黄花菜杀青干制特性研究

黄花菜采摘后需要进行杀青和干制处理,以促使秋水仙碱分解,延长其保存时间,不同杀青方式所需加工时长和制成黄花菜干菜品质不同。比较了不同杀青方式（蒸制杀青、日光闷晒杀青）、不同干制方式（热风干制、自然晾晒干制、热风+红外干制）对黄花菜品质的影响,以最终制得黄花菜干的效果为评价指标。结果表明,黄花菜杀青适合用日光闷晒杀青方式,杀青时间一般在120 min～400 min左右。,杀青温度以50℃～55℃之间为宜;黄花菜干制适合用热风干制方式,干制时间一般在2 h,干制温度以40℃～45℃之间为宜。     

柠檬干片开发研究现状

柠檬因具有医药和保健功能,其干制品行业越来越受到重视。干制后的柠檬片不仅能提高柠檬的贮藏性能,还能减少包装材料的使用量和运输时的重量。本文概述了柠檬干片的几种干燥技术和防褐技术,并对未来柠檬干片开发的研究方向进行了展望。     

目标成分敲出/敲入技术及其在食品功能领域的应用进展

食品具有多种生物活性成分,并且有些成分间具有协同或拮抗作用,挖掘和发现有效活性成分是研究其健康功能的关键。目标成分敲出/敲入技术通过对比目标成分敲出/敲入前后食品功能的变化,从而可以高效研究目标成分对食品功能的贡献。中药研究中常将两种及以上活性成分有机组合,可以发挥更好的功能效果,因此目标成分敲出/敲入技术在中药研究中应用较多,而在食品领域应用较少。随着化合物分离技术的不断成熟,已有食品中活性成分的研究应用了该项技术的思路,但该技术在食品领域并未得到系统的应用。本文概述了目标成分敲出/敲入技术发展、分析流程及在食品功能领域的应用进展,以期为目标成分敲出/敲入技术在食品功能研究领域的应用提供参考。     

黄花菜生物活性成分及功能研究进展

黄花菜是我国传统的药食两用蔬菜,具有极高的营养及经济价值,不断发展成为地区特色产业。近年来,黄花菜由于含有多种活性物质而受到广泛关注,黄花菜的花蕾及根等部位中含有类黄酮类、蒽醌类、萜类、生物碱、甾体皂苷和酚酸类等多种生物活性成分,表现出抗氧化、抗肿瘤、抗抑郁、改善睡眠及镇静、抗菌、抗炎和护肝等方面的生物活性功能。但目前对于黄花菜在生物活性成分的分离鉴定及其功能验证方面研究还不够系统和深入,该文综述了目前国内外黄花菜生物活性成分及功能研究现状,以期为黄花菜资源的高效开发及综合利用提供理论依据和参考。     

葡萄籽的功能与应用

葡萄籽含有丰富的油脂、多酚类物质和蛋白质等功能成分,具有特殊的生物活性,在食品、医药和保健品等行业中具有广阔应用前景。本文主要对葡萄籽成分、功能、应用及国内外研究现状进行了阐述。     

黄花菜贮藏及深加工技术研究进展

黄花菜具有丰富的营养价值,是常见的药食两用蔬菜。本文主要从鲜黄花菜的贮藏保鲜、黄花菜脱水技术及相关产品的研发等方面介绍了黄花菜贮藏及深加工技术目前研究进展。     

静电纺丝技术在保护活性成分及益生菌中应用的研究进展

随着近几十年来不同纳米技术的迅速发展,将生物活性成分捕获到高分子基质中进行控释已成为一个热门的研究领域。将生物活性成分加入到不同的封装基质中是一种独特的方法,它可以保护这些有价值的成分在不利的体外或体内环境中不致失活,最大限度的提高其稳定性和生物利用率。与传统封装技术相比,静电纺丝技术具有许多优势,如所产纤维的孔隙率高、表面体积比高、结构上与细胞外基质相似以及对生物活性化合物具有高包封率等,这些结构和功能上的优势使得静电纺丝技术在保护生物活性成分方面成为一种更好的选择。本文主要综述了静电纺丝的基本工作原理、纳米纤维聚合物的选择、影响纳米纤维特性的参数,分析了静电纺丝纳米纤维的优势,并探讨了静电纺丝技术在包封不同类型生物活性化合物中的应用,为该技术在食品加工中的深入研究及应用以及相关创新食品的开发提供了参考。     

