不同大分子乳化剂构建番茄红素纳米乳液的体外消化规律比较

通过体外模拟消化,研究以辛烯基琥珀酸酯化（octenyl succinic anhydride,OSA）变性淀粉、乳清分离蛋白（whey protein isolate,WPI）、酪蛋白酸钠（sodium caseinate,SC）为乳化剂构建的番茄红素纳米乳液的消化规律。结果表明,消化过程中纳米乳液的液滴大小、Zeta电位和微观结构取决于乳化剂类型,OSA变性淀粉和蛋白质类乳化剂构建的纳米乳液分别在肠和胃阶段发生水解,液滴聚集,乳液平均粒径增大,同时Zeta电位绝对值达到最小。经胃肠消化后3 种乳化剂构建的番茄红素纳米乳液游离脂肪酸释放率的大小排序为OSA变性淀粉（92.25%）＞SC（86.53%）＞WPI（79.88%）,高于对照组的48.7%,表明纳米乳液包埋体系能有效改善番茄红素的消化特性,且以OSA变性淀粉构建的纳米乳液表现出比蛋白质类乳化剂更高的番茄红素生物利用率,达到（25.60±3.08）%。     

基于OSA变性淀粉为乳化剂对番茄红素纳米运输体系构建影响研究

尝试以2种不同的辛烯基琥珀酸酯化淀粉(OSA1、OSA2)作为乳化剂,研究其乳化特性,在不同条件下构建番茄红素稳定的纳米乳液体系。结果表明最佳的制备条件:乳化剂浓度30%,采用高压微射流均质机,均质压力为100 MPa,循环5次,2种乳液粒径分别为(107±1.32) nm、(101±0.81) nm,保留率分别为85.67%±0.63%和86.78%±0.36%。在常温下储藏4周,乳液粒径分别增至(158.84±3.51)nm和(129.18±4.22)nm。与未被包埋的番茄红素相比,2种纳米乳液包埋的番茄红素的降解速度明显降低,说明基于OSA变性淀粉为乳化剂构建纳米乳液能有效抑制番茄红素的降解。综合2种纳米乳液在储藏过程中粒径的变化与番茄红素保留率,其稳定性表现为OSA2 OSA1,此结果与2种淀粉的乳化活性和乳化稳定性呈正相关性。     

制备方法对乳清分离蛋白-绿原酸共价接枝物结构和功能性质的影响

目的：研究制备方法对乳清分离蛋白（whey protein isolate，WPI）-绿原酸（chlorogenic acid，CA）共价接枝物结构和功能性质的影响。方法：分别以碱法、自由基法和酶法制备WPI-CA共价接枝物，对其反应基团含量、CA接枝量、分子结构、表面疏水性、热稳定性、抗氧化活性和乳化性等进行分析。结果：游离氨基、色氨酸和巯基均参与了反应，游离氨基为主要反应基团。碱法、自由基法和酶法接枝物的CA接枝量分别为（52.70±1.81）、（42.57±1.85）μmol/g和（63.75±2.50）μmol/g。CA的共价接枝使WPI二级结构中α-螺旋相对含量减少，无规卷曲结构相对含量增加，分子内源荧光强度降低。碱法和酶法接枝会降低WPI表面疏水性，增强其热稳定性，自由基法的影响则与两者相反。与WPI相比，WPI-CA共价接枝物的抗氧化活性和乳化性显著增强（P＜0.05），且抗氧化活性与CA接枝量成正比。结论：酶法接枝效率最高，且所得WPI-CA接枝物热稳定性和抗氧化活性最强。本研究可为蛋白质-多酚共价接枝物类抗氧化性载体材料的制备及应用提供参考。     

