重组竹顺纹受压蠕变性能及预测模型

为研究重组竹顺纹受压蠕变性能,对12个重组竹受压试件进行了蠕变试验,通过分析蠕变增长率和Burgers模型中各参数,得到重组竹受压试件受压蠕变变化规律。结果表明,重组竹在持续受压荷载作用下,应力水平较低时,蠕变变形发展稳定,不会发生承载力破坏;应力水平较大时(达到60%极限载荷水平),将会直接导致重组竹受压屈曲破坏,蠕变变形呈非稳定性增长;重组竹受压蠕变应变增长率随时间增加而逐渐增大,其增长速率则呈减速状态,受压蠕变的应变增长率随应力比增加而增大。基于试验结果,分析了重组竹受压蠕变试验的弹性变形、黏弹性变形和黏性变形的变化规律,对不同荷载水平的Burgers模型参数进行确定,并进一步推导了Burgers模型参数随应力水平的变化规律。基于此,建议考虑荷载水平的重组竹受压蠕变预测模型,模型预测结果与试验曲线一致。      

基于黏弹性理论的多聚磷酸改性沥青低温性能

基于黏弹性理论,对不同质量分数(0.5wt%,1.0wt%,1.5wt%,2.0wt%)的多聚磷酸改性沥青及基质沥青进行低温弯曲流变试验(BBR),结合Burgers模型对低温弯曲梁流变试验得到的蠕变数据进行非线性拟合,利用Burgers模型的四个参数(E_1、η_1、E_2、η_2分别是Maxwell和Kelvin模型中弹性模量和黏性系数)确定出低温性能指标,对多聚磷酸改性沥青低温性能进行分析。结果表明:多聚磷酸的添加使沥青中的黏性和弹性都得到了一定的改善,沥青中松弛时间减少,储存能减少,耗散能增加,应力松弛能力得到提高。在相同温度下,多聚磷酸改性沥青延缓了沥青进入蠕变稳定期的时间,但随着温度的降低,达到蠕变稳定期的时间缩短。多聚磷酸改性剂的添加可以提高沥青低温性能,且随质量分数的增加,低温改善效果更好;但随着温度的降低,多聚磷酸对沥青的低温改善程度减小,且不同质量分数对其影响的差异也减小,在-24℃以上适合使用多聚磷酸改性,而在-24℃以下掺入多聚磷酸改性沥青意义不大。     

老化对水泥乳化沥青胶结料动态力学性能的影响

基于分数导数修正Burgers模型,建立了水泥乳化沥青胶结料（简称复合胶结料）的本构方程。结合不同材料配比的复合胶结料的老化试验及频率扫描试验,分析了老化时间及材料配比等因素对复合胶结料黏弹性力学参数的影响。研究表明,复合胶结料的存储模量与损耗模量均随老化时间的增加而增大,在老化时间为0~8 h时,存储模量及损耗模量增加较快,当老化时间超过8 h后,其增长趋势减缓。对于乳化沥青与水泥的质量比（m_A/m_C）为1.2和1.4的复合胶结料,在不同的加载频率下,其相位角均随老化时间的增加而减小。对于m_A/m_C为1.0的复合胶结料,其相位角随着老化时间的增加呈现先增加后减小的变化规律。随着老化时间的增加,复合胶结料趋向于弹性材料的力学性质。分数导数修正Burgers模型可以较好的描述老化后复合胶结料的黏弹性动态力学行为,模型参数弹性模量E₁、黏度η₁和分数导数r可以描述老化情况下材料黏弹特性的变化规律。     

船用高分子材料压缩蠕变特性研究

研究了四种船用高分子材料的蠕变特性,分析了其压缩蠕变曲线特点,以及试验中弹性变形、粘弹性变形及粘性变形在总变形中所占比例,最后建立材料压缩蠕变的Burgers模型,得到了试验数据的拟合方程和拟合曲线。由实测曲线和拟合曲线可知,利用Burgers模型可以准确分析试验期间材料的蠕变性能,并能较好地预测材料后期的蠕变行为。     

