单轴拉伸确定粘弹性材料瞬时模量的测试方法

对尼龙12材料分别进行单轴拉伸蠕变和率跳动测试,用以得到拉伸蠕变柔量和率跳动前后对应的应力-应变响应关系,进而获得各测试条件下对应的瞬时模量。基于弹簧粘壶组合本构模型的拉伸蠕变测试方法仅适用于线性粘弹性材料,率跳动测试方式则可适用于非线性粘弹性材料。结果表明,2种方法得到的瞬时模量值相近,而相对于率跳动直接测量粘弹性材料瞬时模量方法,拉伸蠕变间接测定的方法更为高效准确。     

PVC涂层膜材料不同应力下非线性蠕变特性的预测

对方平组织为基布的PVC (polyvinylchloride)涂层膜材料进行了经、纬两方向五种应力条件下的拉伸蠕变试验.利用七参数(四个蠕变柔量与三个推迟时间)广义Kelvin-Voigt线性粘弹性蠕变模型对试验数据进行了分析,从中发现:对于单个应力,线性粘弹性蠕变模型具有很好的拟合效果,而对于多个应力,三个推迟时间参数保持不变,并以此为基础,将七参数广义Kelvin-Voigt线性粘弹性蠕变模型修改为适合膜材料的七参数(四个蠕变柔量与三个推迟时间)非线性粘弹性和十四参数(八个蠕变柔量与六个推迟时间)非线性粘弹塑蠕变模型,并把十四参数非线性粘弹塑蠕变模型合并为四个蠕变柔量与三个推迟时间的七参数非线性模型,再将这两种非线性模型中的三个推迟时间设定为与线性粘弹性蠕变模型相同,同时还设定非线性部分均来自于四个蠕变柔量,最后借助四阶多项式对不同应力与对应的蠕变柔量进行了拟合,结果发现:该方法可以很好预测其他应力的蠕变特性.     

基于Burgers模型对缓冲材料EPE压缩蠕变行为的分析

目的 为解决缓冲材料发泡聚乙烯因蠕变引起保护失效的问题,基于Burgers模型,分析载荷、应力保持时间对EPE压缩蠕变行为的影响。方法 根据不同应力下的不同保持时长压缩蠕变试验结果,拟合EPE不同应力下的压缩蠕变试验数据,分析不同应力、应力保持时间下的EPE蠕变过程中蠕变总量、弹性应变、黏弹性应变和黏性应变的变化规律。结果 Burgers四元件力学模型对EPE不同应力下的压缩蠕变实验数据拟合度为0.992 4～0.998 9。在同一应力保持时间下,随着应力从3.3 kPa增加到5.3 kPa,弹性模量E₁、弹性模量E₂、黏度系数η₂、黏度系数η1都逐渐减小,蠕变总量、黏性应变呈非线性显著增加,弹性应变、粘弹性应变呈线性微量增加;在同一应力下,随着应力保持时间从20 d增加到120 d,弹性应变一直保持不变,占蠕变总量的比例降低,粘弹性应变先微量增加后保持不变,占蠕变总量的比例降低,黏性应变增加,占蠕变总量的比例增加。结论 Burgers模型可较准确地模拟EPE不稳定蠕变阶段和稳定蠕变阶段的压缩蠕变行为;应力的增加导致EP...     

复合材料夹杂双层粘弹性材料的应变能和阻尼性能分析

分析了复合材料夹杂双层粘弹性阻尼材料组成的对称夹层板的线性弯曲,其中夹杂的粘弹性阻尼材料作为各向同性材料处理。既考虑面内应变能又考虑横向切应力应变能,用Ritz法研究各应力分量的应变能。以四边夹紧为边界条件的方板为例,计算并分析了复合材料层和粘弹性层的应变能以及复合结构的损耗因子。结果表明:复合材料层中的面内应变能占主要地位;粘弹性层中的xz方向和yz方向的切应力应变能较大;芯层的应变能很小。     

非线性土中单桩竖向动力特性分析

在Novak边界层模型基础上,将桩周土分为非线性粘弹性内域和线性粘弹性外域,采用随内域平均应变减小的剪切模量和增长的材料迟滞阻尼比近似考虑内域的非线性粘弹性,采用等效线性方法对端承桩与三维土层的竖向耦合振动进行了研究,得到了非线性土中单桩竖向动力阻抗函数。对动力特性进行算例分析,讨论了内域土非线性、桩长细比、桩-土刚度关系和密度比、材料阻尼、激振荷载幅值等因素对非线性土中单桩竖向动刚度和阻尼的影响,对进一步研究桩-土-结构动力相互作用机理具有理论价值和实践意义。     

滚动轴承接触的非线性有限元分析

利用MSC.Patran/Marc软件建立了滚动轴承的二维有限元分析模型,进行了接触非线性有限元分析,得到接触应力、应变随接触状态的变化情况.当不考虑摩擦接触时,压力与变形间呈现一定的非线性关系.当考虑摩擦接触时,下板面最大等效应力增加,应力分布形状发生改变,最大切向应力发生点向接触部位靠近,说明摩擦因素对接触表面切向应力大小与最大切向应力发生点产生影响.     