乳清分离蛋白-葡聚糖接枝物Pickering乳液的稳定性研究

为提高蛋白基Pickering乳液稳定性,采用美拉德反应制备乳清分离蛋白(WPI)-葡聚糖(Dex)接枝物,然后利用该接枝物制得蛋白基固体颗粒,再与中链甘油三酯制备Pickering乳液,考察WPI-Dex接枝物对蛋白基固体颗粒乳化活性、乳化稳定性和蛋白基Pickering乳液乳析指数的影响,以及Pickering乳液在不同pH、加热温度、贮藏时间下粒径的变化。结果表明：扫描电镜观察到共价接枝Dex将WPI形貌结构由球状转变为片状,十二烷基硫酸钠-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳证实干法美拉德反应成功制备了WPI-Dex接枝物;与WPI相比,WPI-Dex接枝物的乳化活性和乳化稳定性分别增加了57.8%和138.5%;WPI和WPI-Dex接枝物Pickering乳液贮藏30 d时的乳析指数分别为52.3%和36.0%,WPI-Dex接枝物使Pickering乳液的乳析稳定性提高了31.2%;WPI-Dex接枝物Pickering乳液具有良好的pH稳定性、热稳定性和贮藏稳定性。综上,蛋白质糖基化接枝修饰是提高天然蛋白质Pickering乳液稳定性的有效方法。     

罗非鱼蛋白-乳清蛋白复合乳液负载β-胡萝卜素的研究

为了提高β-胡萝卜素的稳定性和生物利用率,充分利用双蛋白的营养和功能特性优势,以罗非鱼分离蛋白（tilapia protein isolate,TPI）和乳清分离蛋白（whey protein isolate,WPI）混合液作为乳化剂,通过高压均质结合热处理制备负载β-胡萝卜素的TPI-WPI复合乳液,探讨两种蛋白的质量比（2∶1、1∶1、1∶2）对乳液稳定性、抗氧化活性及体外消化特性的影响。结果表明,与单一的TPI和WPI乳液比较,TPI-WPI复合蛋白乳液的稳定性及β-胡萝卜素的生物利用率提高。当TPI与WPI质量比为1∶2时,复合蛋白乳液初始粒径为259.18 nm,zeta电位绝对值为28.23 mV,乳液的稳定性好,4℃贮藏21 d不分层;当TPI与WPI质量比为2∶1时,复合蛋白乳液贮藏21 d后β-胡萝卜素保留率达到62.36%,DPPH自由基和ABTS+自由基清除率分别为54.83%和40.11%,经体外消化后,β-胡萝卜素的生物利用率达24.76%,乳液游离脂肪酸释放率高。因此,WPI的添加可以提高复合蛋白乳液的稳定性,而TPI的添加可以提高乳液负载β-胡萝卜素的稳定性和生物利用率。研究结果可为混合蛋白构建稳定的乳液体系及活性成分的递送提供参考。     

番茄红素纳米乳液体系的稳定性能研究

针对以食品级生物大分子辛烯基琥珀酸酯化淀粉（OSA变性淀粉）为乳化剂构建的负载番茄红素纳米乳液体系,采用Turbiscan AGS稳定性分析仪监测24 h内纳米乳液的稳定性变化趋势,探索体系失稳的主要原因;对负载番茄红素纳米乳液在不同储存和应用条件下的稳定性能进行系统研究。研究结果表明：奥氏熟化可能是导致番茄红素纳米乳液失稳的主要原因。不同储存条件对体系粒径和番茄红素保留率的研究结果表明：储存条件对体系稳定性影响显著,其中对乳液粒径增长的影响程度依次为温度＞光照＞氧气,对番茄红素保留率的影响依次为氧气＞温度＞光照。纳米乳液在4 ℃避光充氮气条件下储存28 d,乳液粒径仅从138 nm增到157 nm,番茄红素的保留率为41%,体现了良好的稳定性。对番茄红素纳米乳液在不同pH、离子浓度和蔗糖浓度的模拟食品体系中的稳定性研究表明,乳液的耐酸性较强,盐离子和蔗糖分子不会对纳米乳液的稳定性造成太大的影响。     

不同乳化剂制备β-胡萝卜素纳米乳液研究

选择吐温20(TW)、十聚甘油单月桂酸酯(DML)、辛烯基琥珀酸淀粉酯(OSS)、乳清分离蛋白(WPI)四种乳化剂(1%,w/w),采用高压均质法制备β-胡萝卜素纳米乳液(0.03%,w/w).利用激光粒度仪分析纳米乳液的粒径大小与分布,Turbiscan浓缩体系稳定性分析仪监测纳米乳液稳定性变化趋势,HPLC法检测纳米乳液中β-胡萝卜素的含量.研究结果显示,纳米乳液粒径主要分布在115.0～303.0nm,多分散系数0.09～0.30,含有TW、DML的纳米乳液粒径显著小于含有OSS、WPI的纳米乳液(P＜0.05);储藏实验中,55℃下纳米乳液粒径增大显著,4℃下粒径变化不显著(P＞0.05);含有OSS的纳米乳液中β-胡萝卜素降解最快,55℃储藏12d、4℃储藏28d后残留率分别仅为22.88%和26.23%,而含有WPI的纳米乳液中β-胡萝卜素降解最慢,在相同条件下储藏,残留率分别为72.23%和62.08%.     