中等时间尺度下弹道明胶的线性黏弹性模型

在不同时间尺度下,明胶表现出不同的黏弹性行为。应用蠕变和应力松弛模式研究质量分数为10%的弹道明胶在中等时间尺度下的线性黏弹性行为。低剪切速率下的连续加载-卸载实验显示,在常规感知的时间尺度下(～1min)弹道明胶接近完全弹性体,其线性区应变范围为0～0.25。对蠕变实验对应的中等时间尺度(1h),选择样品老化24h作为实验起点,这时明胶结构缓慢老化带来的影响可以忽略,从而能够构建恒定参数的本构方程来描述弹道明胶的线性黏弹性行为。对1组蠕变实验结果进行分析,可确定Burgers模型的4个粘弹性参数,然后使用该组参数的模型预测另外2组蠕变实验以及应力松弛实验。结果表明Burgers模型能较好地表征弹道明胶在中等时间尺度下的线性黏弹性行为。     

岩石非定常Burgers蠕变模型及其参数识别

针对岩石蠕变的非线性特征,提出了一种非线性黏壶元件,并分别替换Burgers模型中的两个线性黏壶元件,从而建立了一种非定常参数Burgers模型。推导了非定常Burgers模型的一维蠕变方程,分析模型参数λ₁与λ₂取值范围对蠕变方程的影响,从理论上确定了非定常模型能够描述蠕变的3个阶段。在此基础上,将非定常Burgers模型的蠕变方程推广至三维应力状态下,并基于Levenberg-Marquardt算法对向家坝岩石的三轴压缩蠕变试验曲线进行拟合及参数识别。通过对比定常与非定常Burgers模型的拟合曲线与相关系数,可以发现非定常Burgers模型拟合效果更好,且能够准确描述包括加速蠕变在内的岩石三阶段蠕变特性,验证了所构建非线性模型的适用性与合理性。     

EPS压缩蠕变的应力与密度的相依性

室温下,对三种密度的聚苯乙烯泡沫(EPS)进行了不同应力水平下的单轴压缩蠕变实验,结果表明,蠕变随应力的增大而增大,随密度的增大而减小。利用粘弹性力学理论,根据弹性-粘弹性对应原理,使用求解粘弹性问题的积分变换方法(Lap lace逆变换),建立了包含密度和应力影响的EPS压缩蠕变模型。分析对比实验曲线和理论模型得到的结论,二者图形趋势较为一致,所以该模型可以反映密度和应力水平对EPS压缩蠕变的影响,可以用来描述EPS的压缩蠕变。     

中等时间尺度下弹道明胶的线性黏弹性模型EI北大核心CSCD

在不同时间尺度下,明胶表现出不同的黏弹性行为。应用蠕变和应力松弛模式研究质量分数为10%的弹道明胶在中等时间尺度下的线性黏弹性行为。低剪切速率下的连续加载-卸载实验显示,在常规感知的时间尺度下(～1min)弹道明胶接近完全弹性体,其线性区应变范围为0～0.25。对蠕变实验对应的中等时间尺度(>1h),选择样品老化24h作为实验起点,这时明胶结构缓慢老化带来的影响可以忽略,从而能够构建恒定参数的本构方程来描述弹道明胶的线性黏弹性行为。对1组蠕变实验结果进行分析,可确定Burgers模型的4个粘弹性参数,然后使用该组参数的模型预测另外2组蠕变实验以及应力松弛实验。结果表明Burgers模型能较好地表征弹道明胶在中等时间尺度下的线性黏弹性行为。     

溶剂型丙烯酸酯压敏胶的流变性能研究

针对分子量不同的溶剂型丙烯酸酯共聚物压敏胶的流变性能进行研究,通过频率扫描、振幅扫描两种不同模式进行流变性能测试,并对其蠕变性能进行了测试,通过测试,分析了分子量对流变性能的影响。结果表明,分子量增大,区分频率值(f*)变小,零剪切黏度(η0)变大,样品的弹性变好;在振幅扫描模式下,随着分子量变大,样品的线性黏弹区域变大,弹性模量(G′)与黏性模量(G″)均变大,但弹性模量增大的幅度大于黏性模量,因此,随着分子量变大,样品逐渐从G′G″,样品由黏弹性液体流变行为逐渐向黏弹性固体流变行为转变;蠕变测试说明分子量增大,有利于改善样品的抗剪切变形能力与蠕变回复能力,蠕变回复时间也随之变大。     

