超声测温技术在模拟航空发动机燃烧室温度测量中的应用

温度的测试对航空发动机的发展具有重要的意义,燃烧室出口温度是航空发动机的一个重要参数.超声测温技术具有测温范围广、响应快、精度高等优点,近年来被广泛应用于高温测量领域.设计了一套应用于模拟航空发动机燃烧室的超声测温系统.介绍了超声测温的基本原理,设计了基于铱铑合金的超声测温传感器,并在1 600℃高温炉内进行温度与声速的标定实验,最后将铱铑合金超声测温系统应用于模拟航空发动机燃烧室出口气流温度的测量试验中,获得温度-时间曲线,同时将测量结果与热电偶测量数据进行对比分析.结果表明,铱铑超声温度传感器的测量准确度可以达到97%.     

声学测温研究现状及发展总结

声学测温在日常生活、生物医学和工业生产等领域有着广泛的应用,对拓宽温度测量应用范围具有重要意义。本文以敏感元件是否直接与待测物接触对声学测温方法进行分类,分别阐述了超声内部测温、声表面波测温、声速法测温以及声共鸣法测温的基本原理、计算公式、主要参数;并介绍了各声学测温方法的主要代表性产品、实际使用情况和目前的应用局限性。通过比较分析目前声学测温方法存在的精度问题和测温难点,得出总结与展望,为继续优化发展声学测温技术提供参考。     

基于高温黑体炉的钨铼热电偶校准方法研究

基于中国计量科学研究院的高温黑体炉设计了一种适用于钨铼偶等高温热电偶的校准方法。优化设计的均温块测温孔轴向均匀性20mm范围内小于0.5℃,优选的测温孔与中心孔的辐射温度差异可达到小于0.5℃。经铂铑10-铂热电偶验证了基于高温黑体炉的校准方法,在800~1300℃与S型热电偶标准热电势间差异小于0.5℃,不确定度评估为0.8~1.5℃,k=2。在800~1900℃范围内,测试了多只不同来源的C型钨铼偶热电势并考核了偶丝校准前后的均匀性,实验结果表明,钨铼偶丝与国际标准钨铼偶热电势的差异基本保持在1%以内,校准不确定度为3.7~13.0℃,相对不确定度为0.7%t (t为温度),k=2。     

高超声速风洞M_a=5中劈尖试件的红外测温

目前,红外测温技术在高温非稳态下的应用研究还不成熟,而红外测温技术的关键在于发射率的准确测量。为了测量高超声速气流下试件的温度,同时采用MCS640高温红外热像仪和GH3030高温合金热电偶对风洞马赫数5(M_a=5)中的超高强度合金结构钢D6AC劈尖试件进行温度测量。首先,通过热电偶和红外热像仪组合的匹配法校正试件的发射率,再设置热像仪的发射率,测得试件驻点的温度变化曲线和试件在不同时刻的热图。实验测得试件驻点的最高温度为2 019.3℃,对分析材料的烧蚀性能和防热结构的可靠性提供了参考。实验证明,该测温方法可以用来测量高超声速风洞中试件的温度。     

钨铼热电偶元件小型化技术研究

本文研究采用电泳涂层法制作小型钨铼热电偶高温测温元件的可能性和工艺过程，研制的热电偶元件外φ≤1.2mm，测温温度t≥1800℃，全面进行了元件的性能检测。包括热电性能，抗热冲击性能，稳定性和时间响应性能等，并在模拟宇航和核场条件下进行了实际温度测量。此外，作为钨铼热电偶用于高技术领域的一项基础性研究，对高温热电偶制作过程中的材料选配和制作工艺等问题进行了探讨。     

1500～2300 ℃高温热电偶校准及数据分析

分析了高温热电偶校准炉与钨管炉测试原理及其结构，着重对分度方法进行研究，通过B偶、PtRh40-PtRh20、Ir40Rh-Ir、钨铼等高温热电偶在高温区分度实验，列举分析了该系统通过实验得出的在1500～2300 ℃温度范围内的各项修正值数据。实验结果表明，高温热电偶校准炉重复性好，可用于1500～2300℃氧化和还原气氛下各种高温热电偶的校准。     

钨铼热电偶用高温套管补偿导线研究

为了满足国内钢水连续测温和其它高温环境需要而研制的一种新型测温材料,它适用于周围环境温度为0—500℃范围内作为钨铼5—钨铼20热电偶的补偿导线、供冶金、军工、科研等部门测量温度之用。由于目前国内所有的补偿导线仅局限于0—150℃环境温度下使用,高于该温度不论在导线的外护套,还是其热电特性都达不到要求。因此为获得一种符合钨铼5—钨铼20热电特性的合金材料,对一系列铜镍合金的热电特性进行了研究,从中得到了一种新型的导线材料,其正极为Ni12,负极Ni28的铜镍合金,配对后所产生的热电势在0—500℃范围内完全可     

