邻苯二甲酸单醇酯钠盐的合成及性能研究

分别用十二醇、十四醇、十六醇和十八醇与邻苯二甲酸酐反应合成邻苯二甲酸单醇酯,再用氢氧化钠中和得钠盐。研究了催化剂、醇、原料配比、酯化温度及溶剂等对单酯酯化率的影响,用红外光谱和核磁共振波谱对产物结构进行了表征,测定其泡沫性能和界面性能。确定了最佳酯化条件为:以自制催化剂BN-1作催化剂,二甲苯为溶剂,n(醇)∶n(酸酐)=1∶1.6,酯化温度100℃,酯化时间5 h。随着醇碳链增加,邻苯二甲酸单醇酯钠盐泡沫能力降低,但界面活性增强。     

泔水油两次酯化法制备生物柴油的研究

以泔水油为原料制备生物柴油,利用2次酯化过程,通过正交实验优化,得到最佳的酯化条件为:醇油摩尔比为5∶1,催化剂用量为1.0%,反应温度为110℃,一次酯化反应时间3.5 h,二次酯化反应时间1 h,处理后的原料油酸值为2.6570mg/g。利用两次酯化的中性油为原料,在醇油摩尔比为7∶1,催化剂用量为1.0%,反应温度为65℃,反应时间75 m in的条件下,醇解反应的转化率为94%以上,总体指标达到、部分指标超过0#柴油的质量要求。     

硫酸改性Hβ沸石催化合成油酸丁酯

以油酸和正丁醇为原料,硫酸改性Hβ沸石为催化剂,催化合成油酸丁酯。结果表明,适宜的酯化反应条件为：酸醇摩尔比为1：2,催化剂用量为原料总质量的5％,带水剂用量为5mL／0．05mol油酸,反应温度120oC,反应时间为5h,此时酯化率可达76．7％。     

硫酸氢钠催化合成十六烷二酸二乙酯的研究

以十六烷二元酸与乙醇为原料,采用硫酸氢钠做催化剂合成十六烷二元酸二乙酯。考察了原料的摩尔比、反应时间、催化剂量和带水剂对酯化收率的影响。通过分析实验结果,得出反应的最佳条件:醇酸摩尔比7∶1,催化剂量为二元酸质量的5%,带水剂环己烷为酸醇总质量的15%,回流反应时间5h,酯化的最高收率可达94.5%。硫酸氢钠重复使用4次后酯化收率为80.7%。     

固体超强酸催化合成苯乙酸月桂醇酯

以固体超强酸SO42-/TiO2为催化剂,以苯乙酸和月桂醇为原料,直接合成苯乙酸月桂醇酯,研究探讨了原料摩尔比、反应时间、催化剂用量等工艺条件对苯乙酸月桂醇酯收率的影响。结果表明,最佳反应条件为:醇酸摩尔比3.0∶1,催化剂用量5%,反应时间3h,酯化率可达90.8%。     

活性炭负载硅钨酸催化合成双三羟甲基丙烷丙烯酸酯

以双三羟甲基丙烷和丙烯酸为原料、活性炭负载硅钨酸为催化剂,采用直接酯化法合成了双三羟甲基丙烷丙烯酸酯( Di - TMPTA),通过正交试验考察了酸醇配比、催化剂用量、酯化时间和反应温度对酯化反应的影响,并利用傅里叶变换红外光谱表征了Di - TMPTA.结果表明,在酸醇比(摩尔比)为4.0∶1、反应时间为5h、催化剂...     

柠檬酸月桂醇酯的合成

以柠檬酸、月桂醇为原料，利用直接酯化法合成了柠檬酸月桂醇酯，并对催化剂、原料配比和反应温度等酯化反应的影响因素进行了详细讨论。     

纳米复合磷钨酸催化合成己酸异戊酯

以纳米型固载杂多酸H3PW12040/SiO2为催化剂,己酸、异戊醇为原料,催化合成己酸异戊酯.考察了影响酯化率的因素,确定了最佳工艺条件:酸醇物质的量比为1:1.2,催化剂用量占原料己酸质量的5%,带水剂环己烷10 mL,反应时间80 min,酯化率可达98.99%.     

十二烷基苯磺酸催化合成乙酸异戊酯的研究

以异戊醇和乙酸为原料,十二烷基苯磺酸(DBSA)为催化剂,采用正交试验方法合成了乙酸异戊酯.研究了物料比、酯化时间、酯化温度和催化剂用量对酯化率的影响.确定了最佳的工艺条件为:n(酸)∶n(醇)=1∶4、催化剂用量为酸物质的量的5％、反应温度45℃、反应时间为4h,其酯化率最高可达81.57％.     

水杨酸己酯的催化合成

以铁钾矾为催化剂,水杨酸和正己醇为原料,合成水杨酸己酯。研究了催化剂用量、酸醇物质的量比以及反应时间等因素对水杨酸酯化率的影响。结果表明,铁钾矶是合成水杨酸己酯的良好催化剂。在酸醇物质的量比为1：1．8,催化剂用量为5％,带水剂环己烷10mL,反应时间3h,反应温度110～130℃的条件下,水杨酸的酯化率可以达到92．3％。     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Many Drugs of Abuse May Be Acutely Transformed to Dopamine,Norepinephrine and Epinephrine In Vivo

It is well established that a wide range of drugs of abuse acutely boost the signaling of the sympathetic nervous system and the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, where norepinephrine and epinephrine are major output molecules. This stimulatory effect is accompanied by such symptoms as elevated heart rate and blood pressure, more rapid breathing, increased body temperature and sweating, and pupillary dilation, as well as the intoxicating or euphoric subjective properties of the drug. While many drugs of abuse are thought to achieve their intoxicating effects by modulating the monoaminergic neurotransmitter systems (i.e., serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine) by binding to these receptors or otherwise affecting their synaptic signaling, this paper puts forth the hypothesis that many of these drugs are actually acutely converted to catecholamines (dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine) in vivo, in addition to transformation to their known metabolites. In this manner, a range of stimulants, opioids, and psychedelics (as well as alcohol) may partially achieve their intoxicating properties, as well as side effects, due to this putative transformation to catecholamines. If this hypothesis is correct, it would alter our understanding of the basic biosynthetic pathways for generating these important signaling molecules, while also modifying our view of the neural substrates underlying substance abuse and dependence, including psychological stress-induced relapse. Importantly, there is a direct way to test the overarching hypothesis: administer (either centrally or peripherally) stable isotope versions of these drugs to model organisms such as rodents (or even to humans) and then use liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry to determine if the labeled drug is converted to labeled catecholamines in brain, blood plasma, or urine samples.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Novel polyurethane coating technology through glycidyl carbamate chemistry

Glycidyl carbamate chemistry combines the excellent properties of polyurethanes with the crosslinking chemistry of epoxy resins. Glycidyl carbamate functional oligomers were synthesized by the reaction of polyfunctional isocyanate oligomers and glycidol. The oligomers were formulated into coatings with several amine functional crosslinkers at varying stoichiometric ratios and cured at different temperatures. Properties such as solvent resistance, hardness, and impact resistance were dependent on the composition and cure conditions. Most coatings had an excellent combination of properties. Studies were carried out to determine the kinetics of the curing reaction of the glycidyl carbamate functional oligomers with multifunctional and model amines. Detailed kinetic analysis of the curing reactions was also undertaken. The results indicated that the glycidyl carbamate functional group is more reactive than a glycidyl ether group. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, on October 27–29, 2004, in Chicago, IL.