不同品种鹰嘴豆淀粉糊与凝胶特性研究

以不同品种的鹰嘴豆Kabuli和Desi为原料,采用快速黏度仪、质构仪和流变仪研究淀粉糊与凝胶特性的差异。研究表明:Kabuli淀粉在糊化过程中的峰值、谷值、最终黏度等特征值均高于Desi淀粉,而降落值、回值及成糊温度却低于Desi淀粉。Kabuli淀粉的品质优于Desi淀粉,但这2种鹰嘴豆淀粉糊的糊丝均属于短糊系列。在不同热过程中Desi淀粉形成凝胶速度快,强度大;Kabuli淀粉的凝胶强度随温度的变化是可逆的。Kabuli淀粉凝胶破裂强度、弹性模量均小于Desi淀粉凝胶。     

湿热处理对芋头淀粉糊化和体外消化性能的影响

以荔浦芋为原料制备芋头淀粉,将不同水分含量（10% ~ 30%）的芋头淀粉在110℃条件下湿热处理2 h,研究湿热处理 (HMT) 后芋头淀粉糊化特性和体外消化性能的变化。结果表明,HMT对芋头淀粉颗粒形貌影响不显著,但颗粒之间发生聚集现象,且随HMT水分含量的升高聚集体积增大,粒度也随之增加。随着水分含量增加,HMT使芋头淀粉的溶胀力和溶解度降低,糊化温度升高,糊化焓值降低,淀粉糊黏度降低,但淀粉糊稳定性增加。HMT也改变了淀粉的体外消化性能,增加了慢消化淀粉和抗性淀粉含量。说明HMT可用于扩展芋头淀粉的应用范围,如制造需要在高温下加工的产品或制备低GI值食物。     

粒径和面筋蛋白含量对面条中淀粉体外消化性的影响

为研究粒径和面筋蛋白含量对面条中淀粉体外消化性的影响,在不同粒径的小麦面粉中分别添加0%、5%和10%的面筋蛋白制作中式面条,烘干研磨后分离出大颗粒与小颗粒面条,研究面条样品的形貌特征、结构特性热力学特性和淀粉体外消化特性。结果表明,随着面条中面筋蛋白含量增加,面条表面的平滑度增强,糊化温度升高而焓值降低,且蒸煮后面条中形成的面筋网络面积增加。体外消化动力学结果显示随着面粉粒径的减小或面筋蛋白含量的增大,淀粉消化程度降低。     

不同加工方式下芸豆子叶细胞内淀粉结构 及体外消化特性的对比分析

本研究分离出完整芸豆子叶细胞作为全食品的模型,并以芸豆淀粉为对照,研究了常压蒸煮、高压蒸煮、高温焙烤和油炸这4种热处理方式对细胞的颗粒形貌,结晶结构及体外消化动力学的影响。结果表明:高压和常压蒸煮后,芸豆细胞偏光十字显著减弱,结晶度降低约12%,无法检测到糊化峰;然而芸豆淀粉经高压和常压蒸煮后,颗粒结构被破坏,偏光十字消失。芸豆细胞和淀粉经油炸和高温焙烤处理后,颗粒形貌无显著性差异,但糊化焓和相对结晶度显著降低。经不同热加工处理条件下芸豆子叶细胞的消化率依次为:高压蒸煮(89.45%,0.0132 min~(-1))常压蒸煮(47.77%,0.0033 min~(-1))高温焙烤(3.15%,0.0001 min~(-1))≈油炸(2.31%,0.0003 min~(-1))≈未处理(1.80%,0.0001 min~(-1))。不论何种热加工方式,芸豆细胞的表观消化速率和消化程度远小于相同热处理后的淀粉。这可能是由于细胞壁和蛋白质等物质对消化酶的吸附及物理屏障作用。本研究表明采用高温焙烤和油炸的热处理方式可获得低血糖生成指数的芸豆产品。     

