协作频谱感知安全问题研究

针对认知无线电网络中协作频谱感知中安全问题,分析了模拟"主用户"PUE和篡改感知数据SSDF两种攻击方式,重点研究了SSDF攻击下的协作频谱感知安全方案。在比较现有抗SSDF攻击方案协作感知性能的基础上,提出了基于四门限决策的改进型WSPRT。结果表明,改进型WSPRT方案相比于传统方案,具有更好的协作感知性能。     

MAC Protocols for Cognitive Radio Networks

由于认知无线网络(cognitive radio network,简称CRN)固有“二次利用”的特性,使其日益得到重视.而作为CRN核心构成的MAC(medium access control)协议,业已成为当前各研究机构的一个热点.主要对频谱感测技术、信道接入技术等MAC层核心设计问题进行了探讨,并针对认知无线网络MAC的特性及需求进行了分析,然后对设计MAC频谱感知技术、信道接入技术、频谱共享技术等相关研究进展进行了归类总结.最后指出了当前面临的主要研究难点及挑战,并提出了一些方向性建议.     

认知无线网络信道接入协议

由于认知无线网络(cognitive radio network,简称CRN)固有"二次利用"的特性,使其日益得到重视.而作为CRN核心构成的MAC(medium access control)协议,业已成为当前各研究机构的一个热点.主要对频谱感测技术、信道接入技术等MAC层核心设计问题进行了探讨,并针对认知无线网络MAC的特性及需求进行了分析,然后对设计MAC频谱感知技术、信道接入技术、频谱共享技术等相关研究进展进行了归类总结.最后指出了当前面临的主要研究难点及挑战,并提出了一些方向性建议.     

一种Ad Hoc认知无线电安全频谱管理方案

针对认知无线电频谱管理主要安全威胁,利用零知识证明、群密钥管理、比特承诺和安全多方计算分别解决频谱感知中的主用户识别、频谱决策中的安全信道、频谱共享中信息共享和频谱迁移中的信道协商四个主要安全问题,不仅保证频谱管理的安全性,而且提高了安全管理效率.提供了比传统的物理方法更为灵活和完整的安全频谱管理的方案.     

认知无线电网络中的频谱感知安全机会路由协议

针对认知无线电网络中频谱的动态特性及潜在的节点选择性转发问题,提出频谱感知安全机会路由S2OR协议。在频谱感知阶段,通过对主用户活动建模来分析认知节点之间链路的可用概率。在路由选择阶段,采用信任管理方式来考查节点转发行为的可靠性,以便选择可信任的中继节点并保证数据传输的完整性。协议通过获取局部网络状态信息,计算由链路可用概率、链路质量和节点信任度构成的综合型指标——期望吞吐率,允许认知节点在此基础上机会式地选择候选转发节点与数据信道。仿真结果表明,S2OR能够很好地适应频谱动态特性,获取较高的吞吐量,同时减小节点恶意攻击带来的影响。     

基于认知无线电的频谱感知及TCP跨层设计

目前针对认知无线电网络中TCP协议的研究大多假设次用户的感知是完美的,且未综合考虑TCP协议参数和感知时间等因素对TCP性能的影响。针对上述问题,在TCP Westwood协议的基础上,提出一种基于传输预判的改进TCP协议,建立基于认知无线电网络的TCP吞吐量跨层模型。采用部分可观测马尔可夫决策过程对有感知误差的次用户频谱感知和接入过程进行建模,将其转换为信念状态马尔可夫决策过程,使用Sarsa(λ)算法对其进行求解,以在最大化TCP吞吐量的同时得到最优感知时间。仿真结果表明,与TCP Reno和TCP Newreno协议相比,使用该方案所得的TCP拥塞窗口值分别提高约42%和27%,平均吞吐量分别提高约5.7%和5.5%,当感知时间为0.2s时,所得的TCP平均吞吐量为最大值。     

电磁频谱空间态势认知新范式：频谱语义和频谱行为

面对频谱资源日益紧缺、频谱安全日益严峻以及频谱对抗日益激烈的挑战,电磁频谱态势研究急需从感知向认知跃升。本文从多层频谱态势认知体系模型与机理、跨域多维电磁特征提取与融合、频谱语义态势高效补全与预测、频谱行为精准推理与意图识别4个方面出发,综述了频谱态势认知理论与方法的研究现状。面对复杂多域多维电磁频谱环境与多样化任务的挑战,需要构建从“数据到语义”“语义到行为”“单域到跨域”“单层到多层”的频谱态势认知理论技术体系,该体系可为提升天地一体信息网络频谱利用效率、维护空中电波安全有序以及夺取电磁频谱制电磁权/电磁频谱战优势奠定频谱态势理论技术基础。     

