Al/C、Cu/Al2O3复合材料.研究了增强相和界面对这三种复合材料的热导率和热膨胀系数的影响,并对这些性能进行了理论分析和数值模拟.当颗粒尺寸与界面层厚度之比固定时,颗粒尺寸对Al/SiC复合材料热导率影响很小,但界面热导率对其影响很大;Al/SiC复合材料的CTE随温度的升高而增加,随SiO2层厚度的增加而减小;碳纤维中混杂3%SiC颗粒有利于改善纤维的分布,降低Al/C复合材料的缺陷,并提高其热导率;压力加工增加了Cu/Al2O3的致密度,也提高了其热导率;可用Schapery和Kerner模型计算复合材料的热膨胀系数,用Hasselman-Johnson模型计算热导率.     

Mg-Si-Sn基热电器件电极材料的优化选择与连接工艺

研究了采用不同放电等离子烧结(SPS)工艺获得的单质金属(Ni、Cu、Ag、Al)电极与Mg-Si-Sn基热电材料结合界面的微观形貌和成分分布特征, 测试了合金(Ni-Al、Cu-Al)、金属/合金复合电极材料的热膨胀系数、电导率和热导率等物性参数。实验结果表明: 通过SPS烧结可以有效实现电极材料与Mg-Si-Sn基材料的连接, 复合电极材料Ni-Al/Al(60:40)和Cu-Al/Cu(45:55)具有高的电导率和热导率, 并且热膨胀系数与Mg-Si-Sn基热电材料相匹配, 有可能成为Mg-Si-Sn基材料的较理想电极材料。     

二维编织 C/ SiC复合材料的热膨胀系数预测

根据二维编织 C/ SiC复合材料的细观结构及其制备工艺特点 , 提出了一种预测该材料面内热膨胀系数的单胞模型。模型充分考虑了编织结构复合材料中的纤维束弯曲和 CVI工艺制备陶瓷基复合材料产生的孔洞对热膨胀系数的影响。利用单胞模型预测了二维编织 C/ SiC的结构参数、 纤维体积含量、 孔洞含量对复合材料热膨胀系数的影响规律 , 结果表明 : 随着纤维束扭结处产生间隙与纱线宽度比值的增大 , 热膨胀系数增大 ; 当其它参数不变时 , 随着纤维体积含量的增大 , 热膨胀系数反而下降; 随着孔洞含量的增加 , 热膨胀系数也出现了下降的趋势。利用 DIL402C热膨胀仪测试了二维编织 C/ SiC复合材料纵向热膨胀系数 , 试验结果与模型预测结果吻合较好。     

云纹干涉法高温实验技术测量材料热膨胀系数

材料的热膨胀系数是工程上非常重要的数据，云纹干涉高温实验技术在近些年来发展的很快，使用该技术测量材料的热膨胀系数是非常有效的，并且测量技术简便，结果准确，本文对玻璃石英和构成线路权的玻璃纤维复合材料分别进行了测量，并对结果进行了有关的讨论。     

静电悬浮无容器方法测量热膨胀系数的研究

传统接触测量的方法无法对高温范围金属材料的热膨胀系数进行测量,结合静电悬浮无容器技术和图像测量方法,通过半导体激光器加热悬浮样品,在加热的过程中利用CCD采集悬浮样品的图像,采用方向梯度算法提取图像中样品的边缘,并利用球谐函数拟合样品的体积,计算得到材料在不同温度下的热膨胀系数。采用纯锆的金属材料样品进行实验,在750~1 800℃的温度范围内,测量得到固态样品锆的热膨胀系数随温度变化的表达式,验证该测量方法的有效性和准确度。     

提高碳纤维增强树脂基复合材料弹性常数超声表征精度的方法

为提高碳纤维增强树脂基复合材料（Carbon Fiber Reinforced Plastic,CFRP）单向板弹性常数的超声表征精度,基于超声液浸背反射法开展了实验测量和数值模拟。首先,搭建了角度旋转测试装置,并结合信号互相关处理技术实现了不同方向上的延时测量和声速计算;然后,通过模拟退火优化算法反演声速数据,得到了5个独立弹性常数;最后,利用理论计算和CIVA软件模拟仿真对实验测量结果进行了验证。结果表明:1-3平面内准纵波和准横波声速随入射角度而变化,与1-2平面内的表现出明显差异,由此显示材料为横观各向同性的;独立弹性常数分别为12.88、6.39、126.83、4.85、2.97 GPa;理论计算、CIVA软件模拟仿真及实验测量结果的声速偏差小于6.4 m/s,实验数据波动范围小于0.33%,对应的弹性常数误差均小于0.47%。相关方法同样适用于其他正交各向异性介质的弹性常数测试。      