压热处理对不同晶型淀粉结构及消化特性的影响

为了探究不同温度的压热处理对3种不同晶型（A型、B型、C型）淀粉颗粒结构和消化特性的影响,将玉米淀粉、马铃薯淀粉和豌豆淀粉在110、120、130 ℃压热条件下进行处理,并采用XRD、SEM、RVA、DSC和酶解等方式表征不同处理前后淀粉样品的理化性质和消化特性。结果表明,压热处理后淀粉的糊化特性显著改变,峰值粘度、回升值、最终粘度、崩解值降低,糊化温度升高。微观结构分析表明,压热处理过程中的水分和热能会使淀粉颗粒部分糊化,进而导致颗粒表面出现凹陷。压热处理后的马铃薯淀粉逐渐失去B型结晶的特征衍射峰,并显现出A型结晶的特征。与原豌豆淀粉相比,压热处理后的豌豆淀粉晶型有从C型转为A型的趋势,而玉米淀粉的衍射峰没有的明显变化。此外,压热处理后不同晶型淀粉中抗性淀粉的质量分数均显著升高（P<0.05）。本研究系统揭示了压热处理后不同晶型淀粉结构及消化特性的变化规律,为后续利用压热法制备具有低消化率的淀粉基食品提供了理论支撑。     

蜡质玉米淀粉的老化对酶敏感性的影响

糊化的蜡质玉米淀粉（１００％支淀粉）以不同的温度和时间贮藏条件获得的样品，其支淀粉具有不同程度的老化，导致样品显示不同的起始温度，峰值温度和完成温度的溶化吸热线，以及不同的溶化热焓，Ｘ－光衍射也显示结晶度的变化。增加老化程度（较高的溶化温度，溶化热焓和较高的结晶度）引起对α－胰淀粉酶和葡萄糖苷淀粉酶在３７℃时敏感度性降低。一些研究结果导致的结论，由淀粉糊化后形成的耐酶淀粉Ⅲ型，主要由老化的链淀粉组     

不同添加量的氨基酸辅助干热处理对玉米淀粉理化和消化性质的影响（网络首发、推荐阅读）

以玉米淀粉为原料,通过氨基酸（天冬氨酸和赖氨酸）辅助干热处理对其改性,采用快速黏度仪、差式扫描量热仪、X射线衍射仪,对不同氨基酸添加量（0.5%、2%、4%和10%,w/w）的干热玉米淀粉的糊化特性、热特性、结构特性和消化性质进行了研究。结果表明,氨基酸添加量对干热处理玉米淀粉-氨基酸混合物的理化性质和消化性质有显著影响。随着两种氨基酸添加量的增多,淀粉的峰值黏度、回生值和糊化焓值降低,而相对结晶度和抗性淀粉含量升高;干热玉米淀粉-天冬氨酸混合物的糊化温度呈先升高而后降低的趋势,干热玉米淀粉-赖氨酸混合物的糊化温度呈升高趋势。提高氨基酸添加量能促进淀粉颗粒内部的晶体排列更紧密、有序,能更好地抑制淀粉的短期老化,降低淀粉的消化性能;可作为玉米淀粉改性的一种新方法,为生产改性淀粉提供参考。     

萌发对燕麦理化特性及消化性质的影响

本文研究不同萌发时间对燕麦淀粉理化特性和消化性质的影响。研究结果显示,随着发芽时间的延长燕麦淀粉含量不断降低,发芽4 d时含量最低（52.68%）;淀粉颗粒形貌随之改变,由形状规整、表面光滑逐渐变得不规则、粗糙、凹陷增多;淀粉颗粒晶型未发生改变,结晶度逐渐降低;起始、峰值和终止糊化温度以及糊化焓值均逐渐升高,表观黏度和剪切应力则整体呈下降趋势。体外模拟消化结果显示,发芽能显著改变淀粉的消化特性,发芽0 d的燕麦淀粉消化率为84.95%,随着萌发时间的延长逐渐升高,在发芽4 d时达到峰值（94.98%）。研究结果为丰富淀粉改性方法、利用发芽燕麦淀粉和推进淀粉基食品领域的研发提供了一定的理论支撑。     

