壳聚糖/聚乳酸复合膜的制备及其吸附性能

为了减小水处理废弃膜对环境的危害，以静电纺聚乳酸(PLA)纤维膜为基底层，采用浸涂的方式将壳聚糖(CS)涂覆层与PLA基底层复合形成了CS/PLA复合膜。采用SEM、XRD对其进行了表征。考察了CS与PLA体积比对膜性能的影响。结果发现，当CS和PLA体积比为7∶5时，CS涂覆层表面致密且平整，其厚度为7μm,CS/PLA复合膜的拉伸强度为2.55 MPa，断裂伸长率为24.96%，纯水通量为115.32 L/(m²·h)，对酸性染料的渗透通量为99.43 L/(m²·h)，吸附率达96%；对牛血清蛋白和卵清蛋白的吸附率分别为86%和84%；对Cu²⁺、Pb²⁺和Cd²⁺的平衡吸附量分别为165.00、248.54和307.83 mg/g。     

基于碳纳米管-聚丙烯腈纤维支撑层的正渗透膜制备

在聚丙烯腈(PAN)溶液中加入功能化的多壁碳纳米管(f-MWCNTs),采用静电纺丝法制备纳米纤维多孔支撑层,在其表面通过界面聚合制备超薄聚酰胺截盐层,制得正渗透复合膜,考察了PAN浓度及碳纳米管添加量对膜结构性能的影响.结果表明,随PAN浓度增大,支撑层纤维直径增大,水通量降低,截盐率增大.含羧基和羟基的f-MWCNTs可增强膜的亲水性和机械强度,提高膜通量和截盐率.PAN浓度为12%(?)、f-MWCNTs浓度为1.44%(?)时,膜的机械强度可达10.55 MPa,与水的接触角为41.39°,机械强度和亲水性优于未添加碳纳米管的PAN正渗透膜(机械强度3.60 MPa,接触角为61.86°).以1 mol/L Na Cl为汲取液、去离子水为原料液,膜的水通量可达79.1 L/(m2·h),明显高于商用渗透膜CTA-NW和CTA-ES[8.8和18.4 L/(m2·h)],溶质反向通量仅为50.4 g/(m2·h).     

紫外光诱导接枝共聚制备离子识别性聚丙烯微孔膜

以聚丙烯微孔膜(MPPM)为支撑,采用物理包埋和紫外光诱导共价键合组合法固定光引发剂,再通过紫外光诱导接枝共聚制得离子印迹复合膜。考察了制备条件对离子印迹聚合物接枝量的影响,并用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)-能量色散X射线光谱仪(EDX)对复合膜表面及截面离子印迹聚合物的分布进行了分析。静态水接触角和纯水通量实验结果显示,离子印迹复合膜具有良好的表面亲水性和渗透性,纯水通量可达(2 077±77)L/(m2.h)。再生性研究表明,离子印迹复合膜具有良好的再生性能,10次吸附-脱吸附循环后,膜对Pb(Ⅱ)的吸附量和选择性系数分别能维持在90%和80%以上。     

中空纤维纳滤膜与反渗透膜的研究

根据界面聚合反应成膜原理,以哌嗪(PIP)或间苯二胺(m-PD)水溶液为水相,均苯三甲酰氯(TMC)正己烷溶液为有机相,以聚砜中空纤维超滤膜为基膜,制备了一系列聚酰胺/聚砜纳滤或反渗透复合膜.研究了水相浓度、有机相浓度、界面聚合时间和温度等条件对复合膜性能的影响.结果表明:中空纤维纳滤复合膜在0.4 MPa、室温条件下,对2 g/L MgSO_4水溶液的通量可达36.64 L/(m~2·h),截留率为97.2%;中空纤维反渗透膜在0.7 MPa、室温条件下,对0.5 g/L的NaCl水溶液通量可达12.2 L/(m~2·h),截留率96.5%.     

氧化石墨烯膜对染料和盐的去除特性

氧化石墨烯(GO)膜能通过吸附去除染料和盐,但其通量往往较低.本研究通过过滤制备多壁碳纳米管夹层,再在其上过滤制备GO层,形成三层的MCG膜,夹层的存在极大提高膜的渗水性和通量.随着GO用量的增加,MCG的截留率增大,但通量降低.最优的GO用量推荐为217mg/m2,该膜通量约为180L/(m2·h),对亚甲基蓝的截留...     

