The effects of sex and region on the carcass yield and m longissimus lumborum proximate composition of impala

Physical morphological measurements and m longissimus lumborum proximate chemical composition of impala (Aepyceros melampus) and the effects of age, sex and region on these parameters were investigated. Impala were randomly sampled from Mara (n = 40, 24 males, 16 females), situated in the Arid Sweet Bushveld region, and Musina (n = 28, 15 males, 13 females), situated in the Mopane Bushveld region in the Limpopo Province of South Africa. The live weights of the Mara (50.23 ± 9.32 kg) animals were higher (p < 0.05) than those of the Musina animals (44.25 ± 10.81 kg). The male animals from both regions were significantly heavier than the females (p < 0.05), particularly for the older animals (～5 kg for 30‐month‐old animals and ～10 kg for 42‐month‐old animals); however, the dressing percentages between the sexes did not differ. The Mara female group (～62%) had significantly (p < 0.05) higher mean dressing percentages than the Musina females (～58%). The mean proportions of external and internal offal were relatively higher in the Musina animals. No significant differences in the dressing percentages between the five age groups were found. Carcass measurements increased linearly with age. Age showed no effect on the m longissimus lumborum chemical carcass composition. Female animals (～19.4 g kg^?1) had higher (p < 0.05) lipid contents for both regions than the males (～14.0 g kg^?1) but the sex of the animal had no effect on the remaining chemical carcass composition parameters. The crude protein content of the Musina animals (248.8 ± 10.44 g kg^?1) was higher (p < 0.05) than for the Mara animals (238.0 ± 8.404 g kg^?1). The mean ash content of the impala m longissimus lumborum was ～12 g kg^?1. The results indicated that age effects are caused by the increases in size brought about by the growth of the animal and by the development of sexual dimorphism. Age, however, had no effect on the m longissimus lumborum proximate chemical composition. Regional differences were also shown for both the physical parameters as well as for the proximate chemical composition of the muscle. Similarly, females also differed from males for the parameters measured. These factors will have to be taken into consideration by the meat trade when purchasing, processing and marketing impala game meat. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry     

Sire variation in fatty acid composition of crossbred Wagyu steers and heifers

Effects of sires on lipid composition of subcutaneous adipose tissue and longissimus dorsi muscle were studied using 113 F(1) heifer and steer calves sired by eight Wagyu bulls out of three different cow herds. Wagyu sires were used and grouped as Old (n=6) and New (n =2) sires, respectively, based on the chronological order in which they were imported into the US. Animals were fed a backgrounding diet for 112 days consisting of an 80:20 ratio of roughage:concentrate, then grazed on orchard grass and bluegrass for 84 days, and finished on a 10:90 ratio of roughage:concentrate diet for 231 days in a feedlot. For longissimus dorsi muscle, progeny from Old sires had higher (P<0.05) monounsaturated to saturated fatty acid ratios (MUFA:SFA) than progeny of New sires. There were also differences (P<0.05) among individual sires for polyunsaturated to saturated fatty acid ratio (PUFA:SFA) (0.05-0.08) and MUFA:SFA (1.03-1.21). Progeny of Angus cows at Washington State University (WSU) had lower (P<0.05) MUFA:SFA and lower SFA than progeny of WSU crossbred and commercial cows. Steers had lower (P<0.05) MUFA:SFA and higher (P<0.05) SFA than heifers. For subcutaneous fat, heifers had higher levels (P<0.05) of linoleic acid (C18:2) and PUFA:SFA than the steers. Means for ether extractable fat in longissimus dorsi muscle differed among sires (P<0.05) and ranged from 7.58 to 13.13%. Progeny from WSU Angus cows had higher (P<0.05) ether extractable fat than WSU crossbred and commercial cows. Cholesterol content of longissimus dorsi muscle was not influenced by sire, cow herd or sex (P>0.05).     

