以催化剂为应用背景的水滑石类插层材料的应用研究进展

双金属氢氧化物(LDHs)是一类具有典型层状结构的阴离子型粘土材料,由于其层间阴离子可交换性和层板化学组成可调变性等特殊性质,使得LDHs在催化领域范围内具有很好的应用前景。近年来,LDHs作为一种重要的无机催化材料备受研究者们的关注,介绍了其结构特征与基本性质并综述了这类催化材料的研究现状。     

层状双金属氢氧化物的构筑及其处理水体中抗生素的研究进展

层状双金属氢氧化物（LDHs）作为具有结构独特、性能优良等优势的功能材料,具有层间阴离子易与周围环境进行交换、层板间高度可控且活性位点丰富等特点,因而在环境净化领域具有极大的应用潜力。本文系统梳理了LDHs的结构特点,介绍了LDHs及其复合材料的合成方法,从阴离子的种类、金属摩尔比、反应温度和时间方面,总结了不同合成工艺条件对LDHs性能的影响;综述了LDHs及其复合材料应用于去除水体中抗生素的研究进展,系统分析了LDHs性能和去除抗生素作用机制的相互关系,并重点介绍了吸附法、催化法以及膜分离法去除抗生素的作用机制;最后指出了目前已有研究中存在的问题,并对开发新型LDHs应用于去除水体中抗生素的研究前景进行了展望,提出了探明LDHs构筑过程的真实结构及构筑规律,以及构筑具备去除多种抗生素类污染物的新型LDHs,这是该领域未来研究的主要发展方向。     

水滑石类阴离子型插层材料的结构、性质、制备及其在催化领域的应用

水滑石类(LDHs)化合物是阴离子型插层材料的典型代表,因其具有层板组成的可调变性和层间阴离子的可交换性等特征,使得此类材料在众多领域具有重要的应用价值.本文以LDHs层状化合物在催化领域的应用为背景,综述了LDHs的结构特征及酸碱催化性质,对阴离子插层LDHs的多种制备方法进行了比较和评述,并简要介绍了本课题组在LDHs负载纳米金催化剂方面的工作进展.     

层状双金属氢氧化物的合成与应用

层状双金属氢氧化物（LDHs）是近来受到广泛关注的一类新型固体催化材料，具有碱性、氧化还原性和层间阴离子可交换性。本文综述了近年来层状双金属氢氧化物合成与应用方面的研究进展。主要包括LDHs及柱撑LDHs的合成方法，LDHs及其焙烧产物在碱催化、氧化还原催化和催化剂载体、功能材料、医药等领域的应用。     

水滑石的制备及其阻燃性能研究进展

由于聚合物受热易燃烧,常存在火灾风险,通常需要引入阻燃剂来提升其阻燃性能。水滑石(LDHs)因其无卤、无毒且抑烟性能优异,在阻燃领域受到了越来越多的关注。基于此,对LDHs的结构、制备方法及其阻燃机理进行了介绍,特别是对提高LDHs阻燃性能的途径即从层板阳离子掺杂、层间阴离子插层和表面改性进行了重点综述,并对不同结构LDHs的阻燃机理及阻燃性能进行了总结,最后展望了LDHs作为阻燃剂今后的发展趋势。     

纳米层状双金属氢氧化物的制备及光催化性能研究进展

半导体光催化剂因其高效、生态友好、成本低等优点,可用于解决能源与环境问题。层状双金属氢氧化物(LDHs)是一类由两种或两种以上金属阳离子组成的金属氢氧化物,结构由主体层板和层间的插层阴离子及水分子相互交叠构成。LDHs纳米材料具有带隙可调、比表面积大、种类多样、成本低廉并且易与其他材料复合实现功能化等优点,因此LDHs纳米材料在光催化领域中表现出良好的应用前景。本文系统综述了近年来LDHs纳米材料的制备方法及其在光催化分解水制氢、吸附和降解有机染料,以及光催化还原二氧化碳等光催化领域的最新研究进展,为未来高性能LDHs基纳米催化材料的制备及催化性能调控提供了一定的参考。     

LDHs功能材料在建筑领域的应用研究进展

层状双（或复合）金属氢氧化物（Layered Double Hydroxides，LDHs）是一类具有特殊结构与功能的新型层状材料，因其独特的组成结构可调变性及记忆效应等特性使其在诸多领域获得广泛的研究和应用。综述了LDHs材料的组成、结构和性质以及近年来LDHs功能材料在混凝土、涂料、保温材料及其他建材中的应用进展。讨论了LDHs材料的特点和应用机理，并分析了当前LDHs材料存在的制备成本高、制备工艺条件苛刻、剥离困难及插层组装定位取向和机理分析不够成熟、用途较单一等问题。最后对LDHs在超分子功能材料及剥离重组等方面的开发使用进行了展望。     