干热处理对芸豆子叶细胞内含淀粉结晶结构和体外消化动力学的影响规律研究

以芸豆为原料,分离内含淀粉的完整芸豆子叶细胞,在120、140、160、180℃下干热处理4 h。通过X射线衍射和热分析其淀粉结晶结构,并基于一级动力学模型分析其消化动力学。结果表明:与相同处理条件下的芸豆淀粉相比,芸豆子叶细胞表皮皱缩,体积略有减小,形态趋于球形,偏光十字略有减弱。芸豆子叶细胞的结晶度有所下降,X衍射图仍为C型,原子叶细胞的起始糊化温度和糊化焓降低约0.41℃和4.61 J/g,在140℃干热处理条件下,子叶细胞的起始糊化温度和糊化焓降低了0.73℃和11.70 J/g。在消化性上,180℃处理下的芸豆子叶细胞与未经热处理的细胞相比,消化程度增加了约3.02%。但芸豆子叶细胞在360 min的水解率(～8%)均显著低于芸豆淀粉(～60%),可能是由于α-淀粉酶进入芸豆子叶细胞,细胞内蛋白质组分对淀粉颗粒形成包裹屏障,从而阻碍了淀粉酶与细胞内淀粉的结合,导致了芸豆子叶细胞较慢的体外淀粉消化速率。本研究表明采用120℃～180℃干热条件处理芸豆子叶细胞,是一种较优的加工方式,可获得低血糖生成指数的芸豆产品。     

马铃薯淀粉添加量对混合粉面团特性及发酵面条消化性的影响

为促进马铃薯主食化战略,本文通过添加不同含量的马铃薯淀粉,对面团特性及发酵面条的蒸煮特性、质构特性及消化特性等指标进行测定,探究马铃薯淀粉添加量对其的影响。结果显示：随着马铃薯淀粉添加量的增加（0%～55%）,混合粉的糊化起始温度降低,热焓值增加,终止温度无明显变化;混合粉面团的吸水率、形成时间和稳定时间均呈下降趋势,使得发酵面条的硬度、弹性和咀嚼性均显著下降（P<0.05）。模拟淀粉体外消化发现淀粉水解速率随马铃薯淀粉添加量的增加而升高,与对照组相比,添加马铃薯淀粉后血糖生成指数预测值显著降低（P<0.05）。结论：马铃薯淀粉添加量为45%时,混合粉面团及发酵面条的糊化、质构特性和消化特性较好。     

Extraction and characterization of chickpea (Cicer arietinum) albumin and globulin

ABSTRACT:  Albumin and globulin fractions of 1 Desi and 2 Kabuli varieties of chickpeas ( Cicer arietinum ) were extracted with water and salt solutions (K₂SO₄ and NaCl). The extractable yields and particularly the albumin-globulin ratio varied greatly with the extraction medium and chickpea variety. Depending on the procedure employed, albumin could be extracted as a major fraction of chickpea proteins. Higher levels of essential amino acids and sulfur containing amino acids were found in albumins than in globulins of all chickpeas investigated. The common structural characteristics of both Kabuli and Desi chickpea albumins and globulins were clearly identified by densitometric profiles of their sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel patterns. Albumins contained subunits with higher molecular weights than those of globulins. The in vitro digestibility of the chickpea proteins by papain, pepsin, chymotrypsin, and trypsin indicated that globulins were more susceptible to proteolytic hydrolysis.     

Comparative analysis of techno-functional properties,starch digestion and protein quality of pigmented chickpea flours

The aims of this investigation were to evaluate physicochemical, functional, pasting, and thermal properties, as well as the starch and protein digestibilities of whole flours obtained from ten chickpea cultivars differing in seed coat colour (black, brown, green, red and cream). The coloured chickpeas flours contained higher amounts of bioactive compounds as total phenolics (TPC, 241.25–444.41 μg gallic acid equivalents per g), β-glucans (1.02–2.42 g/100 g), resistant starch (22.68–37.52% of total starch) and higher protein digestibility corrected amino acid scores (PDCAAS, 0.61–0.82) compared with the cream-coloured chickpea Blanco Sinaloa (C.BS). The principal component analysis showed several differences among the chemical compositions, starch digestions and seed protein qualities; in the same sense we found a correlation between TPC and starch content with their thermal properties and starch digestion. Subsequently, pigmented chickpea cultivars have potential as functional ingredients for food product development.     