发动机燃烧室出口温度分布测试的新型传感器

发动机燃烧室出口的温度分布对于推进技术的发展具有重要意义,而现阶段发动机内部温度已达1 800℃以上,主要测温手段辐射测温和热电偶受限于限于精度和材料,对这种高温氧化环境无法测试。该文依据超声测温原理,设计了一套可以在超高温氧化环境下用一根蓝宝石光纤测量多点温度的温度分布测试系统,并且在20～1 800℃范围内进行标定并多次校准。实验结果表明该系统测量精确、重复性良好,在1 600℃时灵敏度为0.004μs/℃,重复性达98.4%。在加装滞止罩后将感温元件封装于发动机燃烧室出口处,经过多此实验,测得了该燃烧室运行时出口处径向温度分布。     

300～1500℃钨铼热电偶校准结果不确定度分析

钨铼热电偶适用于还原性气氛,广泛应用于冶金、建材、航天、航空及核能等行业,可以部分取代贵金属热电偶,是高温测量领域中很有前途的测温材料。为了保证在工业领域钨铼热电偶测温的准确性,需要对其进行不同温度段的校准。本文主要介绍300～1500℃钨铼热电偶的校准方法,并对校准结果进行不确定度分析。     

玻璃振动模压中变幅杆高温模态分析及实验研究

为研究应用于光学元件的超声振动模压中变幅杆的高温振动特性,基于纵振波动方程设计所需频率的超声变幅杆,利用Creo软件建立其参数化模型。考虑变幅杆高温下的材料特性变化,结合实验所得数据对高温下的变幅杆进行模态分析,得到其在高温下的谐振频率。分析研究表明,变幅杆谐振频率随着温度的升高而降低。为提升变幅杆高温的下频率稳定性,通过有限元软件对其进行了结构优化设计。按照优化后的尺寸加工出变幅杆,通过实验检测其谐振频率,结果表明,在高温下优化后变幅杆的谐振频率仍稳定在设定频率附近。     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

The Research of Anti-Wear Properties of Organomolybdenum Compounds in the Engine Oils

A four-ball tester was used to evaluate the anti-wear performance of three kinds of organomolybdemun compounds in the engine oils, i. e., molybdenum dialkyldithiophosphate (MoDDP), molybdenum dialkyldithiocarbamate ( MoDTC), and sulphur and phosphorus freeorganomolybdeum (Molybdate). The results indicate that a low concentration of MoDDP doesn' t improve the anti-wear properties of the commercial engine oils, but a high concentration of MoDDP can obviously improve the anti-wear properties and the load-carrying capacity of the engine oils. MoDTC doesn' t improve the antiwear properties of the engine oils, but worsens the anti-wear properties of the oils. Signifi can timprove ment of frictional and wear characteristics is obtained with Molybdate added in the commercial engine oils and the formulated oils.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Certification Becomes Important for the I Quality; and Safety Supervision of the Chinese Liquor Sector

The end of 2007, over 200 unit products of more than 80 Chinese firms have passed the quality grade certification for liquor products. These products involve distilled spirits, beer, wine, yellow wine, fruit syrup wine and others, and cover over 80% of the national top-branded liquor products.……     

Deposition and Coating Properties on CVD Tungsten

Surface characterization and microstructure studies are performed on chemical vapor deposited (CVD) tungsten coating. There is about 2 μm thickness diffusion layer of tungsten in the molybdenum substrate. The thermal shock test shows tungsten coating has good adhesion with molybdenum substrate, but the elements of oxygen and carbon in the tungsten coating have the bad affection to the adhesion. The result of high-temperature diffusion experiment is the diffusion rate from molybdenum substrate to tungsten coating is faster.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Analysis of marine hydrobiont lipid extracts as possible cryoprotective agents

We studied a combined effect of the cryoprotectants both of lipid and carbohydrate origin at the presence of DMSO or without it on cell viability and the RNA synthesis in the embryonic mollusc and echinoderm cell cultures obtained at different developmental stages. Cryoprotective properties of exogenous lipids correlated with their thermotropic behavior. Lipid extracts from marine hydrobiontes, which thermal transitions are characterized by relatively small part of calorimetric thermogram area lying at temperatures above 0 °C (6–18%), were found to possess a considerable cryoprotective activity. The results are discussed in relation to the prediction of the cryoprotective activity of lipid extracts for marine animal cells. In addition, it was found that marine invertebrate cells can be cryopreserved without DMSO at the presence of trehalose and lipid extracts of some marine hydrobiontes.     

Low-Temperature Properties of Silver

Pure silver is used extensively in the preparation of high-temperature superconductor wires, tapes, films, and other configurations in which the silver not only shields the superconducting material from the surrounding materials, but also provides a degree of flexibility and strain relief, as well as stabilization and low-resistance electrical contact. Silver is relatively expensive, but at this stage of superconductor development, its unique combination of properties seems to offer the only reasonable means of achieving usable lengths of conductor. In this role, the low-temperature physical (electrical, thermal, magnetic, optical) and mechanical properties of the silver all become important. Here we present a collection of properties data extracted from the cryogenic literature and, to the extent possible, selected for reliability.