脱乙酰基改性乙酸纤维薄膜对乳化油分离及积垢机理的探究

利用静电纺丝制造乙酸纤维素膜（CA纤维膜）,并利用添加TiO₂及脱乙酰基（d-CA）对CA纤维膜进行改性,后续对膜过滤特性、渗透通量、油水乳化液去除效率、反洗特性及积垢机制进行讨究。结果显示,CA纤维膜通过TiO₂及d-CA改性后可以提高膜的热稳定性及亲水性能,并得到稳定的纯水通量和过滤通量;最佳的比例为TiO₂@d-18.5%CA纤维膜,在40kPa跨膜压差、60min的操作条件下,其纯水通量、过滤通量、1g/L油水乳化液去除效率以及反洗后通量分别为824.8L/(m²·h)、(311.3±12.5)L/(m²·h)、93.6%±1.1%、451.5L/(m²·h);另外,添加TiO₂可能导致油水乳化液在膜表面不可逆阻力比例的增加,脱乙酰基改性CA纤维膜则可以降低膜自身阻力及增加可逆阻力的比例,提高CA纤维膜在油水分离方面的潜力。     

壳聚糖对聚氨酯成膜动力学及膜性能的影响

在聚氨酯(PU)中添加壳聚糖(CS)微粉,通过湿法成膜的方法制备了PU/CS共混膜。采用成膜动力学测试仪测试PU/CS共混膜的成膜速率,研究了CS用量对成膜动力学的影响;用扫描电镜(SEM)对PU/CS共混膜的结构进行表征,并研究了CS用量对PU水通量、孔隙率和吸湿率的影响。结果表明:CS可显著提高PU的成膜速率,使其膜孔数量增加、孔径变大。当CS用量为1.5%时,成膜动力学斜率值由10.98增加到17.50;水通量由1.75 L/(m~2·h)增加到9 L/(m~2·h);透气度由1.045 L/(cm~2·min)增加到2.720 L/(cm~2·min);孔隙率由35.98%增加到54.35%;吸湿率由33.3%增加到58.4%;接触角由77.1°减小到71.3°,此时PU/CS共混膜的综合性能最好。     

多壁碳纳米管改性正渗透膜及抗污染性能分析

将多壁碳纳米管(MWCNTs)和醋酸纤维素(CA)进行物理共混改性,利用相转化法制备MWCNTs改性正渗透膜,通过扫描电子显微镜和傅立叶红外分光光度计的表征、水通量和反向盐通量的测定等方法考察了MWCNTs添加量对膜结构及性能的影响,并采用耗散型石英晶体微天平探讨了高盐条件下海藻酸钠(SA)在不同含量MWCNTs改性膜表面的吸附行为及吸附层结构特征。结果表明,添加适量MWCNTs能使膜的渗透性能和抗污染性能明显提高。当MWCNTs的质量分数为0.5%时,膜性能最佳,其纯水通量为14.5 L/(m~2·h),反向盐通量为8.54 g/(m~2·h)。在一定范围内,随着MWCNTs的含量增加,膜表面对SA的吸附速率和吸附量降低,形成的吸附层更为疏松。     

有机溶剂纳滤膜的润湿性对渗透和分离性能的影响

有机溶剂纳滤是一种绿色、高效、节能的新型膜分离技术,在回收和处理有机溶剂中具有广泛的应用前景。本文采用浸渍法分别将聚合物聚二甲基硅氧烷（PDMS）、嵌段聚醚酰胺（PEBAX2533）和聚乙烯醇（PVA）与聚砜（PS）超滤基膜复合,制备了3种不同润湿性的聚合物耐溶剂纳滤膜,研究了PDMS/PS、PEBAX/PS和PVA/PS复合膜对甲醇、乙醇、异丙醇、正己烷、正庚烷的渗透性能,考察了3种聚合物膜对伊文思蓝/甲醇溶液的有机溶剂纳滤性能。结果表明,有机溶剂在不同润湿性复合膜的渗透和传递性能与溶剂本身的溶度参数、分子量、黏度和极性等有很密切的相关性,溶剂的分子量、黏度、分子动力学直径越小,在同一极性复合膜中渗透通量越大;对伊文思蓝/甲醇溶液的有机溶剂纳滤分离表明,PDMS/PS和PEBAX/PS复合膜的截留率均可达90%以上,通量分别为 58.0L/(m²·h·MPa)和72.2L/(m²·h·MPa);PVA/PS复合膜的截留率为85.1%左右,通量为57.5L/(m²·h·MPa)。     