淀粉的慢消化性能与酶水解速率研究

研究了体外模拟条件下不同淀粉中营养片断,同时建立了酶水解动力学方程来探讨慢消化性能与酶水解速率的关系。结果表明,相比马铃薯与绿豆淀粉,玉米、蜡质玉米、小麦、糯米、大米等谷物淀粉属于理想的慢消化淀粉,它们的酶动力学水解速率小于1h-1,而马铃薯与绿豆淀粉的水解速率大于1h-1。淀粉的水解过程的反应动力学速率比Englyst法更能准确反映淀粉的消化性能。     

Nutritional value of feed grade chickpeas for ruminants and pigs

The feeding value of feed grade chickpeas (Kabuli and Desi type) for ruminants and pigs was determined in two studies. Two ruminally fistulated cows were used in the first study to determine the effects of moist heat treatment (127 °C for 10 min) on the ruminal protein degradability of feed grade chickpeas. Heat treatment reduced (P < 0.05) soluble crude protein and increased (P < 0.05) the amount of crude protein associated with neutral detergent fibre for both types of chickpeas. Ruminal degradability of crude protein for Kabuli and Desi chickpeas was reduced by 39 and 33% (P < 0.05) respectively as a result of heating. In the second study, 64 crossbred pigs were each assigned to one of four dietary treatments in a factorial (4 treatments × 2 sexes) design experiment. The experimental barley/wheat‐based diets were supplemented with either soybean meal (control), Kabuli chickpeas (300 g kg⁻¹), Desi chickpeas (300 g kg⁻¹) or field peas (300 g kg⁻¹). Dry matter and gross energy digestibility coefficients, determined using the indicator method, were lower (P < 0.05) for the Desi‐ than for the Kabuli‐supplemented diet. However, no differences were observed in dry matter or gross energy digestibility between the Kabuli chickpea‐supplemented diet and the control or the field pea‐supplemented diet. Diets supplemented with chickpeas or field peas had a lower (P < 0.05) crude protein digestibility than the control diet. Pigs fed either of the chickpea‐supplemented diets during the growing phase gained less (P < 0.05) than pigs fed the control diet. However, during the finishing phase and over the entire experiment, dietary treatment had no effect on pig performance. There were no significant differences in carcass traits between pigs fed any of the four diets. It was concluded that moist heat treatment is an effective method to increase the rumen escape protein value of chickpeas and that the inclusion of feed grade Kabuli or Desi chickpeas in finishing diets up 300 g kg⁻¹ had no detrimental effects on pig performance. © 2000 Society of Chemical Industry     

Structure and Viscoelastic Properties of Starches Separated from Different Legumes

A comparison between the morphological, structural, thermal and viscoelastic properties of starches separated from pigeon pea, chickpea, field pea, kidney bean and blackgram was made. The shape of the starch granules in the different legumes varied from oval to elliptical or spherical. X-ray diffraction of the legume starches indicated a typical C-pattern (mixture of A- and B-type). Granules of blackgram and pigeon pea starch had a higher degree of crystallinity than those of field pea and kidney bean starches. Apparent amylose content of field pea, kidney bean, chickpea, blackgram and pigeon pea starch was 37.9%, 36.0%, 34.4-35.5%, 32.9-35.6% and 31.8%, respectively. Distribution of isoamylase-branched materials among the starches revealed that the proportions of long and short side chains of amylopectin ranged between 13.6-18.5% and 41.7-46.5%, respectively. Field pea and kidney bean starch had the highest apparent amylose content and the lowest amount of long side chains of amylopectin, respectively. Blackgram and pigeon pea starch possessed higher proportions of both long and short side chains of amylopectin than field pea and chickpea starches. The onset, peak and conclusion temperatures of gelatinization (T_o T_p and T_c, respectively) were determined by differential scanning calorimetry. T_o and T_c ranged from 59.3 to 77.3°C, 66.8 to 79.6°C, 55.4 to 67.6°C and 68.3 to 69.3°C, respectively, for chickpea, blackgram, field pea and kidney bean starch. The enthalpy of gelatinization (ΔH_gel) of field pea, kidney bean, chickpea, blackgram and pigeon pea starches was 3.6, 3.0, 2.6-4.2, 1.6-1.7 and 2.6 J/g, respectively. Pastes of blackgram and pigeon pea starches showed lower storage and loss shear moduli G′ than field pea, kidney bean and chickpea starches. The changes in moduli during 10 h at 10°C revealed retrogradation in the order of: field pea> kidney bean> chickpea> blackgram> pigeon pea starch. In blackgram and pigeon pea starches, the lower proportion of amylose plus intermediate fraction and higher proportion of short and long side chains of amylopectin are considered responsible for the higher crystallinity, gelatinization temperature and enthalpy of gelatinization.     