Influence of slaughter season and sex on fatty acid composition, cholesterol and α-tocopherol contents on different muscles of Barrosã-PDO veal

The influence of slaughter season and sex on intramuscular total lipids (ITL) neutral lipid (NL) and phospholipid (PL) compositions, cholesterol and α-tocopherol contents were evaluated in Biceps femoris (Bf), Longissimus dorsi (Ld) and Supraspinatus (Ss) muscles from 92 Barrosã-PDO (Protected Denomination of Origin) calves. ITL content in Bf muscle was affected by slaughter season and sex whereas NL content was only affected by slaughter season. Neither sex nor slaughter season influenced cholesterol and α-tocopherol contents in the muscles under study. Concerning NL composition, sex was an important source of variation on the proportions of total SFA and MUFA in all muscles. Irrespective of the considered muscle, males had higher total SFA but lower total MUFA and MUFA/SFA contents than females. Slaughter season influenced C18:2 cis-9 trans-11 (CLA) content in Bf (P < 0.01) and in Ss muscles (P < 0.05) with calves slaughtered in autumn showing higher values than their counterparts. Total MUFA, n-3 PUFA and n-6/n-3 ratio contents in Ld muscle were also affected by slaughter season. Regarding PL composition, slaughter season × sex interaction affected total SFA, PUFA/SFA and n-6 PUFA contents in Bf and Ss muscles. In addition, this interaction influenced total MUFA (P < 0.05) in Bf muscle and total PUFA (P < 0.01) in Ss muscle. CLA content in PL from Ld was influenced by sex (P < 0.05) and by slaughter season (P < 0.01), with females slaughtered in autumn presenting the highest content. These results clearly indicate that sex and slaughter season are important factors that influence the fatty acid composition of Barrosã-PDO veal.     

Fatty acid composition of minced meat,longissimus muscle and omental fat from Small East African goats finished on different levels of concentrate supplementation

Effects of supplementing Small East African (SEA) goats with concentrate diets on fatty acids composition of minced meat, M. longissimus dorsi (LD) and omental fat were assessed using 23 animals (14.5 months old and 20.1 kg body weight). Goats were subjected to four levels of concentrate supplementation: ad libitum concentrate allowance (T100), 66% (T66), 33% (T33) and 0% (T0) of ad libitum concentrate allowance. All goats were slaughtered after 90 days of experimental period. Minced meat from concentrate-supplemented goats had higher (P < 0.05) proportions of unsaturated fatty acids (UFA), monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) and desirable fatty acid (DFA) than that of non-supplemented ones (T0). Minced meat from T00 and T66 goats had similar proportions of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) and n-6 PUFA that were higher (P < 0.05) than that of other dietary groups. There was limited variation in fatty acids composition of LD attributable to concentrate supplementation. Trans-vaccenic and linoleic acids were in higher (P < 0.05) proportion in omental fat from concentrate-supplemented goats whereas margaric and arachidonic acids were in higher (P < 0.05) proportion in omental fat from non-supplemented goats. Overall, LD was associated with PUFA, omental fat with saturated fatty acids (SFA), minced meat with MUFA. It is concluded that finishing SEA goats on concentrate diets will increase the proportion of DFA in meat from them. In addition, the proportion of PUFA in meat from such goats will peak at concentrate supplementation equivalent to 66% of their ad libitum intake. Consumers should avoid high intake of internal fat due to their richness in SFA.     

Proximate composition and fatty acid profile of three different fresh and dried commercial sea cucumbers from Turkey

Proximate composition and fatty acid (FA) profile of three commercial sea cucumbers; Holothuria tubulosa, Holothuria polii and Holothuria mammata caught from Aegean Sea of Turkey were analysed. The effects of regional variation and drying process on FA composition were also investigated. Moisture, protein, fat and ash contents of the species ranged between 81.24% and 85.24%, 7.88% and 8.82%, 0.09% and 0.18%, and 5.13% and 7.85%, respectively, with a significant changes among species (P < 0.05) with some exceptions. Although FA values varied significantly (P < 0.05) among species and regions, the changes for most FA types representing the same region for different species were not significantly different. Total polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) were found to be higher than total saturated (SFA) and monosaturated FAs (MUFA) accounting for 53.0–62.12% for ∑PUFA, 13.28–16.41% for ∑MUFA and 13.99–19.21% for ∑SFA. While some individual SFAs and PUFAs decreased after drying process, various individual FAs of MUFA increased in their amounts (P < 0.05). Among PUFAs, the highest mean value of eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid for all regions were determined for H. polii as 7.25% and H. tubulosa as 12.37% in fresh samples, respectively. This study represents new information relating to FA contents and drying effect on FA profile for these species.     