飞机风挡鸟撞破坏的一种耦合接触碰撞数值模拟

推导了ZWT犁非线性粘弹性本构方程的增量迭代形式;介绍了LS-DYNA3D中材料子程序和破坏准则的定义方法:通过计算实例编写ZWT型非线性粘弹性材料子程序,并将关键字定义方法应用于鸟撞飞机风挡的破坏准则研究,鸟撞有限元数值模拟采用接触碰撞耦合解法.结果表明:结合编写材料子程序和关键字定义可以开展飞机风挡的鸟撞破坏研究.     

泡沫EPS非线性粘弹性本构模型在LS-DYNA空调跌落仿真中的研究

目的 研究泡沫EPS非线性粘弹性本构模型对空调跌落仿真精度的影响。方法 通过动态压缩试验获得泡沫EPS在不同应变率下的应力-应变结果,使用LS-DYNA中的非线性粘弹性本构模型Fu-Chang泡沫准确模拟泡沫在不同应变率下的力学性能,并通过空调跌落仿真进行验证。结果 使用不同应变率下的泡沫EPS非线性粘弹性本构模型进行仿真,空调不同位置的仿真加速度曲线和实际试验加速度曲线相似度在90%以上。结论 不同应变率下的泡沫EPS非线性粘弹性本构模型可以准确模拟EPS泡沫在动态冲击下的材料力学性能,可以更加准确地模拟跌落工况中空调结构的动态反应及泡沫失效状态,提高仿真精度。     

基于接触协同作用结构非线性屈曲分析

工程结构中结构或构件之间存在接触摩擦现象是较为普遍的,接触协同作用使得结构非线性屈曲问题的数值求解变得困难。该文从这一实际问题出发,采用子结构凝聚自由度的有限元方法得到基于接触界面问题的非线性有限元平衡方程,通过增广拉格朗日乘子法对接触问题的约束条件进行处理,并与柱面弧长法结合,对非线性屈曲问题进行全过程跟踪求解。算例结果表明接触协同作用对结构的非线性屈曲过程影响明显,有必要在实际工程结构设计中考虑接触协同作用的影响。     

摩擦接触热传导有限元研究

用接触力学计算方法中的缩聚技术，通过能量传递建立接触表面温度和热流边界条件，得到建立在接触边界的热接触有限元方程组。固体接触力学中的各类有限元数值方法因而可用于时变热传导问题，对于精确确定由摩擦功转化而来的表面温升不容忽视时的温度场分布、温度梯度及其对结构强度、材料相变的影响提供了一种新的方法。当材料是热的不良导体，例如高分子粘弹性材料时，尤有重要意义。通过对聚乙烯材料和不锈钢摩擦接触的计算，说明     

Influence of surface energy on the nanoindentation response of elastically-layered viscoelastic materials

In the context of integrated nonlinear viscoelastic contact mechanics, a nonlinear finite element model is developed to predict and analyze the quasistatic response of nanoindentation problems of an elastically-layered viscoelastic materials considering the surface elasticity effects. Effects of surface energy are accounted for by employing the Gurtin–Murdoch continuum model for surface elasticity. The linear viscoelastic response is modeled by the Schapery’s creep model with a Prony’s series to express the transient component in the creep compliance. The viscoelastic constitutive equations are cast into a recursive form that needs only the previous time increment rather than the entire strain history. To satisfy the contact constraints exactly, the Lagrange multiplier method is adopted to enforce the contact conditions into the system. The equilibrium indentation configuration is obtained through the Newton–Raphson iterative procedure. The developed model is verified then applied to investigate the quasistatic nanoindentation response of two different indentation problems with different geometry and loading conditions. Results show the significant effects of surface energy and viscoelasticity on the quasistatic nanoindentation response.     

Analysis of nanocontact problems of layered viscoelastic solids with surface energy effects under different loading patterns

Surface stresses have a remarkable effect on nanocontact response of layered viscoelastic solids, especially under specific loading patterns. In the framework of nonlinear viscoelastic contact mechanics, a numerical model is developed to investigate the quasistatic nanocontact response of elastically layered viscoelastic solids under different loading patterns. The developed model accounts for surface energy effects by adopting the complete Gurtin–Murdoch surface elasticity model. The Schapery’s constitutive viscoelastic creep model is used for the stress, strain, and time relationships. The transient term in the creep compliance is expressed by Prony’s series. Frictionless contact condition is assumed throughout the contact interface. The equilibrium contact configuration, in which the contact constraints are exactly satisfied without any need for an appropriate value for the penalty parameter, is obtained by using the Lagrange multiplier method in the framework of the Newton–Raphson procedure. The developed model is applied to study and analyze the quasistatic nanocontact response of two different problems under different loading patterns. Results show the significant effect of the type of loading pattern and its rate on the nanocontact response of elastically layered viscoelastic solids.     