层状双金属氢氧化物吸附剂的功能化改性策略

层状双金属氢氧化物（LDHs）是一类阴离子交换能力强、可调性好、热稳定性高、活性位点丰富的纳米吸附材料,在水中污染物的吸附去除方面呈现出巨大潜力。然而,官能团和结构组分的缺陷严重限制了原始LDHs的吸附性能和应用范围。利用不同改性策略对LDHs进行功能化处理,能显著增强LDHs的污染物吸附容量、选择性、稳定性、可回收性以及适用范围。该文从LDHs吸附水中污染物性能的优化出发,重点综述了当前常用的插层、表面修饰、煅烧、复合组装、包埋、制膜等LDHs功能化改性策略,总结了其与水中各种污染物（无机非金属阴离子、重金属离子、染料以及抗生素）之间的作用机理。此外,还阐述了相应的再生手段。最后,简要提出了功能化LDHs吸附剂的优势以及后期研究可能面临的障碍,并对其广阔的应用前景进行了展望。     

层状双金属氢氧化物吸附剂的功能化改性策略

层状双金属氢氧化物（LDHs）是一类阴离子交换能力强、可调性好、热稳定性高、活性位点丰富的纳米吸附材料，在水中污染物的吸附去除方面呈现出巨大潜力。然而，官能团和结构组分的缺陷严重限制了原始LDHs的吸附性能和应用范围。利用不同改性策略对LDHs进行功能化处理，能显著增强LDHs的污染物吸附容量、选择性、稳定性、可回收性以及适用范围。该文从LDHs吸附水中污染物性能的优化出发，重点综述了当前常用的插层、表面修饰、煅烧、复合组装、包埋、制膜等LDHs功能化改性策略，总结了其与水中各种污染物（无机非金属阴离子、重金属离子、染料以及抗生素）之间的作用机理。此外，还阐述了相应的再生手段。最后，提出了功能化LDHs吸附剂的优势以及未来研究可能面临的障碍，并对其广阔的应用前景进行了展望。     

药物-LDHs复合物的制备及应用

LDHs是典型的阴离子层状材料,其具有良好的层间离子可交换性、可柱撑性和可剥离-重组性,通过这些性能可以构建新型功能材料,拓宽其应用领域。重点介绍LDHs的结构、性能及其药物-LDHs复合物的制备和应用在医药方面的优越性。     

Sapindaceae,cyanolipids, and bugs

Scentless plant bugs (Heteroptera: Rhopalidae) are so named because adults of the Serinethinae have vestigial metathoracic scent glands. Serinethines are seed predators of Sapindales, especially Sapindaceae that produce toxic cyanolipids. In two serinethine species whose ranges extend into the southern United States,Jadera haematoloma andJ. sanguinolenta, sequestration of host cyanolipids as glucosides renders these gregarious, aposematic insects unpalatable to a variety of predators. The blood glucoside profile and cyanogenesis ofJadera varies depending on the cyanolipid chemistry of hosts, and adults and larvae fed golden rain tree seeds (Koelreuteria paniculata) excrete the volatile lactone, 4-methyl-2(5H)-furanone, to which they are attracted.Jadera fed balloon vine seeds (Cardiospermum spp.) do not excrete the attractive lactone. Loss of the usual heteropteran defensive glands in serinethines may have coevolved with host specificity on toxic plants, and the orientation ofJadera to a volatile excretory product could be an adaptive response to save time.Mention of a commercial product does not consititute an endorsement by the USDA.     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

2008～2009年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2008年7月～2009年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2008～2009年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况。按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、环氧树脂、不饱和聚酯树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍。     

Many Drugs of Abuse May Be Acutely Transformed to Dopamine,Norepinephrine and Epinephrine In Vivo

It is well established that a wide range of drugs of abuse acutely boost the signaling of the sympathetic nervous system and the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, where norepinephrine and epinephrine are major output molecules. This stimulatory effect is accompanied by such symptoms as elevated heart rate and blood pressure, more rapid breathing, increased body temperature and sweating, and pupillary dilation, as well as the intoxicating or euphoric subjective properties of the drug. While many drugs of abuse are thought to achieve their intoxicating effects by modulating the monoaminergic neurotransmitter systems (i.e., serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine) by binding to these receptors or otherwise affecting their synaptic signaling, this paper puts forth the hypothesis that many of these drugs are actually acutely converted to catecholamines (dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine) in vivo, in addition to transformation to their known metabolites. In this manner, a range of stimulants, opioids, and psychedelics (as well as alcohol) may partially achieve their intoxicating properties, as well as side effects, due to this putative transformation to catecholamines. If this hypothesis is correct, it would alter our understanding of the basic biosynthetic pathways for generating these important signaling molecules, while also modifying our view of the neural substrates underlying substance abuse and dependence, including psychological stress-induced relapse. Importantly, there is a direct way to test the overarching hypothesis: administer (either centrally or peripherally) stable isotope versions of these drugs to model organisms such as rodents (or even to humans) and then use liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry to determine if the labeled drug is converted to labeled catecholamines in brain, blood plasma, or urine samples.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.