马铃薯中生物活性成分及其功能

马铃薯不仅是一种营养丰富的食品,还含有许多特殊生物活性成分,可以在预防和辅助治疗疾病方面发挥重要作用。本文重点介绍了目前已发现的马铃薯中所含的主要生物活性成分,并总结了已证实的马铃薯及其提取物的保健功能,介绍了品种、贮藏及烹调加工等因素对马铃薯生物活性成分的影响,最后介绍了马铃薯及其制品中存在的潜在健康危害因素,并对未来的研究进行了展望,为进一步开发、利用马铃薯的价值提供参考。     

香辛料中植物化学物对肉制品品质及健康功效影响研究进展

香辛料是肉类食品加工过程中常用的一种辅料,其在改善食品风味、抑菌防腐以及延长食品保质期方面的能力得到了广泛的认可。香辛料中的植物化学物种类丰富,在食品加工以及贮藏过程中,可能与肉制品中的营养成分以及风味成分发生相互作用,从而改善食品的营养品质以及风味特性。同时,大多数香辛料中的植物化学物具有一定的抗氧化、抗炎等作用,能够改善食品的生物活性,对人体起到一定的食疗保健作用。本文主要对香辛料中植物化学物对肉制品营养品质、感官品质、防腐保鲜以及健康功效的影响进行了总结,以期为后续探究香辛料中植物化学物在食品体系中的应用及相关作用机理提供参考。     

高粱醇溶蛋白结构与功能活性的研究进展

高粱醇溶蛋白是高粱中的主要贮藏蛋白,可应用于食品加工和医疗保健领域。从高粱醇溶蛋白组成、结构和功能及活性方面进行了阐述,综述了高粱醇溶蛋白在运输生物活性成分、制备包装薄膜、改善高粱蛋白消化率、生产无麸质面团、制备生物活性肽等领域的研究现状,并对其发展前景进行了展望。研究综述为高粱醇溶蛋白在食品领域的开发和应用提供了参考。     

Emerging drying techniques for food safety and quality: A review

The new trends in drying technology seek a promising alternative to synthetic preservatives to improve the shelf-life and storage stability of food products. On the other hand, the drying process can result in deformation and degradation of phytoconstituents due to their thermal sensitivity. The main purpose of this review is to give a general overview of common drying techniques with special attention to food industrial applications, focusing on recent advances to maintain the features of the active phytoconstituents and nutrients, and improve their release and storage stability. Furthermore, a drying technique that extends the shelf-life of food products by reducing trapped water, will negatively affect the spoilage of microorganisms and enzymes that are responsible for undesired chemical composition changes, but can protect beneficial microorganisms like probiotics. This paper also explores recent efficient improvements in drying technologies that produce high-quality and low-cost final products compared to conventional methods. However, despite the recent advances in drying technologies, hybrid drying (a combination of different drying techniques) and spray drying (drying with the help of encapsulation methods) are still promising techniques in food industries. In conclusion, spray drying encapsulation can improve the morphology and texture of dry materials, preserve natural components for a long time, and increase storage times (shelf-life). Optimizing a drying technique and using a suitable drying agent should also be a promising solution to preserve probiotic bacteria and antimicrobial compounds.     

Encapsulation for preservation of functionality and targeted delivery of bioactive food components

There has been a tremendous increase in the number of food products containing bioactive components with a health promoting or disease preventing effect. Bioactive food components can be divided into bioactive molecules and bioactive living cells (probiotics). Both bioactive molecules and bioactive living cells may benefit from encapsulation since many report low survival of bioactivity due to adverse effects of (i) processing and storage in the products that serve as vehicles and due to (ii) deleterious circumstances during transport through the gastrointestinal tract. For probiotics, it may even be mandatory to apply protection by encapsulation as the survival of probiotics in traditional products such as in dairy foods and powdered formulas is low. Encapsulation promotes not only viability but more importantly also protects the functionality, and may facilitate targeted release in specific parts of the gut. Different encapsulation approaches qualify for protection of bioactive food components. The most commonly applied technologies are emulsification, coacervation, spray drying, spray cooling, freeze drying, fluid bed coating and extrusion technologies, but also more expensive techniques such as liposome encapsulation, and cyclodextrin encapsulation are used. When targeted release is desired in combination with adequate protection in the product, it is essential to realize which processes in the human gut can be applied to facilitate targeted release. The majority of systems that have been used in the past were either sensitive to mechanical stress, pH, or transport time variations in the gut. More recent systems take advantages of the different enzyme concentrations associated with variations in the composition of the microbiota in different parts of the gut. The latter system should receive more attention in the food industry as it allows for precise release of bioactive food components. The principle of targeted release by enzymatic activity of the microbiota is compatible with many carbohydrates that are generally regarded as safe (GRAS).     