h-BN各向异性热膨胀和热输运特性的第一性原理研究

热填料的热膨胀系数和热导率是设计热管理和热防护复合材料的关键参考因素.六方氮化硼(h-BN)由于其独特的优点是最常用的热填料之一.但由于不同测试方法和测试样品的不一致性,其热膨胀系数和热导率的精确数值尚不清楚.本文分别用基于密度泛函理论的准谐近似方法和声子玻耳兹曼输运方程理论精确计算了h-BN沿层间和层内方向的热膨胀系数和热导率,通过与已有实验结果的对比验证了计算结果的准确性,并通过对声子行为的分析研究了其基本物理原理.结果表明,h-BN的热膨胀系数沿层内方向为较小的负值,沿层间方向为较大的正值,在300 K时分别为-2.4×10^-6和36.4×10^-6K^-1.研究表明,h-BN各向异性的热膨胀系数主要由其各向异性的等温体积模量和低频面外纵向声学支和光学支的振动特性所引起.为了确保h-BN热导率的快速准确预测,本文首次进行了原子间交互作用截断半径和q网格尺寸的收敛性测试.计算结果表明,h-BN平面内的热导率远大于沿平面间方向的热导率,在300 K时分别为286.6和2.7 W m^-1K^-1.声子行为分析表明,由面外纵向声学支、面内纵向声学支和横向声学支的振动特性引起的各向异性声子群速度是造成h-BN各向异性热导率的主要原因.本文的计算结果对h-BN复合材料的设计具有重要的参考价值.     

基于多尺度数值模型的复合材料各向异性热膨胀系数预测

依据复合材料内部纤维在基体内的排布规律及层合板铺层特性,基于多尺度方法,建立单层板和层合板代表性体积单元(RVE)模型,施加相应的边界条件,预测单层板的热膨胀系数和工程常数,进而预测复合材料层合板各向异性的等效热膨胀系数。通过与实验数据对比发现,基于正六边形单层板RVE模型预测的热膨胀系数,相比理论预测值,整体更接近实验值,其中预测的单向T300/5208碳纤维增强环氧树脂基复合材料、P75/934碳纤维增强环氧树脂基复合材料和C6000/Pi碳纤维增强环氧树脂基复合材料的横向热膨胀系数与实验结果的误差分别只有3%、1%和2%;采用单层板RVE预测的单向ECR/Derakane 510C玻璃纤维增强乙烯基酯树脂基复合材料的工程常数与实验值最大相差7.5%;层合板RVE模型预测的正交AS4/8552碳纤维增强环氧树脂基复合材料厚度方向的热膨胀系数与实验结果误差可以忽略,只有0.08%。最后以大型复合结构常用的正交铺层结构为研究对象,基于给出的单层板和层合板RVE模型预测了不同铺层复合材料烟道层合板的等效热膨胀系数,环向铺层比例对厚度方向的热膨胀系数影响较小。      

SiC_P/Al复合材料晶面衍射弹性常数的两相模型计算

通过分析外载荷作用下,SiCP/Al复合材料中Al基体相和SiC相的相互作用关系,运用自洽方法和Eshelby夹杂理论,建立了一套预测SiCP/Al复合材料"晶面衍射弹性常数"的两相模型。运用该模型计算SiC相和Al相若干晶面的"晶面衍射弹性常数",并与实验测量值进行比对。结果显示,SiC相的{101}及{116}晶面和Al相的{222}晶面的模型计算值均与实验值高度吻合,偏差小于6%。其他晶面的弹性常数值与实验值的偏差均在15%之内。说明该理论模型具有较好的预测性,可靠性较高。通过这一理论预测模型来计算复合材料的"晶面衍射弹性常数"既能避免实验测量的繁琐,减少人力和物力资源浪费,又能得到难以通过实验测量获得的"晶面衍射弹性模量"。     

Piezoelectric and acoustic properties of potassium titanyl phosphate (KTP) and its isomorphs