两种杂交商品猪冷却肉常规养分含量、蛋白质溶解性及脂肪酸组成的比较

通过比较含地方猪血缘的杂交商品猪(杜浙猪)与外三元杂交商品猪(杜大长)背最长肌和腰大肌冷却肉的常规养分、蛋白质溶解度及脂肪酸组成,深入评价含地方猪血缘的杂交商品猪在优质猪肉生产中的优势。结果表明,杜浙猪背最长肌冷却肉的粗蛋白和粗脂肪含量显著高于杜大长猪(p<0.05),粗灰分含量显著低于杜大长猪(p<0.05);杜浙猪背最长肌和腰大肌冷却肉的肌浆蛋白溶解度均显著高于杜大长猪(p<0.05),纤维蛋白溶解度显著低于杜大长猪(p<0.05);杜浙猪背最长肌和腰大肌冷却肉的饱和脂肪酸、单不饱和脂肪酸和多不饱和脂肪酸含量均显著高于杜大长猪(p<0.05)。综合上述指标,杜浙猪冷却肉的营养价值和蛋白质功能性优于杜大长猪,将为充分利用地方猪种资源进行优质猪肉生产提供依据。     

Physicochemical characteristics of pork fed palm oil and conjugated linoleic acid supplements

The experiment was conducted to determine chemical and physical characteristics of pork fed palm oil in the diets and with two levels of CLA (0.5% and 1.0%) supplementation. Chemical compositions and CLA contents were analyzed from raw loins and ham portions. Color and shear force values were measured in raw and cooked meats. The pork fed CLA supplements contained higher (P<0.05) moisture, less fat, and lower MUFA:SFA, PUFA:SFA and n-6:n-3 ratios. Fatty acid compositions were noticeably changed in the loin meats when palm oil was supplemented with CLA in the pig diets, but not in the hams. The CLA contents of meats increased (P<0.05) with increasing amounts of CLA in the diets, with the c9,t11 CLA isomer was the highest concentration. The loins from pigs fed CLA supplements had lighter (P<0.05) color while the ham portions showed darker color. Cooked loins from pigs fed CLA supplements gave higher (P<0.05) shear forces compared with that fed palm oil only, while cooked hams had lower forces in spite of higher forces were observed in raw state.     

Meat quality of kudu (Tragelaphus strepsiceros) and impala (Aepyceros melampus): The effect of gender and age on the fatty acid profile, cholesterol content and sensory characteristics of kudu and impala meat

Game meat has distinct sensory characteristics and favourable fatty acid profiles which differ between species. The SFA’s percentage was found to be higher in impala meat (51.12%) than kudu meat (34.87%) whilst the total PUFA was higher in kudu (38.88%) than impala (34.06%). Stearic acid (22.67%) was the major fatty acid in impala and oleic acid in kudu (24.35). Linoleic acid, C20:3n-6 and C22:6n-3 were higher in kudu while C20:4n-6, C20:5n-3 and C22:5n-3 were higher in impala. The PUFA:SFA ratio for kudu (1.22) was higher than for impala (0.73) while impala had a higher n-6 PUFA’s to n-3 PUFA ratio (3.76) than kudu (2.20). Kudu was higher in cholesterol (71.42 ± 2.61 mg/100 g muscle) than impala (52.54 ± 2.73 mg/100 g muscle). Sensory evaluation showed impala had a more intense game aroma and flavour while the initial juiciness of cooked samples of kudu was higher. The results show kudu and impala can be marketed for their unique flavours and aromas as well as being a healthy substitute for other red meats.     