紧实型GO/PVDF复合膜对有机染料的去除性能研究

采用氧化石墨烯(GO)改性PVDF膜，利用浸没沉淀相转化的方法制备了紧实型GO/PVDF复合膜，对膜的亲水性、纯水通量和表面Zeta电位等性能进行了考察，并选择罗丹明B和甲基橙分别代表正负电荷染料，对膜的吸附、脱附和截留性能进行了考察。结果显示，膜的纯水通量从45.10 L/(m²·h)增加到58.40 L/(m²·h)。GO含量为0.50%(质量)时(M2)，膜的综合性能较优。GO/PVDF复合膜对罗丹明B的吸附效果较好，1.5 d之后，M0~M3的吸附量分别为1.02、1.24、1.79和1.49 mg/g。乙醇对罗丹明B的脱色率达到80%以上。膜对甲基橙的吸附效果较差，M2的吸附量仅为0.46 mg/g，0.10 mol/L HCl溶液对甲基橙脱色率达到86%以上。膜对两种染料的截留率均保持在57.60%和57.20%以上。为纳米材料改性有机膜的制备以及对有机染料的去除提供了一定的科学依据。     

Sapindaceae,cyanolipids, and bugs

Scentless plant bugs (Heteroptera: Rhopalidae) are so named because adults of the Serinethinae have vestigial metathoracic scent glands. Serinethines are seed predators of Sapindales, especially Sapindaceae that produce toxic cyanolipids. In two serinethine species whose ranges extend into the southern United States,Jadera haematoloma andJ. sanguinolenta, sequestration of host cyanolipids as glucosides renders these gregarious, aposematic insects unpalatable to a variety of predators. The blood glucoside profile and cyanogenesis ofJadera varies depending on the cyanolipid chemistry of hosts, and adults and larvae fed golden rain tree seeds (Koelreuteria paniculata) excrete the volatile lactone, 4-methyl-2(5H)-furanone, to which they are attracted.Jadera fed balloon vine seeds (Cardiospermum spp.) do not excrete the attractive lactone. Loss of the usual heteropteran defensive glands in serinethines may have coevolved with host specificity on toxic plants, and the orientation ofJadera to a volatile excretory product could be an adaptive response to save time.Mention of a commercial product does not consititute an endorsement by the USDA.     

2008～2009年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2008年7月～2009年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2008～2009年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况。按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、环氧树脂、不饱和聚酯树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍。     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Many Drugs of Abuse May Be Acutely Transformed to Dopamine,Norepinephrine and Epinephrine In Vivo

It is well established that a wide range of drugs of abuse acutely boost the signaling of the sympathetic nervous system and the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, where norepinephrine and epinephrine are major output molecules. This stimulatory effect is accompanied by such symptoms as elevated heart rate and blood pressure, more rapid breathing, increased body temperature and sweating, and pupillary dilation, as well as the intoxicating or euphoric subjective properties of the drug. While many drugs of abuse are thought to achieve their intoxicating effects by modulating the monoaminergic neurotransmitter systems (i.e., serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine) by binding to these receptors or otherwise affecting their synaptic signaling, this paper puts forth the hypothesis that many of these drugs are actually acutely converted to catecholamines (dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine) in vivo, in addition to transformation to their known metabolites. In this manner, a range of stimulants, opioids, and psychedelics (as well as alcohol) may partially achieve their intoxicating properties, as well as side effects, due to this putative transformation to catecholamines. If this hypothesis is correct, it would alter our understanding of the basic biosynthetic pathways for generating these important signaling molecules, while also modifying our view of the neural substrates underlying substance abuse and dependence, including psychological stress-induced relapse. Importantly, there is a direct way to test the overarching hypothesis: administer (either centrally or peripherally) stable isotope versions of these drugs to model organisms such as rodents (or even to humans) and then use liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry to determine if the labeled drug is converted to labeled catecholamines in brain, blood plasma, or urine samples.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.