瑞利信道下多门限频谱合作感知方法研究

随着通信方式由语音转向多媒体应用,人们对高速无线传送的需求与日俱增。然而由于有限的自然频谱,现行的静态频率分配机制不能满足快速激增的高速通信设备的要求。因此,需要能够提高频谱利用效率的创新技术,认知无线电的出现解决了这种频谱拥塞的问题,本文将研究在能量探测频谱感知过程中使用多门限判决方法,在认知无线电网络中,决策中心接收多个认知无线电的观测数值,做出决定判断是否存在主用户。研究表明在瑞利信道下进行能量探测的合作频谱感知,采用多门限的判决方法能使感知效果的到提升。     

认知无线网络中基于信誉度管理的动态频谱接入研究

随着无线服务和相关设备的飞速发展,认知无线网络中特有频谱稀缺问题越来越引起研究者的重视。在集中式认知无线网络中,次级用户基站SUBS作为融合中心,通过收到周围的次级用户的感知信息来分配频谱资源。然而,环境的易变性使次级用户容易受到攻击从而影响次级用户感知信息,导致网络频谱资源分配错误。引入信誉度模型来表现次级用户在认知循环中的行为规范,在分配频谱阶段将信誉度作为评定标准,鼓励次级用户积极感知及规范运行。在感知阶段,次级用户感知信道数越多,感知信息越正确,其信誉度越高。在运行阶段,次级用户行为越符合网络规范,则信誉度越高。仿真结果表明,论文模型可以很好地减少次级用户基站的错误决策次数,提高其抗攻击性,同时使得网络在很好地分配资源的同时鼓励整个网络行为积极化。     

认知无线电网络路由协议综述

认知无线电网络中的节点具有动态频谱接入的特点,进而产生可用频谱的不规则性,这与传统无线多跳网络有很大不同,从而导致了认知无线电网络路由面临新的挑战.在介绍认知无线电网络路由的特点之后,对路由协议进行了初步分类.然后着重分析了目前认知无线电网络较为重要的路由协议的主要机制,详细比较了路由协议的主要类别和特点,最后总结了好的认知无线电网络路由协议的特点,并对未来发展趋势进行了初步展望.     

基于指数信任度函数的频谱感知改进算法

从多个用户合作感知的角度出发,针对目前的融合规则没有考虑感知结果的信任度,对现有的分布式感知算法进行改进,提出基于指数信任度的频谱感知算法;在认知无线电网络安全方面,将异常点感知引入到感知融合规则中,在指数信任度算法的基础上提出一种基于异常点的频谱感知算法,能抵御认知无线网络中出现故障的或者恶意认知用户;在提高感知速度和可靠性方面,结合指数信任度算法和异常点感知算法,将对感知信息的审核引入到频谱感知算法中,提出一种基于审核的频谱感知算法,该算法在提高感知速度的基础上能获得更好的感知性能。     

认知无线电在频谱感知和资源分配方面的探讨

认知无线电是一种智能无线电技术,具有自主寻找和利用空闲频谱资源的能力,它是解决无线通信需求增长与频谱资源稀缺的有效途径。本文简述了认知无线电的基本原理,对其在频谱感知和资源分配方面的研究进行了总结,并探讨了该技术发展需要解决的几个关键问题。     

A weighted cooperative spectrum sensing framework for infrastructure-based cognitive radio networks

Spectrum sensing plays a critical role in cognitive radio networks. A good sensing scheme can reduce the false alarm probability and the miss detection probability, and thus improves spectrum utilization. This paper presents a weighted cooperative spectrum sensing framework for infrastructure-based cognitive radio networks, to increase the spectrum sensing accuracy. The framework contains two modules. In the first module, each cognitive radio performs local spectrum sensing and computes the total error probability, which combines the false alarm probability and the miss detection probability. The total error probability and the energy signal from the primary user are then sent to the base station. In the second module, the base station makes a final decision after combining the weighted energy signals from all cognitive radios. The final decision is then broadcasted back to all cognitive radios. To reduce the computation complexity and communication overhead, the base station also instructs the cognitive radios that have large total error probabilities not to report their local sensing results. We have developed a theoretical model for the proposed framework, and derived the optimal detection threshold, as well as the minimum number of cognitive radios required to participate in cooperative sensing, subject to a given total error probability. Numerical results verify that the proposed weighted cooperative spectrum sensing framework significantly improves the sensing accuracy.     

Partial cooperative spectrum sensing schedule in cognitive network

Cognitive radio has emerged as a promising technology for maximizing the utilization efficiency of the limited spectrum resources while accommodating the increasing amount of services and applications in wireless networks. One of the most important and critical components of the cognitive radio is spectrum sensing and accordingly, detection of primary users. Considering the hardware constraints existing in cognitive devices, based on the coarse estimation of channel occupancy, partial cooperative spectrum sensing with adaptive spectrum schedule scheme is proposed to increase the possibility to discover more spectrum opportunities promptly. Simulation results show the gain of sensing performance and the energy-saving feature of partial spectrum sensing. Special security scheme is designed to protect the reliability of sensing result from the false message attack. For the scenarios tested, the proposed scheme is shown to increase opportunities by up to 15 percent.     