Comparison of a viscoelastic frictional interface theory with a kinetic crack growth theory in unidirectional composites

In this paper we compare a frictional interface theory for fiber and matrix load sharing with a kinetic crack growth theory as applicable to the failure of unidirectional composites. First we formulate the creep lifetime prediction based on the viscoelastic frictional interface theory, and then we determine a parameter in the kinetic crack growth theory by fitting it to the frictional interface theory in terms of the creep lifetime prediction. Times-to-failure under a constant strain rate condition are then derived by these two models, and they are compared. The residual strengths after interrupted loading are also compared.     

Viscoelastic incremental formulation using creep and relaxation differential approaches

A new incremental formulation in the time domain for linear, non-ageing viscoelastic materials undergoing mechanical deformation is presented in this work. The formulation is derived from linear differential equations based on a discrete spectrum representation for the creep and relaxation tensors. The incremental constitutive equations are then obtained by finite difference integration. Thus the difficulty of retaining the stress and strain history in computer solutions is avoided. A complete general formulation of linear viscoelastic stress analysis is developed in terms of increments of strains and stresses in order to establish the constitutive stress–strain relationship. The presented method is validated using numerical simulations and reliable results are obtained.     

Finite element analysis of 3D elastic–plastic frictional contact problem for Cosserat materials

The objective of this paper is to develop a finite element model for 3D elastic–plastic frictional contact problem of Cosserat materials. Because 3D elastic–plastic frictional contact problems belong to the unspecified boundary problems with nonlinearities in both material and geometric forms, a large number of calculations are needed to obtain numerical results with high accuracy. Based on the parametric variational principle and the corresponding quadratic programming method for numerical simulation of frictional contact problems, a finite element model is developed for 3D elastic–plastic frictional contact analysis of Cosserat materials. The problems are finally reduced to linear complementarity problems (LCP). Numerical examples show the feasibility and importance of the developed model for analyzing the contact problems of structures with materials which have micro-polar characteristics.     

Frictional contact analysis of composite materials

In this paper, the highly non-linear frictional contact problems of composite materials are analysed. A proportional loading, the potential contact zone method and finite element analysis are used to solve the problems. A tree-like searching method is used to obtain the solution of the parametric linear complementary problem, which may overcome the anisotropic properties of contact equations caused by composite materials. In the frictional contact analysis of composite materials, the distributions of normal contact pressures, tangential contact stresses and relative tangential displacements are presented for different contact material systems and different coefficients of friction. The results show that the solutions in the paper have good agreement with Hertzian solutions. The influence of different contact material systems and different coefficients of friction on the contact stresses and displacements is large. As a numerical example, ball-indentation tests of composite materials are modelled by the three-dimensional finite element method.     

Bending and creep buckling response of viscoelastic functionally graded beam-columns

The viscoelastic creep response of flexural beams and beam-columns made with functionally graded materials is numerically investigated. The paper highlights the challenges associated with the modeling and analysis of such structures, and presents a nonlinear theoretical model for their bending and creep buckling analysis. The model accounts for the viscoelasticity of the materials using differential-type constitutive relations that are based on the linear Boltzmann’s principle of superposition. The model is general in terms of its ability to deal with any material volume faction distribution through the depth of the beam, and with different linear viscoelastic laws, boundary conditions, and loading schemes. The governing equations are solved through time stepping numerical integration, which yields an exponential algorithm following the expansion of the relaxation function into a Dirichlet series. A numerical study that examines the capabilities of the model and quantifies the creep response of functionally graded beam-columns is presented, with special focus on the stresses and strains redistribution over time and on the creep buckling response. The results show that the creep response of such structures can be strongly nonlinear due to the variation of the viscoelastic properties through the depth, along with unique phenomena that are not observed in homogenous structures.     

Analytical approach of mechanical behavior of carpet yarn by mechanical models

The viscoelastic models for describing mechanical behavior of polypropylene carpet yarn are presented in this paper. Since carpet yarn is subjected to tensile and frictional forces during tufting, the mechanical properties are important material features especially in vibration analysis. In this paper, the standard linear model and the standard nonlinear model are developed to simulate the polypropylene yarn tensile, stress relaxation and creep behaviors. The obtained formulas are fitted with experimental data and the ideal model parameters are determined by applying least squares. The results showed that the standard linear model fits well the tensile, relaxation and creep experimental curves, and will be employed to analyze the vibration characteristics of yarn during the tufting.     

Relationship between lifetime under creep and constant stress rate for polymer-matrix composites

The present article reviews two existing theoretical approaches for creep failure criteria of viscoelastic materials. One criterion is based on the continuum damage mechanics (CDM) and the other is based on the fracture mechanics extended to viscoelastic materials. Although both theoretical frameworks are based on different physical concepts, the deduced lifetime expressions turn out to be equivalent even though its parameters have different physical interpretation. It is proved that both theoretical frameworks, when extended to variable stress loading cases, imply the linear cumulative damage (LCD) law. Additionally the relationship obtained between the creep–rupture and constant stress rate until failure is very simple. Moreover this simple relationship is obtained independently by two different cumulative damage laws, which do not obey the LCD law, and by experimental evidence using published data for two different polymer-matrix composites (PMC). Finally a micromechanical model, used for creep–rupture of unidirectional composites, is extended for constant stress rate until failure to corroborate the simple relationship obtained between the creep–rupture and constant stress rate until failure.