Isolation and Partial Characterization of Starches from Dry Beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) and Chickpeas (Cicer arietinum), Grown in Sonora,Mexico

For a better understanding of the carbohydrate components of Mexican dry legumes, in an attempt to suggest alternative processing, starches from dry beans (Phaseolus vulgaris var. pinto) and chickpeas (Cicer arietinum var. surutato) were isolated through sedimentation procedure. They were further characterized in their: physical characteristics of shape and size by light and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM); chemical characteristics by proximate analyses and amylose contents; functional characteristics of gelatinization temperature, viscosity and thermal properties by Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC); and nutritional characteristics, % digestibility. Starch in these two legumes was firstly isolated at over 85% recovery, with an amylose content of 52.4% and 46.5% for dry beans and chickpeas, respectively. SEM and light microscopy showed starch granules with a predominantly oval shape and size in the range of 20–25μ, for both legumes. Higher gelatinization temperatures were found for dry beans than for chickpeas. Similarly, fusion enthalpies and maximum gelatinization temperature were also higher for beans, as shown by DSC. However, chickpea starch gave a slightly higher % digestibility than bean starch. These results suggested that the difference in the amylose content, in both legumes, determine the starch granule structure, their intermolecular organization and their physical and functional characteristics.     

韧化处理对板栗淀粉特性的影响

以燕山板栗淀粉为材料,在30、40和50℃分别进行韧化处理。采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、X-射线衍射分析(XRD)、差示扫描量热分析(DSC)及体外消化法等方法,研究了韧化处理对板栗淀粉颗粒结构、理化特性和体外消化性的影响。研究表明:与原淀粉相比,韧化处理后2种板栗淀粉的直链淀粉含量降低,淀粉颗粒破损率增大,但淀粉仍为C型晶体。随着韧化温度的升高,淀粉颗粒表面出现凹坑和损伤越显著,膨胀度随着处理温度的升高而降低。DSC分析表明,韧化处理使淀粉的糊化温度升高,热焓变化不大。不同的韧化处理温度对板栗淀粉体外消化性有不同的影响,韧化处理使淀粉的快消化淀粉(RDS)含量减少,慢消化淀粉(SDS)含量增大。     

绿豆抗性淀粉消化前后益生作用与结构变化的比较

制备与纯化得到了绿豆抗性淀粉及消化抗性淀粉,研究了它们的益生作用及结构变化。结果表明：绿豆抗性淀粉及消化抗性淀粉对双歧杆菌和乳酸杆菌的增殖效果达到100倍以上,对大肠杆菌和产气荚膜梭菌的抑制强度更是高达106倍以上,对粪肠球菌的抑制强度也有10倍,而对梭状杆菌无明显影响;它们的发酵液总酸度增大30%以上,说明它们能被肠道益生菌发酵利用;绿豆抗性淀粉经消化处理后比表面积增加,经发酵后比表面积更大。绿豆抗性淀粉的平均聚合度较之原淀粉降低了一半,发酵后绿豆抗性淀粉或消化抗性淀粉的平均聚合度继续降低30%以上;绿豆抗性淀粉经消化前后的晶型均为B型,绿豆抗性淀粉及消化抗性淀粉经发酵后,晶型都转变为A型,微晶度、亚微晶度及总结晶度较之发酵前都明显降低。