绿豆分离蛋白-葡聚糖接枝物的乳化性质研究

采用糖基化反应制备绿豆分离蛋白(MBPI)-葡聚糖(DX)接枝物,研究MBPI-DX接枝物的乳化性质。随着反应时间的延长,糖基化反应的接枝度先迅速增加而后增速变缓。糖基化反应使MBPI的乳化活性及乳化稳定性显著提高,反应2 h得到的接枝物乳化活性最高且乳化体系最稳定。糖基化反应使MBPI乳液的界面蛋白吸附率显著增加,有利于乳化能力的提升。因多糖的共价结合屏蔽蛋白质的电荷,故使MBPI-DX接枝物乳液的Zeta电位绝对值显著降低。电荷不是决定接枝产物乳液体系稳定性的主要因素,稳定性的改善更有赖于亲水性多糖链的共价结合。在显微结构中MBPI-DX接枝物乳液粒径显著减小,有利于乳液稳定性的改善。当反应超过2 h后,乳液粒径变大,这可能与过多亲水性多糖的引入破坏油-水界面平衡有关。     

OSA变性淀粉的乳化特性及其对纳米乳液构建影响的研究

研究生物大分子辛烯基琥珀酸淀粉(OSA)的乳化特性,并以其为乳化剂构建负载番茄红素的稳定纳米乳液体系。研究结果表明:溶解温度70℃,淀粉浓度为30%(w/w)时,OSA变性淀粉的乳化性能最佳。以其为乳化剂,当油相(中链甘油三酯,MCT)中番茄红素的质量浓度为0.1%(w/w),油水比1∶9时,通过高压均质得到的纳米乳液粒径120 nm,番茄红素负载率63%,经过一个月的储藏后,乳液粒径增加到160 nm,增长幅度小于34%,性状稳定,没有油相析出,表明OSA变性淀粉适合作为构建安全稳定纳米乳液的乳化剂。     

复合界面对食品乳液中脂肪消化的影响

以中链甘油三酯为油相制备乳液,将天然高分子与小分子表面活性剂复配,构建阿拉伯胶（gum arabic,GA）或乳清分离蛋白（whey protein isolate,WPI）与吐温80（T80）的复合乳液界面。采用逐层添加或混合添加的方式,调控界面组分的吸附次序,构建不同界面结构的乳液体系。采用体外模拟小肠消化模型和界面流变技术等手段剖析乳液界面结构对脂肪消化速率的影响。结果表明：对于GA、WPI和T80形成的单一乳液体系,GA和WPI的界面弹性模量高于T80界面,黏弹性好。三者抗胆盐取代和延缓脂肪消化能力依次为GA＜WPI＜T80。在大分子GA或WPI与小分子T80形成的复合乳液体系中,由T80吸附占主导的界面,其延缓脂肪消化和界面抗胆盐取代的能力优于GA或WPI与T80共同吸附的界面结构。     

Physicochemical and emulsifying properties of whey protein isolate (WPI)-polydextrose conjugates prepared via Maillard reaction

In this study, whey protein isolate (WPI) and polydextrose (PDX) were used to produce WPI-PDX covalent conjugates via dry-heating Maillard reaction, and their characteristics and functional properties including abilities to emulsify and stabilise the corn germ oil/water emulsions were measured. Compared with WPI alone, the WPI-PDX conjugates had higher water solubility and DPPH radical scavenging ability, and the derived emulsions exhibited good storage stability over 60 days prepared under these conditions: reaction time 24 h, conjugate concentration 4–6%, oil fraction ratio 0.6 and emulsion system pH 3–8. Further, we found that the emulsion possessed the best storage stability under the condition of 4% WPI-PDX conjugates and 0.6% oil fraction. These results provide a potent to prepare a beneficial Maillard conjugation following an optimised reaction condition and highlight the potential use of WPI-PDX conjugates as the emulsifier in food industry.     