The bulk elastic and piezoelectric properties of potassium titanyl phosphate (KTP) and some of its family members such as RbTiOPO(4 ) (RTP) and RbTiOAsO(4) (RTA) have been determined. The piezoelectric, elastic, and dielectric matrix (P-E-D) of KTP has been completely characterized. Values for the temperature dependence of the expansion coefficients and elastic constants have been obtained, and the effects of variations in dielectric constant on coupling coefficient determined. The major diagonal elements of the piezoelectric and elastic matrices of RTP and RTA were measured as were the thermal expansion coefficient of all the KTP isomorphs, KTP in the temperature range 25-80 degrees C, is shown to have a combination of large coupling coefficients (up to k(t)=38% for hydrothermally grown KTP) and medium temperature dependence coefficients of elastic constant (as low as 40 p.p.m./ degrees C for tau(c33) for hydrothermally grown KTP) that makes it attractive for many piezoelectric applications.     

Optical temperature sensor and thermal expansion measurement using a femtosecond micromachined grating in 6H-SiC

An optical temperature sensor was created using a femtosecond micromachined diffraction grating inside transparent bulk 6H-SiC, and to the best of our knowledge, this is a novel technique of measuring temperature. Other methods of measuring temperature using fiber Bragg gratings have been devised by other groups such as Zhang and Kahrizi [in MEMS, NANO, and Smart Systems (IEEE, 2005)]. This temperature sensor was, to the best of our knowledge, also used for a novel method of measuring the linear and nonlinear coefficients of the thermal expansion of transparent and nontransparent materials by means of the grating first-order diffracted beam. Furthermore the coefficient of thermal expansion of 6H-SiC was measured using this new technique. A He-Ne laser beam was used with the SiC grating to produce a first-order diffracted beam where the change in deflection height was measured as a function of temperature. The grating was micromachined with a 20 microm spacing and has dimensions of approximately 500 microm x 500 microm (l x w) and is roughly 0.5 microm deep into the 6H-SiC bulk. A minimum temperature of 26.7 degrees C and a maximum temperature of 399 degrees C were measured, which gives a DeltaT of 372.3 degrees C. The sensitivity of the technique is DeltaT=5 degrees C. A maximum deflection angle of 1.81 degrees was measured in the first-order diffracted beam. The trend of the deflection with increasing temperature is a nonlinear polynomial of the second-order. This optical SiC thermal sensor has many high-temperature electronic applications such as aircraft turbine and gas tank monitoring for commercial and military applications.     

用光声技术测量ZnO薄膜的压电系数

本文报导了用光声技术测量溅射 ZnO 薄膜的压电系数,介绍了用来测量 ZnO 薄膜压电系数的理论分析和实验方法。本实验所得压电系数 e_(33)、e_(31)的值分别为0.817C/m~2和-0.431C/m~2,与 ZnO 单晶的值相比是合理的。     

Thermoelastic coefficients of alpha quartz

Experimental measurements of alpha quartz thermal expansion as reported in the literature have been critically analyzed. A recommended set of best measured values over the temperature range -50 degrees C to +150 degrees C have been determined, as have values for the coefficient of thermal linear expansion (CTE) and the thermoelastic coefficients. The impact of using the coefficients on determinations of quartz material temperature coefficients and on the calculation of temperature coefficients of frequency for the case of the AT-cut is discussed.     

Measurement of high‐temperature strains in superalloy and carbon/carbon composites using chemical composition gratings

This paper describes an experimental and signal processing technique to perform high temperature tests on superalloy (INCONEL) and carbon/carbon structures using silica‐based chemical composition gratings (CCGs). The results obtained from applying this technique at 940°C in superalloys and 950°C for carbon/carbon (C/C) composites are benchmarked against data obtained from four different methods. The results show that the wavelength responses of the CCGs bonded on the superalloy and on the C/C plate increase nonlinearly with increasing temperatures. The temperature‐dependent strain transfer coefficients recorded during the superalloy tests show quite stable results below 600 °C and tend to slightly decrease thereafter. The values of the strain transfer coefficients below 1000 °C are significantly affected by the thermal expansion coefficient of the substrate material and the interface. We demonstrate that the strain transfer coefficient calculation method used in this paper is not suitable for low and/or negative expansion material. The results of the relative errors show that the CCGs‐F method based on the quadratic dependence of the wavelength shift versus the temperature appears to be the best to estimate the mechanical strains within the interval of temperatures considered and the measurement accuracy. The relative errors measured between 200 °C and 1000 °C are less than 5%.     

