海藻糖和卡拉胶寡糖对冷冻面团冻藏稳定性和烘焙特性的影响

为了提高冷冻面团和面包的产品品质，将不同比例的海藻糖(1%、1.5%、2%,质量分数)和卡拉胶寡糖(0.3%、0.5%、0.8%,质量分数)加入面团，通过测定冻藏0、2、4周后冷冻面团的发酵特性、流变特性、水分分布、蛋白质二级结构、微观结构以及面包的比容、质构和内部纹理结构特性，研究冷冻面团冻藏期间的稳定性及面包烘焙特性。结果表明，随着冻藏时间的延长，添加海藻糖和卡拉胶寡糖的冷冻面团在冻藏4周后，其发酵特性及流变特性相对于对照组均有所改善。冻藏4周后，对照组、海藻糖-1.5%组、卡拉胶寡糖-0.5%组α-螺旋相对含量分别下降了45.73%、27.13%、15.71%;β-折叠相对含量升高了31.32%、15.51%、13.79%。电镜扫描图显示，随着冻藏时间的延长，海藻糖和卡拉胶寡糖组的冷冻面团相比对照组具有更致密的网络结构。对照组、海藻糖-1.5%组、卡拉胶寡糖-0.5%组在冻藏1个月后其面包比容分别下降了30.86%、21.48%、15.80%。综上，卡拉胶寡糖相对于海藻糖对冷冻面团冻藏稳定性及烘焙特性具有更好的保护效果，可作为一种新型抗冻剂用于冷冻面团生产中。     

冰结构蛋白影响冷冻面团及面包体系发酵烘焙与热力学特性的研究

研究了冰结构蛋白(ice structuring protein,ISP)作为新型冷冻食品添加剂在三种面团及面包体系,包括冷冻面团面包、预烘焙冷冻面包和新鲜面团面包中的应用,并探索了其对冷冻面团及面包体系发酵烘焙与热力学特性产生的影响。结果表明:ISP可增大冷冻面团面包的比容,经-18℃冻藏14d的ISP强化面团可得到与新鲜面团面包比容接近的结果;ISP有软化面包质地的作用,对经长时间冻藏的样品效果更显著;含有ISP的面包冻藏过程中水分含量保持相对稳定,而对照样增大趋势明显;ISP的引入致使面团体系糊化焓增大。     

专用油脂对冷冻面团焙烤品质的影响

将以棕榈油和大豆油为原料制备的专用油脂应用于冷冻面团中,研究专用油脂对冷冻面团流变学特性影响及对冷冻面团焙烤面包品质的影响。结果表明：添加专用油脂制备的冷冻面团面包比容大、纹理细腻、口感柔和、品质良好;专用油脂可以有效地提高冷冻面团的筋力和延伸性,并能延缓冷冻面团因冻藏导致的焙烤品质下降,对延缓面包老化效果良好;确定专用油脂在冷冻面团中的添加量为配方中面粉质量的6%。     

冰结构蛋白对长期冻藏冷冻面团抗冻发酵特性与超微结构的影响

本实验采用质构分析仪、扫描电镜以及冷冻面团烘焙发酵试验法研究了冰结构蛋白（ISP）对长期冻藏冷冻面团抗冻发酵特性与超微结构的影响。结果发现：将面团在-18℃冻藏0、35、70、105d后,随冻藏时间延长,面团醒发时间延长,面包比容减小。添加0．5％ISP的面凼,经105d冻藏后,醒发时间由153min缩短到130min,缩短了15．0％;面包比容由4．05ml／g上升到4．71ml／g,上升了16.3％,并且ISP使面包硬度有所减小。扫描电镜实验表明：强化0．5％ISP的冷冻面团,经过105d的冻藏后,仍然可以观察到明显的面筋网络结构,这说明ISP可以显著保护冷冻面凼超微结构。     

糯麦粉对冷冻面团发酵流变特性和面包烘焙特性的影响

采用发酵流变测定仪和质构分析仪研究不同比例的糯麦粉对冷冻面团发酵流变学特性和面包烘焙特性的影响。结果表明：无论面团冷冻与否,随着糯麦比例增加,面团发展的最大高度(Hm)和持气率(R)逐渐下降,而气体释放曲线最大高度(H＇m)和CO2产气量(Vco2)在一定程度上增加。随着冻藏时间的延长,面团各种参数(Hm、H＇m、R等)逐渐降低,但是下降的幅度随糯麦粉添加量的增加而减小,如与冻藏7d相比,添加质量分数0%、10%、20%和30%的糯麦面团经冻藏60d后Hm分别下降了12.9%、9.6%、7.7%和7.5%,而R则分别下降了2.8%、2.1%、1.6%和1.7%。在冷冻贮藏过程中,面包品质虽有一定程度的下降,但添加糯麦粉的面包品质下降程度较慢,抗老化效果好,且由感官评定可知,冻藏不同天数后,添加10%糯麦粉的面包最易受人们喜爱。     