Effect of restricted feeding and realimentation periods on pork quality and fatty acid profile of M. longissimus thoracis

An experiment with 94 fattening pigs (48 gilts and 46 barrows) was conducted to determine the effect of feeding 25% restricted diets at different body weights on meat quality and fatty acid profile of M. longissimus thoracis (LT). During the 84 days of the experiment (4 periods, 21 days each), animals with an initial weight of about 31 kg were fed in different periods of observation ad libitum (A) or restricted diets (R) in groups AAAA, AARA, RAAA and RARA. After 21 days of the experiment, the restricted-fed pigs, compared to those fed ad libitum, had a lower total fat content of M. longissimus thoracis (P<0.05), higher shear force (P=0.068), and lower proportions of SFA (C14:0, C18:0 P<0.05) and MUFA and higher proportions of PUFA (C20:4, C22:4 P<0.05) in the fatty acid profile. Three weeks after the restricted feed supply was lifted, the total fat content in LT muscle was higher than in animals fed ad libitum throughout (2.34 vs. 2.02), very close after the next 3 weeks of realimentation (3.16 vs. 3.15) and lower after another 3 weeks (3.19 vs. 3.49). Regardless of the time at which restricted feeding was started and the number of restricted feeding periods, the total fat content in the LT muscle at the end of the experiment was similar or lower in groups RAAA, AARA and RARA, compared to group AAAA. The coefficient of correlation between the total fat content in LT and the shear force was -0.36 (P<0.01). Colour, pH and drip loss did not depend on the level of nutrition. After 84 days of observation, animals from groups RARA and AARA, compared to pigs from groups AAAA and RAAA, were characterized by a slightly higher shear force of LT, lower SFA and MUFA (P<0.001), and higher n-6 PUFA (P<0.01) and n-3 PUFA (P<0.01) proportions in the fatty acid profile. The fatty acid profiles of AAAA pigs and pigs undergoing a 63-day realimentation period (RAAA) were similar. Regardless of the feeding scheme, the n-6:n-3 ratio exceeded 10 in all the groups.     

青花鸡、茶花鸡2号和白羽肉鸡肌肉脂肪酸含量比较分析

为研究青花鸡、茶花鸡2号和白羽肉鸡3 种鸡肌肉中脂肪酸含量差异,先采用氯仿-甲醇法对鸡肉粉进行脂肪提取,并对脂肪提取物进行甲酯化处理,再应用高效气相色谱仪检测3 种鸡肌肉中的18 种脂肪酸。结果表明：3 种鸡肌肉脂肪酸均以棕榈酸（C16:0）、硬脂酸（C18:0）、油酸（C18:1 n-9c）和亚油酸（C18:2 n-6c）为主;在公鸡胸肌中,青花鸡饱和脂肪酸（saturated fatty acid,SFA）含量显著高于白羽肉鸡（P＜0.05）,茶花鸡2号必需脂肪酸（essential fatty acid,EFA）含量显著高于青花鸡和白羽肉鸡（P＜0.05）;在母鸡胸肌中,青花鸡和茶花鸡2号SFA、不饱和脂肪酸（unsaturated fatty acid,UFA）含量显著高于白羽肉鸡（P＜0.05）,茶花鸡2号EFA含量显著高于白羽肉鸡和青花鸡（P＜0.05）;在公鸡腿肌中,茶花鸡2号SFA含量显著高于其他2 种鸡（P＜0.05）,茶花鸡2号和白羽肉鸡EFA、UFA含量均显著高于青花鸡（P＜0.05）;在母鸡腿肌中,青花鸡SFA含量显著高于白羽肉鸡（P＜0.05）,但与茶花鸡2号无显著差异,单不饱和脂肪酸和多不饱和脂肪酸在3 种鸡胸肌、腿肌中也有所差异。综上,不同鸡肌肉脂肪酸含量有所差异,地方资源鸡肉风味品质更佳,脂肪酸的组成更符合人体健康需求。     

Correlation of animal diet and fatty acid content in young goat meat by gas chromatography and chemometrics

The meat fatty acids (FA) profiles of caprines submitted to different dietary treatments were determined by gas chromatography. The data were treated by Chemometrics to consider all variables together. The contents of saturated FA (SFA), monounsaturated FA (MUFA), polyunsaturated FA (PUFA), omega-3 (n-3) FA, and omega-6 (n-6) FA in 32 samples were analyzed. PUFA:SFA and n-6:n-3 ratios were also considered. The multivariate methods of hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) and principal component analysis (PCA) were used to analyze the experimental results. HCA can group samples according to their basic composition, and PCA can explain the relationship among the dietary treatments according to the meat fatty acid composition. Treatment 1 presented the highest n-6 FA concentration, PUFA:SFA, and n-6:n-3 ratios, and the lowest MUFA and n-3 concentrations. Opposite results were observed for treatment 4. Treatments 2 and 3 were highly similar with differences mainly in SFA and MUFA concentrations.     