Enhancing lycopene stability and bioaccessibility in homogenized tomato pulp using emulsion design principles

The objective of this study was to examine the impact of oil, emulsifier, and texture modifier addition on the bioaccessibility of lycopene in homogenized tomato pulp. Different types (olive or corn oil) and levels (0 to 8 wt%) of digestible lipids, a protein-based emulsifier (whey protein isolate, WPI) and/or a polysaccharide-based texture modifier (sodium alginate, SA) were added to the tomato pulp. The addition of these substances increased the amount of lycopene liberated from the tomato tissues. WPI addition led to the formation of smaller oil droplets during homogenization that scattered light more strongly, thereby leading to a tomato pulp that appeared more turbid. SA addition increased the viscosity of the tomato pulp, thereby increasing its uniformity. The best storage stability of lycopene in the tomato pulp was achieved by adding 8% corn oil and 1% WPI. However, the best in vitro bioaccessibility of lycopene (61.5%) was achieved using 6% olive oil and 1% SA. Overall, our results show that lycopene bioaccessibility in tomato products can be increased by careful manipulation of emulsion properties.Industrial relevance: Lycopene is a strongly hydrophobic carotenoid found in tomatoes that contributes to their desirable appearance and potential health benefits. However, it has poor chemical stability and low oral bioavailability, which limits its beneficial effects. We show that the stability and bioaccessibility of lycopene can be improved by high-pressure homogenization of tomato pulp in the presence of specific food additives. This approach may be suitable for the large-scale production of tomato products with enhanced health benefits.     

Stability of citral in protein- and gum arabic-stabilized oil-in-water emulsions

Citral is a major flavor component of citrus oils that can undergo chemical degradation leading to loss of aroma and formation of off-flavors. Engineering the interface of emulsion droplets with emulsifiers that inhibit chemical reactions could provide a novel technique to stabilize citral. The objective of this study was to determine if citral was more stable in emulsions stabilized with whey protein isolate (WPI) than gum arabic (GA). Degradation of citral was equal to or less in GA- than WPI-stabilized emulsion at pH 3.0 and 7.0. However, formation of the citral oxidation product, p-cymene was greater in the GA- than WPI-stabilized emulsion at pH 3.0 and 7.0. Emulsions stabilized by WPI had a better creaming stability than those stabilized by GA because the protein emulsifier was able to produce smaller lipid droplets during homogenization. These data suggest that WPI was able to inhibit the oxidative deterioration of citral in oil-in-water emulsions. The ability of WPI to decrease oxidative reactions could be due to the formation of a cationic emulsion droplet interface at pH 3.0 which can repel prooxidative metals and/or the ability of amino acids in WPI to scavenge free radical and chelate prooxidative metals.     

乳清分离蛋白纤维和典型抗氧化剂对罗伊氏乳杆菌TMW 1.656在常温贮藏胁迫下存活的影响

为研究新型纳米材料乳清分离蛋白纤维（whey protein isolate fibrils,WPIF）和典型抗氧化剂对益生菌常温贮藏氧胁迫的保护影响,采用乳清分离蛋白（whey protein isolate,WPI）和WPIF为壁材,添加不同质量浓度的典型抗氧化剂表没食子酸儿茶素没食子酸酯（epigallocatechin gallate,EGCG）和谷胱甘肽（glutathione,GSH）,采用喷雾干燥法制备干态菌粉。结果表明,在常温贮藏期间,益生菌的贮藏稳定性按照WPIF≈WPI>WPI+0.5 mg/mL EGCG>WPI+0.5 mg/mL GSH>WPI+5.0 mg/mL EGCG>WPI+5.0 mg/mL GSH的顺序下降。WPIF保护菌体的效果与WPI相差不大,其原因可能是高温使得纤维发生分解和聚集,从而导致没有发挥纤维优越的效果;抗氧化剂EGCG和GSH在抑菌实验和贮藏实验中都显著加速了益生菌的死亡,且具有质量浓度依赖性,这可能与其本身的抗菌活性或氧化产物的细胞毒性有关。     

