维生素C催化合成阿司匹林的研究

以维生素C作为催化剂应用于合成阿司匹林。考察了反应时间、反应温度、催化剂用量、酸醇摩尔比等对水杨酸酰化反应的影响,选择了最佳条件。研究结果表明:维生素C对该反应具有良好的催化作用,收率达到90%以上,是合成阿司匹林的优良催化剂,维生素C能够代替浓硫酸作为水杨酸乙酰化的催化剂。     

光稳定剂HS-112合成工艺研究

以癸二酸二(2,2,6,6-四甲基-四羟基哌啶)酯氮氧自由基(A)为原料,70％叔丁基过氧化氢(B)为氧化剂,正辛烷(C)为溶剂,三氧化钼(D)为催化剂,经一步反应合成光稳定剂HS-112,研究了物料的投料比、催化剂的用量、反应时间、反应温度对反应收率的影响.实验结果表明,光稳定剂HS-112的最佳合成工艺为:n(A):n(B)=1:3,三氧化钼用量为物料A质量的1.8％,反应时间10 h,反应温度125℃,正辛烷140 g(A为0.1 mol时);在上述条件下,光稳定剂HS-112的收率为87.26％.     

SO42-改性的锆交联黏土固体酸催化合成柠檬酸三丁酯

制备了SO42-改性的锆交联黏土固体酸催化剂(A),用于柠檬酸(B)和正丁醇(C)的酯化反应,与浓硫酸,钠基膨润土和锆交联黏土作催化剂的情况相比,SO42-改性的锆交联黏土作催化剂时柠檬酸的转化率和产物的纯度更高.同时考察了催化剂用量w(A)、酸醇量比n(B)∶n(C)、反应时间(t)、反应温度(θ)对其催化合成柠檬酸三丁酯(D)的影响,并对合成的产物进行红外光谱分析及气相色谱分析.实验结果表明SO42-改性的锆交联黏土固体酸催化柠檬酸与正丁醇的酯化反应的最佳反应条件为反应温度为150 ℃,n(B)∶n(C) = 1∶4,反应时间3.5 h,催化剂用量占反应投料总质量的百分比w(A) =1.2%,柠檬酸的转化率达96.60%,反应产物柠檬酸三丁酯的质量分数w(D)>99.00%.     

柠檬酸催化合成阿司匹林

以水杨酸和乙酸酐为原料,柠檬酸为催化剂合成阿司匹林,探讨了酸酐物质的量比、催化剂用量和反应时间、反应温度对产品收率的影响。研究结果表明,当酸酐物质的量比为1∶3,柠檬酸用量为1.0 g,反应时间为40 min,反应温度为70℃,纯化后阿司匹林收率达91.0%。     

阿司匹林催化合成研究

以水杨酸和乙酸酐为原料,柠檬酸为催化剂合成阿司匹林,探讨了酸酐物质的量比,催化剂用量、反应时间、反应温度对产品收率的影响.研究结果表明,当酸酐物质的量比为1∶3,柠檬酸用量为1.0g,反应时间为40min,反应温度为70℃.纯化后阿司匹林收率达91.0%.     

碘催化合成乙酸异戊酯

以单质碘催化异戊醇和乙酸酯化,合成乙酸异戊酯。考察了醇酸物质的量比、催化剂用量、反应温度和反应时间对产品收率的影响。实验表明,较佳反应条件为:当异戊醇的用量为0.1 mol,乙酸的用量为0.14 mol,即n(异戊醇)∶n(乙酸)=1∶1.4,催化剂用量1.5 g,反应温度80℃,反应时间45 min时,乙酸异戊酯的收率可达88.7%以上。     

马来酸二甲酯合成新工艺研究:Ⅱ酯化反应条件研究

本文研究用自制的固体分子筛催化剂催化马来酸酐与甲醇酯化反应合成马来酸二甲酯,目的是研究开发马来酸二甲酯绿色合成新工艺。酯化反应在压力釜内进行,分别考察了反应温度、反应时间、催化剂用量、原料摩尔比等条件对马来酸二甲酯收率的影响。研究结果表明,温度升高有利于马来酸二甲酯的生成,最佳反应温度为105~110℃。适当增加醇酐摩尔配比,延长反应时间和增加催化剂用量均有利于顺丁烯二酸二甲酯的生成,在醇∶酐为3∶1(摩尔比)、反应时间为12h、H-β沸石用量为0.5%(与顺酐的质量百分比)时,二酯得率达到93.41%。H-β沸石催化剂能够重复使用3次。     