Effect of a linseed diet on lipid oxidation, fatty acid composition of muscle, perirenal fat, and raw and cooked rabbit meat

Forty Californian×New Zealand rabbits (1kg initial body weight) were fed a control or a linseed isoenergetic diet containing 30g of extruded linseed/kg. Twenty rabbits for each dietary treatment were slaughtered at 11 weeks of age, at 35 days after the start of the experiment. Feeding the linseed diet increased (P<0.005) the content of 18:2n-3 in muscles, perirenal fat, and raw and cooked meat. The long chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) contents were also increased (P<0.01) in the meat. The linseed diet produced a robust decrease in the n-6/n-3 ratio. Cooking did not alter n-3 PUFA more than saturated fatty acids (SFA) or monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA). However, n-6 PUFA were altered by cooking. The oxidative stability of Longissimus dorsi was not affected by the linseed diet, even after 300min of forced-oxidation. Inclusion of linseed in rabbit diets is a valid method of improving the nutritional value of rabbit meat.     

Meat quality of kudu (Tragelaphus strepsiceros) and impala (Aepyceros melampus): Carcass yield, physical quality and chemical composition of kudu and impala Longissimus dorsi muscle as affected by gender and age

The meat quality of kudu and impala was compared. Live weight and carcass weight differed between species, genders and age groups. Impala had the highest dressing percentage while kudu had the highest live weight and carcass weight. Kudu had the lowest fat content while female animals had a higher fat and myoglobin content than males. Sub-adults had a higher ash content than adults. Species, gender and age had no effect of pH, drip loss, cooking loss or tenderness although kudu had higher L*, a*, b* and chroma values than impala. Impala sub-adults had significantly higher insoluble collagen, soluble collagen, total collagen and hydroxyproline content than kudu sub-adults. Kudu had the highest potassium levels while impala had the highest phosphorus levels. Potassium, sodium, iron and copper levels also differed between species.     

Effect of dietary conjugated linoleic acid in combination with monounsaturated fatty acids on the composition and quality traits of cooked loin

Three levels (0%, 1% and 2%) of a conjugated linoleic acid oil (CLA) were combined with two levels of monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) (low – 19% average and high – 39% average) for pig feeding (n = 48, eight animals per treatment). The composition and quality traits (fat content, cooking losses, lipid oxidation, fatty acid profile, volatile profile and sensory analysis) of cooked loin, as affected by dietary CLA, MUFA, and CLA × MUFA interaction were studied. CLA and CLA × MUFA did not affect the intramuscular fat content, cooking losses, lipid oxidation, volatile profile and sensory traits of cooked meat. Therefore, CLA could be supplemented to the pig diet without detriment of the measured quality traits of cooked meat, and regardless of the MUFA level of pig diets. Dietary CLA increased the content of SFA and decreased the level of MUFA of meat, and led to a CLA enrichment, regardless the MUFA level of pig diets, but the content of CLA isomers of fresh meat decreased after the cooking process.     

Suitability of Norwegian short-tail lambs, Norwegian dairy goats and Cashmere goats for meat production - Carcass, meat, chemical and sensory characteristics

Six female Norwegian lambs (29 kg body weight, 8 months old), six castrated Norwegian goats (27 kg body weight, 10 months old) and six castrated Cashmere goats (20 kg body weight, 8 months old) were used to study the relative potential of Norwegian lambs, Norwegian goats and Cashmere goats for meat production. Animals were fattened on silage and commercial concentrate before slaughter. Lamb meat had 4 % lower (P < 0.05) proteins and 13% higher (P < 0.05) fat content than goat meats. Moreover, m. longissimus dorsi samples from lambs were less red (a^∗) (P < 0.05) and had lower colour intensity (C) and wider hue angle (H) than that from goats. Meat from lambs and Cashmere goats had higher proportions of saturated fatty acids (SFA) (P < 0.001), especially stearic acid and lower ones for total unsaturated fatty acids (TUFA) and monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) than the meat from Norwegian goats. Sensory panellists scored lamb meat fattier, juicier and more tender than goat meats. Meat from Cashmere goats scored highest (P < 0.05) in whiteness, and lowest (P < 0.05) in both colour tone and colour intensity. It is concluded that, since C18:0 was the main contributor of SFA in meat from Norwegian lamb and Cashmere goats, meats from them are nutritionally comparable to that from Norwegian goats. However, the higher proportion of SFA in Norwegian lambs and Cashmere goats may increase hardness of fat and being easily solidified upon cooling, may influence meat palatability.     