纸夹芯和泡沫复合层状结构的静态缓冲吸能特性研究

针对由发泡聚乙烯（EPE）、瓦楞纸板、蜂窝纸板组成的复合层状结构的包装防护作用,通过实验对比分析了这类结构的横向静态压缩变形特征和缓冲吸能特性。结果表明,这类结构在压缩初始阶段和最后阶段主要表现为EPE的力学性能,而在中间阶段为瓦楞纸板、蜂窝纸板的力学性能。复合层状结构的弹性模量、总吸能、行程利用率均高于EPE,而单位体积变形能则由于试样厚度增加幅值不同,并未表现出与总吸能一致的变化规律。比吸能随着压缩应变增大而增加,几乎不受压缩速度的影响,其中EPE与蜂窝纸板复合层状结构的比吸能均大于EPE与瓦楞纸板复合结构。在应力水平较小时,EPE与瓦楞纸板复合层状结构的能量吸收效率大,然而在应力水平较大时,EPE与蜂窝纸板复合的能量吸收效率大。     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

The Research of Anti-Wear Properties of Organomolybdenum Compounds in the Engine Oils

A four-ball tester was used to evaluate the anti-wear performance of three kinds of organomolybdemun compounds in the engine oils, i. e., molybdenum dialkyldithiophosphate (MoDDP), molybdenum dialkyldithiocarbamate ( MoDTC), and sulphur and phosphorus freeorganomolybdeum (Molybdate). The results indicate that a low concentration of MoDDP doesn' t improve the anti-wear properties of the commercial engine oils, but a high concentration of MoDDP can obviously improve the anti-wear properties and the load-carrying capacity of the engine oils. MoDTC doesn' t improve the antiwear properties of the engine oils, but worsens the anti-wear properties of the oils. Signifi can timprove ment of frictional and wear characteristics is obtained with Molybdate added in the commercial engine oils and the formulated oils.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

Synthesis of Alumina-Zirconia Nanocomposites by Solgel Process

Al₂O₃-ZrO₂ nanocomposites were developed starting with the solgel process. Composite alumina-zirconia nanopowders were synthesized from metallorganic precursors (Aluminium secondary butoxide and zirconium Iso propoxide) using the solgel process. The parameters affecting the synthesis—solvent, concentration of precursor, R/H ratio (i.e., dilution of water in solvent)—were varied as also the temperature and pH. BET and TEM were used to measure nanosize. Diffuse reflectance spectroscopy and also qualitative optical absorption led to identical particle size estimate. The variation of process parameters was used to study the effect and interdependence of process parameters. Artificial Neural Networks was used to rigorously analyze the process. Although this led to confirmation of interdependence of parameters, the presence of a single overwhelming solvent variable was also established. Then the optimal process was used to synthesize more nanopowder. To produce bulk nanocomposite the nanopowders were sintered by varying the temperature and time period. The sintered lithoids were probed with a vickers hardness tester to measure elastic modulus, hardness, and fracture toughness. The results showed high elastic modulus, modest hardness, and very high fracture toughness.     

Friction Stir Processing Strategies for Uniform Distribution of Reinforcement in a Surface Composite

Friction stir processing (FSP) is an important technique for preparing surface composites. Fabricating defect-free surface composites with uniform particle distribution by FSP is a challenging task. In this study, silicon carbide particles reinforced AA5083 alloy surface composites was fabricated using different FSP strategies including variation in process parameters, dual-tool processing and tool offset overlapping. Material flow of the processed material with reinforcement particles demonstrated that the distribution of particles was influenced by the stirring action of the probe as well as the extrusion of the plasticized material due to the movement of the tool. Process parameters, particularly rotational speed, showed a dominant influence on the distribution of silicon carbide particles.     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

Certification Becomes Important for the I Quality; and Safety Supervision of the Chinese Liquor Sector

The end of 2007, over 200 unit products of more than 80 Chinese firms have passed the quality grade certification for liquor products. These products involve distilled spirits, beer, wine, yellow wine, fruit syrup wine and others, and cover over 80% of the national top-branded liquor products.……     

Deposition and Coating Properties on CVD Tungsten

Surface characterization and microstructure studies are performed on chemical vapor deposited (CVD) tungsten coating. There is about 2 μm thickness diffusion layer of tungsten in the molybdenum substrate. The thermal shock test shows tungsten coating has good adhesion with molybdenum substrate, but the elements of oxygen and carbon in the tungsten coating have the bad affection to the adhesion. The result of high-temperature diffusion experiment is the diffusion rate from molybdenum substrate to tungsten coating is faster.     

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