Thermal expansion of glasses in the solid and liquid phases

In this study, the thermal expansion of a number of mixed oxide glasses was measured in the solid and liquid regions by gamma densitometry. Conventional density measurement techniques are limited to either the solid or the liquid phase; however, with this noncontacting technique, the density and thermal expansion of both the solid and the liquid phases may be investigated as the temperature is varied and the glass viscosity varies over a wide range. This technique allows the continuous measurement of density as the liquid cools to a supercooled glass or to a crystalline solid. Lead borate glasses were examined in the range 27 to 42 mol % PbO. The liquid-phase volumetric thermal expansion coefficient was observed to decrease with increasing PbO content, in contrast to the solid-phase linear thermal expansion coefficients. In soda-baria phosphate glasses (50 mol% P₂O₅), liquid-phase volumetric expansion coefficients were found to vary as the solid-phase linear expansion coefficients. Measurements on a lithia-aluminoscilicate glass ceramic were obtained by this method to approximately 400°C above the limit of conventional dilatometry. The gamma densitometry technique can yield density, thermal expansion, glass transition and crystallization information, and quenching-rate dependence data on glasses to temperatures in excess of 1500°C, and thus provides a means for high-temperature characterization of glasses which complements conventional dilatometry, calorimetry, and thermal analysis.Paper presented at the Ninth Symposium on Thermophysical Properties, June 24–27, 1985, Boulder, Colorado, U.S.A.     

复合材料热膨胀性能研究

本文研究了单向纤维增强复合材料的热膨胀性能。引进界面粘结系数C,利用热弹性理论推导出经C修正后的线膨胀系数计算公式。由MOM型综合热分析仪测量了玻璃纤维和碳纤维复合材料在不同界面情况及不同纤维体积含量时的线膨胀系数。理论计算值与实测值相当接近,相对误差小于10%。     

Piezoelectric Behavior of an Inhomogeneous Hollow Cylinder with Thermal Gradient

An analytical solution to the axisymmetric problem of a radially polarized, radially orthotropic piezoelectric hollow cylinder with a thermal gradient and subjected to various boundary conditions is developed. The elastic coefficients, piezoelectric coefficients, stress-temperature moduli, dielectric coefficient, pyroelectric coefficients, thermal conductivity coefficient, and thermal expansion coefficients of the hollow cylinder are assumed to be graded in the radial direction according to a simple power-law distribution. The governing second-order differential equations are derived from the equilibrium equation, the charge equation of electrostatics, and steady state heat transfer equation through the radial direction of the inhomogeneous hollow cylinder. The displacement, stresses, and potential field distributions in the cylinder are examined. The influence of the inhomogeneity parameter on the numerical results is investigated.     

Thermal Properties of Porcine Tissues Determined by Modified Photoacoustic Piezoelectric Technique

Using the modified photoacoustic piezoelectric (PAPE) technique, the influence of the piezoelectric transducer on the vibrations of the sample is taken into account. The modified PAPE technique is employed to determine the average thermal diffusivities of the porcine tissues, which include fresh and dry skin, fat, and muscle. The values of the thermal diffusivities of all measured porcine tissues determined by the modified PAPE technique are smaller than those of the conventional ones, especially for the dry skin and fresh fat samples. The thermal diffusivity of the fresh skin sample is the biggest, and the dry samples of different tissues have similar thermal properties with each other. These results show that the modified PAPE technique can provide thermal characterization of the porcine tissues more effectively.     

Simultaneous determination of the thermal expansion coefficient and the elastic modulus of Ta2O5 thin film using phase shifting interferometry

Abstract

This paper reports on the application of a phase shifting interferometry technique for the concurrent measurement of the thermal expansion coefficient α_f and the elastic modulus E_f /1 - V_f of Ta₂O₅ thin film. The Ta₂O₅ films were prepared by ion beam sputter deposition. The stresses in the thin films were measured with the phase shifting interferometry technique using two types of circular discs with known thermal expansion coefficients, Young's moduli and Poisson's ratios. The temperature-dependent stress behaviour of Ta₂O₅ films was obtained by heating samples in the range from room temperature to 70°C. The internal stresses of Ta₂O₅ thin films deposited on the BK-7 and Pyrex glass substrates were plotted against the stress measurement temperature, showing a linear dependence. From the slopes of the two lines in the stress versus temperature plot, the thermal expansion coefficient and the elastic modulus of Ta₂O₅ thin film are then calculated.