Effect of dietary energy content on the intramuscular fat depots and triglyceride composition of river buffalo meat

The production of river buffalo meat in Italy has long been under discussion due to poor acceptance by consumers. In order to understand whether dietary energy content may affect the organoleptic characteristics of buffalo meat, two groups of river buffalo calves were fed on two diets, with high (H) and low (L) energy contents. The animals were slaughtered at 4-monthly intervals starting from 6 months old (10, 14 and 18 months) and five muscles were dissected on the half-carcass: Caput longum tricipitis brachii (CloTB), Gluteobiceps (Gb), Semitendinosus (St), Semimembranosus (Sm) and Longissimus dorsi (LD). The results showed that from 6 to 10 months of age the meat lipid content decreases and protein content increases for both diets. The lipid content increases slowly with both diets from 10 to 14 months. In the last experimental period (from 14 to 18 months) an increase in the percentage of lipids with diet H and a decrease with diet L was observed. At all slaughtering ages the meat from the animals fed on diet H had a higher energy content. The different energy content of the two diets did not significantly influence the composition of triglycerides only formed by SFA and triglycerides with a higher degree of unsaturation. The triglycerides with an unsaturated fatty acid in position sn 2 did not show the same behaviour in relation to age and diet. The energy content of the feed did influence the unsaturated fatty acid composition: MUFA increased with an increased energy level of the diet, while PUFA increased with a reduction in the energy level of the diet. The muscle LD showed a significantly higher (P<0.05) content of SFA and lower (P<0.05) of MUFA and PUFA than the other muscles. On the basis of our results, the better TAG's composition is found in the meat of animals fed on diet H and slaughtered at 4 months of age.     

Effects of chestnut tannins on carcass characteristics, meat quality, lipid oxidation and fatty acid composition of rabbits

Seventy two male Bianca Italiana rabbits were used to study the effects of the inclusion (0%, 0.5%, and 1.0%) of a natural extract of chestnut wood (Silvafeed ENC) in the diet on productive traits, carcass characteristics, meat quality, lipid oxidation and fatty acid composition of rabbit meat. Results showed ENC had no significant effect on live weight, productive traits, hot carcass weight, dressing percentage, skin weight, pH, cooking losses, shear force and colour. The iron content was higher in Longissimus thoracis et lumborum (LTL) muscle of rabbit fed the ENC 1.0% diet than the control group. TBARS average values in the group ENC 0.5% were significantly lower (P < 0.05) than in the control and ENC 1.0% groups. Myristic acid (C14:0; P < 0.01), palmitoleic acid (C16:1 cis-9; P < 0.05) and pentadecanoic acid (C15:0; P < 0.01) contents were lower in LTL muscle of rabbits fed the ENC 1.0% diet, whereas the palmitic acid (C16:0) content was higher (P < 0.05) in the rabbits of this group. Moreover, the rabbits fed with the ENC 0.5% diet had lower (P < 0.01) levels of trans-vaccenic acid (C18:1 trans-11) compared to rabbits fed with the control diet. No significant differences were observed in saturated (SFA), monounsaturated (MUFA), polyunsaturated (PUFA) fatty acids, as well as in PUFA/SFA and n − 6/n − 3 ratios among the groups.     