Novel technologies applied for recovery and value addition of high value compounds from plant byproducts: A review

Plant byproducts of food processing industry line are undervalued yet important resource. These byproducts contain large percentage of high value functional substances such as antioxidants, pectin, polyphenols and so on. Recently, many research studies concentrated on innovative technologies that promise to overcome such issues as time consuming, inefficiency, and low yield, among others, which exist in most conventional techniques. Consequently, to achieve the recovery of nutraceuticals from high added-value by-products, it is necessary to have more knowledge of these novel technologies and more importantly explore the possibility of application of these latest technologies to the recovery downstream processing. The present work will summarize state-of-the-art technological approaches concerning extraction, superfine and drying applied to plant food processing residues. Simultaneously, the application of the bioactive components originated from byproducts in food industry will also be reviewed.     

GC-MS结合电子鼻分析不同干燥方式对黄花菜粉挥发性物质的影响

为明确干燥方式对黄花菜粉挥发性的影响,采用电子鼻和顶空固相微萃取技术结合气相色谱-质谱联用技术对自然干燥、热风干燥、真空冷冻干燥和喷雾干燥制得的黄花菜粉样品进行挥发性成分分析,并进一步对这4?种干样的挥发性成分进行主成分分析。结果表明,4?种干燥方式共检测出68?种挥发性物质,分别检测到41（自然干燥）、41（热风干燥）、35?种（真空冷冻干燥）和26?种（喷雾干燥）。其中真空冷冻干燥的总挥发成分最高为56.36?μg/kg,主成分分析与线性判别分析可以良好区分不同干燥方式,从提高挥发性风味物质的角度出发,热风干燥可以得到风味较好的黄花菜粉,本研究为今后黄花菜粉的利用研究提供一定的理论基础。     

The analysis of phenolic compounds in daylily using UHPLC‐HRMSn and evaluation of drying processing method by fingerprinting and metabolomic approaches

The flowers of daylily (Hemerocallis fulva (L.) L.) are called “Jinzhen” which are commonly used as vegetables or seasoning in East Asia. In this study, we evaluated the chemical profile changes with different processing method after harvest. Five different drying methods including solar drying, vacuum freeze drying, steam drying, and hot air drying method were investigated regarding their impact on the chemical constituents in daylily. The major phenolic compounds were tentatively characterized with ultra‐high performance liquid chromatography tandem high‐resolution mass spectrometric with multistage fragmentation techniques (UHPLC‐HRMSⁿ). The UHPLC‐UV fingerprinting and UHPLC‐HRMSⁿ‐based metabolomic approaches were used for identifying the difference between different processing methods. The quercetin 3‐O‐rutinoside, 5‐O‐caffeoylquinic acids are obviously higher in freeze‐dried and steam‐dried samples. Colchicine was believed to be one of the toxic constituents found in daylily fresh flowers; however, no colchicine was found in any the daylily samples investigated.

Practical applications

The drying process is particularly important for handling and distribution of daylily flowers after harvest and it can also prolong the shelf life. However, the drying process may result in degradation of nutrients and quality loss in food. Steamed sunlight dried or hot air drying methods preserve most of the phenolic composition of fresh daylily samples. The purpose of this study was to analyze the phenolic compounds in daylily using ultra‐high performance liquid chromatography tandem high‐resolution mass spectrometric with multistage fragmentation techniques and to evaluate the drying processing method by fingerprinting and metabolomic approaches.     

萱草花类黄酮提取、分析及其抗氧化性研究

为了开发利用萱草花资源,在萱草花类黄酮超声辅助提取工艺优化的基础上,利用高效液相色谱法分析了萱草花中类黄酮组分,并对不同品种萱草花的抗氧化性进行了分析。结果表明:萱草花类黄酮超声辅助提取最佳工艺条件为乙醇体积分数75%,超声功率198 W,超声时间23 min,在此条件下萱草花类黄酮提取率为91.15%;萱草花中含有儿茶素、表儿茶素、芦丁、异槲皮素和柚皮素,其中芦丁是萱草花中含量最多的类黄酮;"杜鹃"、"极地之光"和"火凤凰"三个品种的萱草花均具有较好的抗氧化性,以DPPH自由基清除率和·OH清除率为指标其等效V_C当量分别为10.88、24.22、17.55 mg/g(干重)和41.97、38.02、35.38 mg/g(干重)。本研究表明萱草花富含生物活性成分和抗氧化能力。     