三种甘油酯对冷冻面团及其面包品质的对比分析

本文通过核磁共振测定冷冻面团及其面包的水分迁移情况,流变仪测定冻藏过程中冷冻面团的流变学特性,质构仪和扫描仪分析面包的品质,研究三种甘油酯:乙酰化单、双甘油脂肪酸酯(ACETEM),双乙酰酒石酸单双甘油酯(DATEM)和六聚甘油单油酸酯,对冷冻面团及其面包品质的影响。结果表明:在冻藏过程中,三种甘油酯对冷冻面团及其面包的品质均有改善。与对照组相比,冻藏前三种甘油酯增加了面团及其面包的结合水比例,分别是面团增加了4.21%、7.02%、11.23%和面包增加了0.27%、4.67%、16.00%。而冻藏后,三种甘油酯降低了冷冻面团及其面包的水分迁移。在冻藏期间,冷冻面团的粘弹性降低,它们的损耗角正切值(tanδ)增加,发酵后对照组面团的tanδ增加了11.90%,添加了0.5%ACETEM面团的tanδ仅增加了4.76%。冻藏60d后,含0.5%ACETEM的面包比容为3.29m L/g,比对照组增大了23.50%;面包硬度为2298.92g,比对照组柔软19.18%。因此,添加了0.5%ACETEM的改善效果最好。     

不同分子结构的黄原胶对冷冻面团及面包特性的影响

为研究不同分子结构的黄原胶对冷冻面团品质和面包烘焙特性的影响,该研究将3种不同分子结构的黄原胶分别添加至面粉中制作面团,经冷冻贮藏后进行面包焙烤,测定面团发酵速率、流变学特性、热稳定性及面包比容、硬度、弹性等。结果显示：随着冻藏时间的延长,面团品质及面包烘焙特性均受到影响,添加黄原胶显著降低面团劣变程度、改善面包品质。流变学结果表明,添加黄原胶增加面团黏弹性,抑制淀粉糊化;质构结果表明,黄原胶的添加显著增加面包的弹性,降低面包硬度（P<0.05）;比容结果显示,黄原胶的添加可以显著增加冷冻面团面包的比容（P<0.05）;低分子量黄原胶对面包品质改善效果较好。综上,在冷冻面团中添加黄原胶,可以得到品质较好的冷冻面团面包,且较低分子量黄原胶（1 400 kDa）不仅能改善面包焙烤特性,还可以降低实际生产应用过程中的时间成本。     

海藻酸钠对冷冻面团面包烘焙特性的影响

研究添加不同比例(0.1%、0.3%、0.5%和0.7%)海藻酸钠对冷冻面团面包烘焙特性的影响。结果表明,添加海藻酸钠能提高冷冻面团的持水率,减少冷冻面团醒发时间;增大面包的比容,降低面包的硬度和咀嚼性,提高弹性,改善冷冻面团面包的品质。感官评定显示,冻藏不同天数后,添加0.3%的海藻酸钠面包感官评分值最高。     

解决冷冻面团技术难题的新原料——海藻酸钠

随着连锁经营概念普及,冷冻面团技术在全世界得到迅速的发展。冷冻面团的出现不仅可以降低生产成本、使产品质量更易标准化,工业产权更易受保护,而且可使产品更新鲜、稳定、安全性更高,同时还能有效解决面包老化等问题,这给面包乃至整个烘焙食品行业的发展注入了新希望、新生机。冷冻面团技术在带来诸多优点的同时,也带来了新的技术难题。在长期冻藏过程中,冰晶破坏面筋网络结构,面团持气能力下降,酵母活力下降,产气能力降低,导致冻藏后面包的比容减小、面包质地变差等,使冷冻烘焙产品品质降低。海藻酸钠的加入可以很好的解决这一技术问题。     

冷冻面团发酵技术在中式食品中的应用II．冰结构蛋白对鲜酵母及包子类冷冻面团流变发酵特性的影响

应用F3 流变发酵仪和动态流变仪研究冰结构蛋白(ISP)对冻藏0、1、2、3、4 周鲜酵母发酵特性和冷冻面团动态流变学特性的影响。结果表明：随着冻藏时间延长,所有酵母样品发酵过程中气体释放曲线最大高度H′m、产生CO2 气体总体积V总及面团最大膨胀高度Hm 均逐渐降低,冷冻面团的弹性模量(G′)和黏性模量(G 〞)逐渐下降,冷冻面团包子比容显著减小。引入冰结构蛋白(ISP)后,冻藏时间相同时,酵母发酵过程中的H′m、V 总及Hm 均有所增大,G′和G 〞下降趋势减缓,冷冻面团包子比容明显大于空白组,说明ISP 能够抑制冻藏过程中冰晶的形成和重结晶,减弱冰晶对酵母及面筋蛋白质网络结构的破坏,同时也说明ISP 能够增强面筋蛋白质网络结构的强度,提高面筋蛋白质对冰晶破坏的抵抗力。     