Fatty acid profile and proximate composition of Pacific mullet (Mugil so‐iuy) caught in the Black Sea

This study demonstrates proximate composition and fatty acid profile of Pacific mullet caught in Turkey. The highest moisture and protein contents were observed with muscle tissues as 83.74 and 10.52%, while the highest fat and ash contents were attributed to female gonads as 11.80 and 0.94%, respectively, with a significant variation amongst months (P < 0.05). Significant variation (P < 0.05) usually occurred amongst months within the same sex for total saturated fatty acids ( ∑ SFA), monosaturated fatty acids ( ∑ MUFA), polyunsaturated fatty acids ( ∑ PUFA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in muscle, although overall mean values between sexes were not found significant. Except for EPA, no variation observed for gonads while significant changes occurred (P < 0.05) with liver samples amongst months. Overall total values of ∑ SFA, ∑ MUFA, ∑ PUFA, DHA and EPA in muscle samples were 29.59, 29.26, 18.06 and 4.48%, respectively, while in gonads ranged as 30.26–33.23%, 35.17–37.47%, 11.87–14.88%, 4.38–5.34% and 3.02–5.02%. These FAs were 21.57–33.11%, 32.89–50.96%, 14.78–20.08%, 0.89–9.94% and 5.85–9.54% for liver, respectively. The results of this study showed that muscle and gonads of Pacific mullet were rich in n‐3 PUFA, especially, EPA, DHA, increasing the value of this species for human consumption.     

Intramuscular and subcutaneous lipid fatty acid profile composition in male and female foals

This study characterised the lipid classes of Longissimus dorsi (LD) muscle and the fatty acid profiles of the LD intramuscular fat and subcutaneous (SC) adipose tissue of male and female foal mixed populations. Two animal groups were studied based on slaughter ages of 16 and 24 months. The sex of the animals had no statistical significance in the lipid fractions of the LD muscle or in the intramuscular fatty acids (p ? 0.05). In contrast, there was a significant effect of sex on the fatty acid profile of the SC adipose tissue. Furthermore, the livestock production system showed difference in both lipid class and fatty acid profiles from the LD and SC adipose tissues. The LD of 24-month old foals had lower phospholipids content (p ? 0.001), displayed little difference in saturated fatty acids (SFA) (p ? 0.1), exhibited higher levels of monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) (p ? 0.05) and lower levels of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) (p ? 0.05) compared with that of the 16-month old foals. Furthermore, the fatty acid profile of the SC adipose tissue of the 24-month old foals had higher SFA (p ? 0.05) and PUFA (p ? 0.01) with lower amounts of MUFA (p ? 0.001) relative to the 16-month old foals.     

金鲳鱼不同组织脂肪酸组成比较

为提高金鲳鱼加工中副产物的利用率,本实验采用氯仿-甲醇法提取金鲳鱼5个组织部位中的脂质,采用GC-FID法测定各组织脂肪酸组成。脂质含量由高到低依次为:内脏(27.12±7.96) g/100 g>鱼身骨(16.04±3.35) g/100 g≈鱼头(15.88±3.09) g/100 g>鱼皮(11.93±5.72) g/100 g>鱼身肉(5.09±2.13) g/100 g。5个组织脂肪酸组成基本相同,富含油酸(24.31%~25.84%)、棕榈酸(23.16%~25.00%)和亚油酸(19.04%~19.76%)。饱和脂肪酸(SFA)在内脏(35.32%±2.17%)中含量最高,显著高于其它组织(p<0.05);单不饱和脂肪酸(MUFA)在鱼身骨(34.27%±1.28%)、鱼头(34.56%±1.32%)及鱼身肉(34.34%±1.57%)中含量显著高于内脏(32.68%±1.64%)和鱼皮(33.22%±1.23%)(p<0.05);多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFA)在5个组织间含量无显著差异;n-3PUFA和EPA+DHA在鱼皮(10.34%±1.76%和6.04%±1.53%)中含量最高,显著高于其它组织(p<0.05)。内脏中SFA(35.32%±2.17%) > MUFA(32.68%±1.64%) > PUFA(31.09%±3.18%);鱼身骨、鱼头及鱼身肉中MUFA > SFA ≈ PUFA;鱼皮中SFA(33.70%±2.22%) ≥ MUFA(33.22%±1.23%) ≥ PUFA(32.07%±3.23%)。因此,金鲳鱼组织脂质营养丰富,颇具开发利用价值。