SO42-改性的锆交联黏土固体酸催化合成柠檬酸三丁酯

制备了SO4 2 -改性的锆交联黏土固体酸催化剂 (A) ,用于柠檬酸 (B)和正丁醇 (C)的酯化反应 ,与浓硫酸 ,钠基膨润土和锆交联黏土作催化剂的情况相比 ,SO4 2 -改性的锆交联黏土作催化剂时柠檬酸的转化率和产物的纯度更高。同时考察了催化剂用量w(A)、酸醇量比n(B)∶n(C)、反应时间 (t)、反应温度 (θ)对其催化合成柠檬酸三丁酯 (D)的影响 ,并对合成的产物进行红外光谱分析及气相色谱分析。实验结果表明 :SO4 2 -改性的锆交联黏土固体酸催化柠檬酸与正丁醇的酯化反应的最佳反应条件为 :反应温度为 15 0℃ ,n(B)∶n(C) =1∶4,反应时间 3 .5h ,催化剂用量占反应投料总质量的百分比w(A) =1.2 % ,柠檬酸的转化率达 96 .6 0 % ,反应产物柠檬酸三丁酯的质量分数w(D) >99 0 0 %     

碘催化合成香兰素缩1,2-丙二醇

以单质碘为催化剂,香兰素和1,2-丙二醇经缩合反应合成了香兰素缩1,2-丙二醇。考察了醛醇物质的量比、催化剂用量、反应温度和反应时间对产品收率的影响。实验表明,较佳反应条件为:当香兰素的用量为0.1mol,1,2-丙二醇的用量为0.18mol,即n(香兰素)∶n(1,2-丙二醇)=1∶1.8,催化剂用量1.2g,反应温度60℃,反应时间20min,香兰素缩1,2-丙二醇的收率达91.3%以上。     

杂多酸催化合成顺丁烯二酸二丁酯研究

以杂多酸为催化剂、顺丁烯二酸酐和正丁醇为原料合成了顺丁烯二酸二丁酯。研究了杂多酸种类和用量、醇酐物质的量比、反应时间对酯收率的影响。结果表明 :此法催化剂用量少、催化活性高、反应时间短、酯收率高、反应工艺简单。用正交实验确定了合成该酯的最佳工艺条件为 :m(催化剂 )∶m(酐 ) =1 6∶1 0 0 0 ,n(醇 )∶n(酐 ) =3∶1 ,反应温度 1 1 5～ 1 2 5℃ ,反应时间 2 5～ 3 0h。在此条件下 ,酯收率超过 96%。     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Many Drugs of Abuse May Be Acutely Transformed to Dopamine,Norepinephrine and Epinephrine In Vivo

It is well established that a wide range of drugs of abuse acutely boost the signaling of the sympathetic nervous system and the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, where norepinephrine and epinephrine are major output molecules. This stimulatory effect is accompanied by such symptoms as elevated heart rate and blood pressure, more rapid breathing, increased body temperature and sweating, and pupillary dilation, as well as the intoxicating or euphoric subjective properties of the drug. While many drugs of abuse are thought to achieve their intoxicating effects by modulating the monoaminergic neurotransmitter systems (i.e., serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine) by binding to these receptors or otherwise affecting their synaptic signaling, this paper puts forth the hypothesis that many of these drugs are actually acutely converted to catecholamines (dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine) in vivo, in addition to transformation to their known metabolites. In this manner, a range of stimulants, opioids, and psychedelics (as well as alcohol) may partially achieve their intoxicating properties, as well as side effects, due to this putative transformation to catecholamines. If this hypothesis is correct, it would alter our understanding of the basic biosynthetic pathways for generating these important signaling molecules, while also modifying our view of the neural substrates underlying substance abuse and dependence, including psychological stress-induced relapse. Importantly, there is a direct way to test the overarching hypothesis: administer (either centrally or peripherally) stable isotope versions of these drugs to model organisms such as rodents (or even to humans) and then use liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry to determine if the labeled drug is converted to labeled catecholamines in brain, blood plasma, or urine samples.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Novel polyurethane coating technology through glycidyl carbamate chemistry

Glycidyl carbamate chemistry combines the excellent properties of polyurethanes with the crosslinking chemistry of epoxy resins. Glycidyl carbamate functional oligomers were synthesized by the reaction of polyfunctional isocyanate oligomers and glycidol. The oligomers were formulated into coatings with several amine functional crosslinkers at varying stoichiometric ratios and cured at different temperatures. Properties such as solvent resistance, hardness, and impact resistance were dependent on the composition and cure conditions. Most coatings had an excellent combination of properties. Studies were carried out to determine the kinetics of the curing reaction of the glycidyl carbamate functional oligomers with multifunctional and model amines. Detailed kinetic analysis of the curing reactions was also undertaken. The results indicated that the glycidyl carbamate functional group is more reactive than a glycidyl ether group. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, on October 27–29, 2004, in Chicago, IL.