藜麦粉对冷冻面团特性及其面包品质的影响

将藜麦和小麦粉按一定比例混合,用快速粘度分析法测定混合粉糊化特性,流变仪测定了冻藏过程中小麦-藜麦冷冻面团的流变学特性,核磁共振法测定面团中水分迁移,并测定其发酵体积变化,最后分析了冷冻面团组织状态与产品品质的关系。结果表明：藜麦粉对冷冻面团及面包的品质均有改善。藜麦粉降低了混合粉体系的糊化粘度和崩解值。冻藏后,冷冻面团的弹性模量和粘性模量增加,小麦粉冷冻面团损耗角正切值增加了4.73%,添加量为5%时冷冻面团损耗角正切值仅增加0.41%;小麦冷冻面团自由水上升了3.90%,藜麦添加后仅上升2.40%,可见藜麦粉能冷冻面团降低水分迁移程度;同时,添加藜麦粉能维持面团面筋网络结构的完整性,发酵体积由26.42 mL/h增大到29.17 mL/h。不同添加量的藜麦粉对面团及面包的品质改善程度不同,最适添加量为10%,烘烤后面包比容为3.08 mL/g,硬度为2803.48 g。本研究可为开发藜麦冷冻面团提供理论基础,在藜麦新产品开发方面具有重要的指导意义。     

Improved physicochemical and fermentation properties of frozen dough with bacterial cellulose

Effects of a novel category of hydrocolloid (Bacterial cellulose, BC) on physicochemical and fermentation properties of frozen dough were studied to address the reduction in baking performance due to refrigeration. The addition of BC reduced free thiol content and inhibited the de-polymerisation degree of glutenin macropolymers, resulting in enhanced emulsifying activities of frozen dough, when the amount was added up to 0.1 g 100 g⁻¹of wheat flour (dry basis). Further supplement hurt these attributes due to competition for water molecules. However, increasing the addition of BC significantly enhanced its protective effect on yeast activity, which in turn improved the fermentation properties of frozen dough. After 8 weeks of storage at −18 °C, 31% of yeast survived in with the protection of BC. When BC was added at a ratio of 0.1 g 100 g⁻¹ of wheat flour, the improved frozen dough showed maximum volume of gas which was 2.7 times higher than that of the control after 3 h of fermentation. Baking performances confirmed the effect of BC as bread crumbs containing intermediate addition of BC rose optimally during proofing and baking, which contributed to the higher specific volume, less firm and more tender crumb texture of bread. These results suggested that BC might act as an effective additive to improve the shelf-life stability of frozen food during long periods of frozen storage.     

Effects of wheat sourdough process on the quality of mixed oat-wheat bread

The aim of this work was to study the effects of sourdough fermentation of wheat flour with Lactobacillus plantarum, on the quality attributes of mixed oat-wheat bread (51 g whole grain oat flour and 49 g/100 g white wheat flour). Emphasis was laid both on β-glucan stability as well as bread structure and sensory quality. The variables of the sourdough process were: dough yield (DY), fermentation time, fermentation temperature, and amount of sourdough added to the bread dough. The sourdough process was shown to be a feasible method for mixed oat-wheat bread, and, when optimized, provided bread quality equal to straight dough baking. A small amount (10g/100 g dough) of slack sourdough fermented at high temperature for a long time resulted in the most optimal sourdough bread with the highest specific volume (3.5 cm³/g), the lowest firmness after 3 days storage (0.31 kg), and low sensory sourness with high intensity of the crumb flavour. Wheat sourdough parameters did not affect the content of oat β-glucan in the bread. Additionally, both straight dough and sourdough bread contained 1.4-1.6 g β-glucan/100 g fresh bread. The average molecular weight of β-glucan was 5.5 × 10⁵ in both types of bread, while that of oat flour was 10 × 10⁵. This indicates that a slight degradation of β-glucan occurred during proofing and baking, and it was not affected by variation in the acidity of the bread between pH 4.9-5.8.     