Technologies for enhancement of bioactive components and potential health benefits of cereal and cereal-based foods: Research advances and application challenges

Cereal grains are a major source of human food and their production has steadily been increased during the last several decades to meet the demand of our increasing world population. The modernized society and the expansion of the cereal food industry created a need for highly efficient processing technologies, especially flour production. Earlier scientific research efforts have led to the invention of the modern steel roller mill, and the refined flour of wheat has become a basic component in most of cereal-based foods such as breads and pastries because of the unique functionality of wheat protein. On the other hand, epidemiological studies have found that consumption of whole cereal grains was health beneficial. The health benefit of whole cereal grain is attributed to the combined effects of micronutrients, phytochemicals, and dietary fibre, which are mainly located in the outer bran layer and the germ. However, the removal of bran and germ from cereal grains during polishing and milling results in refined flour and food products with lower bioactive compounds and dietary fibre contents than those from whole grain. Also, the level of bioactive compounds in cereal food is influenced by other food preparation procedures such as baking, cooking, extrusion, and puffing. Therefore, food scientists and nutritionists are searching for strategies and processing technologies to enhance the content and bioavailability of nutrients, bioactive compounds, and dietary fibre of cereal foods. The objective of this article was to review the research advances on technologies for the enhancement of bioactive compounds and dietary fibre contents of cereal and cereal-based foods. Bioactivities or biological effects of enhanced cereal and cereal-based foods are presented. Challenges facing the application of the proposed technologies in the food industry are also discussed.     

水果纸干燥技术研究进展

水果纸是新鲜水果经过打浆、熬煮和干燥后制成的脱水干果纸状薄片小吃。干燥是最古老的食品保存方法之一,可去除水果中的水分,延迟其贮藏期限供全年食用。最常见的干燥方式包括热风干燥、真空干燥、冷冻干燥及联合干燥技术。干燥过程的能源效率和水果纸的品质是水果干燥中需考虑的重要因素。本文归纳了可用于水果纸干燥的热风干燥、冷冻干燥、真空干燥、微波干燥、红外辐射干燥和折射窗干燥的研究现状以及水果纸的预处理方法和干燥工艺对其形态、质构、营养成分的影响,旨在提高水果纸的干燥效率,最大限度地保留水果的活性成分,为今后食品行业中进一步研究水果纸的干燥加工提供参考。     

Nanoscale Nutrient Delivery Systems for Food Applications: Improving Bioactive Dispersibility,Stability, and Bioavailability

There has been a surge of interest in the development of nanoscale systems for the encapsulation, protection, and delivery of lipophilic nutrients, vitamins, and nutraceuticals. This review article highlights the challenges associated with incorporating these lipophilic bioactive components into foods, and then discusses potential nanoscale delivery systems that can be used to overcome these challenges. In particular, the desirable characteristics required for any nanoscale delivery system are presented, as well as methods of fabricating them and of characterizing them. An overview of different delivery systems is given, such as microemulsions, nanoemulsions, emulsions, microgels, and biopolymer nanoparticles, and their potential applications are discussed. Nanoscale delivery systems have considerable potential within the food industry, but they must be carefully formulated to ensure that they are safe, economically viable, and effective.     

Nanoencapsulation Techniques for Food Bioactive Components: A Review

The protection and controlled release of bioactive compounds at the right time and the right place can be implemented by encapsulation. Nanoencapsulation remains to be the one of the most promising technologies having the feasibility to entrap bioactive compounds. Nanoencapsulation of bioactive compounds has versatile advantages for targeted site-specific delivery and efficient absorption through cells. However, researches in the application of nanotechnology in the food industry have been very limited and there are only a few review articles that explored the nanoencapsulation technology. This review focuses on the various nanoencapsulation techniques such as emulsification, coacervation, inclusion, complexation nanoprecipitation, emulsification–solvent evaporation, and supercritical fluid for food ingredients. Drying techniques such as spray drying and freeze drying for stabilization of nanoparticles are also discussed. Current state of knowledge, limitations of these techniques, and recent trends are also discussed. Finally, safety and regulatory issues in the nanoencapsulation of bioactive compounds are also highlighted.