Foams Prepared from Whey Protein Isolate and Egg White Protein: 1. Physical, Microstructural, and Interfacial Properties

ABSTRACT:  Foams were prepared from whey protein isolate (WPI), egg white protein (EWP), and combinations of the 2 (WPI/EWP), with physical properties of foams (overrun, drainage 1/2 life, and yield stress), air/water interfaces (interfacial tension and interfacial dilatational elasticity), and foam microstructure (bubble size and dynamic change of bubble count per area) investigated. Foams made from EWP had higher yield stress and stability (drainage 1/2 life) than those made from WPI. Foams made from mixtures of EWP and WPI had intermediate values. Foam stability could be explained based on solution viscosity, interfacial characteristics, and initial bubble size. Likewise, foam yield stress was associated with interfacial dilatational elastic moduli, mean bubble diameter, and air phase fraction. Foams made from WPI or WPI/EWP combinations formed master curves for stability and yield stress when normalized according to the above-mentioned properties. However, EWP foams were excluded from the common trends observed for WPI and WPI/EWP combination foams. Changes in interfacial tension showed that even the lowest level of WPI substitution (25% WPI) was enough to cause the temporal pattern of interfacial tension to mimic the pattern of WPI instead of EWP, suggesting that whey proteins dominated the interface. The higher foam yield stress and drainage stability of EWP foams appears to be due to forming smaller, more stable bubbles, that are packed together into structures that are more resistant to deformation than those of WPI foams.     

A novel improvement in whey protein isolate emulsion stability: Generation of an enzymatically cross-linked beet pectin layer using horseradish peroxidase

Extensive research has indicated that the electrostatic attraction between polysaccharides and proteins on the oil-water interface can improve the stability of emulsions. However, this electrostatic effect will be weakened or even eliminated as the solution pH or ionic strength of emulsions change, resulting in the shedding of the polysaccharide layer. We prepared primary oil-in-water emulsions at pH 7.0 using whey protein isolate (WPI) as an emulsifier and then beet pectin was added to form secondary emulsions. After the pH of emulsions was adjusted to 4.0 to promote electrostatic attraction between the beet pectin molecules and the protein-coated droplets, horseradish peroxidase was added to generate a cross-linked beet pectin coating. Results show that stable emulsions coated with WPI and cross-linked beet pectin interfaces could be formed. The sensitivity of the emulsions to the environmental stresses of pH changes, ions addition, thermal processing and freezing was also characterized in this work. Our results support the view that cross-linked beet pectin improves the stability of emulsions and is superior to simple deposition on the surface of lipid droplets. The interfacial engineering technology used in this study could be used to create food emulsions with improved stability to environmental stresses.     

大豆分离蛋白对大豆肽纳米颗粒Pickering乳液性能的影响

为提高大豆肽纳米颗粒(SPN)Pickering乳液稳定性,以大豆肽聚集体为原料,采用超声法制备SPN,对超声时间进行了优化;在SPN体系中引入大豆分离蛋白(SPI)构建复合乳化剂,研究不同乳化剂质量浓度下SPI对SPN界面活性和乳化稳定性的影响。结果表明：选取超声时间10 min制备SPN;随着乳化剂质量浓度的增大,乳液粒径逐渐减小,当乳化剂质量浓度较低(5 mg/mL)时,乳液出现桥联,乳化剂质量浓度过高(30 mg/mL)时则出现絮凝;界面蛋白吸附率随着乳化剂质量浓度的增加呈现先升高后降低的趋势。在相同乳化剂质量浓度下,添加SPI的SPN乳液(SPI-SPN乳液)的粒径分布峰左移,其粒径、界面蛋白吸附率显著小于SPN乳液的;在储存过程中,SPN乳液粒径逐渐增大,SPI-SPN乳液粒径没有显著变化;SPI-SPN乳液的乳析指数小于相同乳化剂质量浓度的SPN乳液,当乳化剂质量浓度为30 mg/mL时,储存15 d SPI-SPN乳液未出现分层现象。综上,SPI可以提高SPN的界面活性和SPN乳液储存过程中的絮凝稳定性和分层稳定性。