γ-聚谷氨酸对全麦冷冻面团烘焙特性的影响

将γ-聚谷氨酸(γ-PGA)添加至全麦冷冻面团中,通过全麦粉持水率、酵母存活率研究γ-PGA的保水性和抗冻活性;以面包比容和质构等作为评价指标,研究γ-PGA对冷冻面团制作的全麦面包烘焙品质的影响。结果表明,添加γ-PGA可提高冷冻全麦面团的酵母存活率和发酵高度,增大全麦面包比容,减小面包硬度,促进面包芯中形成大气孔;贮藏3 d后,添加γ-PGA的全麦面包硬度和老化率显著降低(P<0.05),且γ-PGA的最佳添加量为1%。     

脱皮对紫糯小麦粉特性和面包焙烤品质的影响

研究了不同脱皮时间下制得紫糯小麦粉的理化特性和面团的流变特性,以及对面包焙烤品质和贮藏过程中老化程度的影响。紫糯小麦的脱皮时间分别设定为0、1、3、5、7 min,相当于约0%、1%、3%、5%、9%的皮层被去除。结果表明,随着紫糯小麦脱皮时间的延长,小麦粉的出粉率提高,蛋白质和灰分含量及面团的粉质和拉伸特性也发生改变。脱皮5 min后制得的紫糯小麦粉以15%比例添加到普通面包粉中,面包含水量显著增加,体积和质量呈增大趋势,并且面包结构变好,面包评分显著上升。此外,添加紫糯小麦粉的面包较长时间放置后仍然松软,能有效延迟贮藏期间面包的老化,在一定程度上延长了其货架期。     

Effect of dietary fibre on dough rheology and bread quality

Dietary fibre is a common and important ingredient of a new generation of healthy food products demanded more each day by customers. Dietary fibre increases the nutritional value of bread but usually at the same time alters rheological properties of dough and, finally, the quality and sensorial properties of bread. The present work investigates the effect of some purified dietary fibres from different origins (orange, pea, cocoa, coffee, wheat and microcrystalline cellulose) on the rheological properties of wheat flour dough and the final quality of breads. The study of the rheological behaviour of the dough was performed by means of a consistograph and an alveograph. Bread quality was determined by means of texture, colour and specific volume measurements after baking under controlled conditions. The influence of fibre on bread sensory evaluation was established. Dietary fibre additions, in general, had pronounced effects on dough properties yielding higher water absorption, mixing tolerance and tenacity, and smaller extensibility in comparison with those obtained without fibre addition (in the control bread). Regarding the effect on bread properties, the fibre always enhanced the shelf life, as textural studies revealed. Sensory evaluations revealed that dietary fibres, with the exception of those from coffee and cocoa, can be added to flour at the level of 2% without deterioration of the bread palatability in comparison with white flour bread. Additions of 5% could imply the use of some additives to correct the rheological properties of dough.     

Effect of β‐Glucan–Rich Barley Flour Fraction on Rheology and Quality of Frozen Yeasted Dough

Research has shown that prolonged frozen storage of bread dough reduces the quality of the end product. In this study, the effect of air‐classified barley flour fraction rich in β‐glucan (approximately 25%) on rheology and quality of frozen yeasted bread dough was investigated. Wheat flour (W) was replaced by air‐classified barley flour fraction (B) at 10% without or with 1.4% vital gluten to produce β‐glucan enriched barley dough (WB) or barley dough plus gluten (WB + G). Dough products were stored at ?18 ºC for 8 wk and their rheological properties were investigated weekly. During frozen storage dough extensibility increased, while elastic and viscous moduli decreased. Differential scanning calorimeter and nuclear magnetic resonance data indicated that WB and WB + G dough products contained approximately 10% less freezable water and 9% more bound water compared to the control dough (W). β‐Glucan enriched dough also exhibited less changes in gluten network as shown by SEM photographs. The addition of air‐classified barley flour fraction at 10% in frozen dough reduced deterioration effects caused by frozen storage via minimizing water redistribution and maintaining rheological properties of frozen dough.     

硬脂酰乳酸钠对冷冻面团及其烘烤面包品质的影响

将硬脂酰乳酸钠(Sodium stearyl lactate,SSL)加入自制冷冻面团中,通过测定冷冻面团的流变学特性,以及冷冻面团烘烤面包的比容、质构特性和感官评分,研究SSL对冷冻面团及其烘烤面包品质的影响。结果显示,随着SSL添加量增加,冷冻面团弹性模量先升高后降低,损耗角正切tanδ先降低后升高,其中最优SSL添加量为0.20%;冷冻面团烘烤面包的硬度、咀嚼性先降低后升高,弹性、回复性、比容和感官评分先升高后降低,当SSL添加量为0.20%时,各指标达到各自的峰值,说明SSL改善了冷冻面团及其烘烤面包的品质。30 d冷冻储藏期内,加入SSL后,冷冻面团及其烘烤面包劣变幅度减小,说明SSL改善了其储藏特性。上述结果表明:加入SSL后,冷冻面团及其烘烤面包的品质及储藏特性得到改善,且最佳添加量为0.20%。