An Efficient Optimized Handover in Cognitive Radio Networks Using Cooperative Spectrum Sensing

Cognitive radio systems necessitate the incorporation of cooperative spectrum sensing among cognitive users to increase the reliability of detection. We have found that cooperative spectrum sensing is not only advantageous, but is also essential to avoid interference with any primary users. Interference by licensed users becomes a chief concern and issue, which affects primary as well as secondary users leading to restrictions in spectrum sensing in cognitive radios. When the number of cognitive users increases, the overheads of the systems, which are meant to report the sensing results to the common receiver, which becomes massive. When the spectrum, which is in use becomes unavailable or when the licensed user takes the allocated band, these networks have the capability of changing their operating frequencies. In addition, cognitive radio networks are seen to have the unique capability of sensing the spectrum range and detecting any spectrum, which has been left underutilized. Further this capability of recognizing the spectrum range based on the dimensions detected, allows for determination of the band, which may be utilized. The main objective of this paper is to analyze the cognitive radio’s spectrum sensing ability and evolving a self-configured system with dynamic intelligence networks without causing any interference to the primary user. The paper also brings focus to the quantitative analysis of the two spectrum sensing techniques namely; Energy Detection and Band Limited White Noise Detection. The estimation technique for detecting spectrum noise is based on the detection of probability and probability of false alarms at different Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) levels using Additive White Gaussian Noise signal (AWGN). The efficiency of the proposed Cooperative CUSUM spectrum sensing algorithm performs better than existing optimal rules based on a single observation spectrum sensing techniques under cooperative networks.     

基于Agent的协作频谱感知算法

为了提高认知无线电频谱感知技术的性能, 提出一种新的基于Agent的协作频谱感知算法。该算法在本地检测中使用多门限能量检测,同时将认知节点估计的信噪比的值发送到Agent控制中心,在控制中心根据每一个认知节点发送的信噪比的值和该节点与发射机的距离进行权衡,选取可靠性和有效性较高的认知节点参与判决融合。仿真结果表明,该算法能够很好地提高认知无线电网络的协作频谱感知能力,同时在一定程度上减少了原有协作感知算法中参与感知节点的数目。     

基于改进D-S证据理论的认知无线电频谱感知算法研究

针对基于D-S证据理论的认知无线电频谱感知算法在认知节点的感知信息存在较大冲突时会产生与实际情况相悖结果的问题,提出了一种基于改进D-S证据理论的认知无线电频谱感知算法。改进算法采用一种新的加权平均方法平均各个证据,比算术平均法更多地降低了异常证据的影响,同时通过计算证据到平均证据的距离来计算证据权值,解决了权值计算复杂度问题。实验结果表明,在认知节点的感知信息存在严重冲突时,改进算法可有效提高认知无线电频谱感知系统的感知性能。     

动态频谱访问无线网络的研究展望

动态频谱访问技术能有效解决无线通信中频谱稀缺与频谱利用率低的问题。该文介绍了频谱开放的趋势以及认知无线电、超宽带等相关无线电技术，描述了动态频谱访问网络的体系结构，从频谱侦听、频谱分析、频谱共享、频谱切换等方面探讨了动态频谱访问网络的资源管理，介绍了其路由、传输层、QoS协议设计，给出了研究方向。     

Distributed cooperative spectrum sensing in cognitive radio for ad hoc networks

Cognitive radio refers to an intelligent radio with the capability of sensing the radio environment and dynamically reconfiguring the operating parameters. Recent research has focused on using cognitive radios in ad hoc environments. Spectrum sensing is the most important aspect of successful cognitive radio ad hoc network deployment to overcome spectrum scarcity. Multiple cognitive radio users can cooperate to sense the primary user and improve sensing performance. Cognitive radio ad hoc networks are dynamic in nature and have no central point for data fusion. In this paper, gradient-based fully distributed cooperative spectrum sensing in cognitive radio is proposed for ad hoc networks. The licensed band used for TV transmission is considered the primary user. The gradient field changes with the energy sensed by cognitive radios, and the gradient is calculated based on the components, which include energy sensed by secondary users and received from neighbors. The proposed scheme was evaluated from the perspective of reliable sensing, convergence time, and energy consumption. Simulation results demonstrated the effectiveness of the proposed scheme.     

双门限三级联合频谱感知算法——基于能量检测和高阶循环谱检测

认知无线电中,快速有效的频谱感知是一项关键技术。传统的能量检测算法不能抵抗低信噪比的影响,高阶循环谱检测又有着较高的算法复杂度。将二者进行结合,提出一种双门限三级联合频谱感知算法,有效提高了系统的检测性能并降低了算法复杂度。对传统的能量检测算法进行了仿真,并对检测概率的影响因素进行了分析和仿真;对高阶循环谱检测算法进行了理论分析,并对三级联合感知算法的性能进行了详细分析。最终得出结论,三级联合感知算法不但大大提高了认知用户的检测性能,而且并没有增加过多的运算量,因此是一种高效、快速的频谱感知算法。