基于MCE准则的语音识别特征线性判别分析

提出了一种基于最小分类错误（Minimum classification error,MCE）准则的线性判别分析方法（Linear discriminant analysis,LDA）,并将其应用到连续语音识别中的特征变换.该方法采用非参数核密度估计方法进行数据概率分布估计;根据得到的概率分布,在最小分类错误准则下,采用基于梯度下降的线性搜索算法求解判别分析变换矩阵.利用判别分析变换矩阵对相邻帧梅尔滤波器组输出拼接的超矢量变换降维,得到时频特征.实验结果表明,与传统的MFCC特征相比,经过本文判别分析提取的时频特征其识别准确率提高了1.41%,相比于HLDA（Heteroscedastic LDA）和近似成对经验正确率准则（Approximate pairwise empirical accuracy criterion,aPEAC）判别分析方法,识别准确率分别提高了1.14%和0.83%.     

Kernel Self-optimized Locality Preserving Discriminant Analysis for feature extraction and recognition

We propose Kernel Self-optimized Locality Preserving Discriminant Analysis (KSLPDA) for feature extraction and recognition. The procedure of KSLPDA is divided into two stages, i.e., one is to solve the optimal expansion of the data-dependent kernel with the proposed kernel self-optimization method, and the second is to seek the optimal projection matrix for dimensionality reduction. Since the optimal parameters of data-dependent kernel are achieved automatically through solving the constraint optimization equation, based on maximum margin criterion and Fisher criterion in the empirical feature space, KSLPDA works well on feature extraction for classification. The comparative experiments show that KSLPDA outperforms PCA, LDA, LPP, supervised LPP and kernel supervised LPP.     

Independent shape component-based human activity recognition via Hidden Markov Model

In proactive computing, human activity recognition from image sequences is an active research area. In this paper, a novel human activity recognition method is proposed, which utilizes Independent Component Analysis (ICA) for activity shape information extraction from image sequences and Hidden Markov Model (HMM) for recognition. Various human activities are represented by shape feature vectors from the sequence of activity shape images via ICA. Based on these features, each HMM is trained and activity recognition is achieved by the trained HMMs of different activities. Our recognition performance has been compared to the conventional method where Principal Component Analysis (PCA) is typically used to derive activity shape features. Our results show that superior recognition is achieved with the proposed method especially for activities (e.g., skipping) that cannot be easily recognized by the conventional method. Furthermore, by employing Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA) on IC features, the recognition results further improved significantly in the recognition performance.     

Feature extraction and dimensionality reduction algorithms and their applications in vowel recognition

Feature extraction is an important component of a pattern recognition system. It performs two tasks: transforming input parameter vector into a feature vector and/or reducing its dimensionality. A well-defined feature extraction algorithm makes the classification process more effective and efficient. Two popular methods for feature extraction are linear discriminant analysis (LDA) and principal component analysis (PCA). In this paper, the minimum classification error (MCE) training algorithm (which was originally proposed for optimizing classifiers) is investigated for feature extraction. A generalized MCE (GMCE) training algorithm is proposed to mend the shortcomings of the MCE training algorithm. LDA, PCA, and MCE and GMCE algorithms extract features through linear transformation. Support vector machine (SVM) is a recently developed pattern classification algorithm, which uses non-linear kernel functions to achieve non-linear decision boundaries in the parametric space. In this paper, SVM is also investigated and compared to linear feature extraction algorithms.     

行为识别中基于GA优化的加速度特征选择方法

在基于加速度信号的人体行为识别中,LDA是较常用的特征降维方法之一,然而LDA并不直接以训练误差作为目标函数,无法保证获得训练误差最小的投影空间。针对这一情况,采用基于GA优化的LDA进行特征选择。提取加速度信号特征,利用PCA方法解决“小样本问题”,通过GA调整LDA中类间离散度矩阵的特征值矢量,使获得的投影空间训练误差最小。采用SVM对7种日常行为进行分类。实验结果表明,与单独采用PCA和采用PCA+LDA方法相比,基于GA优化的LDA算法在保证较高识别率的同时能有效降低特征维数并减小分类误差,最终测试样本的识别率可达95.96%。     

Application of Kernel-Based Feature Space Transformations and Learning Methods to Phoneme Classification

This paper examines the applicability of some learning techniques to the classification of phonemes. The methods tested were artificial neural nets (ANN), support vector machines (SVM) and Gaussian mixture modeling (GMM). We compare these methods with a traditional hidden Markov phoneme model (HMM), working with the linear prediction-based cepstral coefficient features (LPCC). We also tried to combine the learners with linear/nonlinear and unsupervised/supervised feature space transformation methods such as principal component analysis (PCA), independent component analysis (ICA), linear discriminant analysis (LDA), springy discriminant analysis (SDA) and their nonlinear kernel-based counterparts. We found that the discriminative learners can attain the efficiency of HMM, and that after the transformations they can retain the same performance in spite of the severe dimension reduction. The kernel-based transformations brought only marginal improvements compared to their linear counterparts.     

基于规范化KDDA的人脸识别算法

传统的PCA和LDA算法受限于“小样本问题”,且对像素的高阶相关性不敏感。论文将核函数方法与规范化LDA相结合,将原图像空间通过非线性映射变换到高维特征空间,并借助于“核技巧”在新的空间中应用鉴别分析方法。通过对ORL人脸库的大量实验表明,该方法在特征提取方面优于PCA,KPCA,LDA等其他方法,在简化分类器的同时,也可以获得高识别率。     

中心误差扩散局部二值模式下的草图人脸识别

目前的草图人脸识别主要集中在人脸照片-草图之间的相互转换,以此减少照片-草图特征之间的差异,从而进行识别。文中提出一种使用基于中心误差扩散局部二值模式的编码方法来获得具有相同模式的人脸形式,减小照片-草图之间的差异。在草图识别实际是单样本人脸识别的背景下,通过小波包分解和局部二值模式编码扩充样本数目。然后使用PCA+LDA来提取特征进行识别。实验结果表明,该算法可有效减小照片-草图之间的模式差异,且识别率和性能要优于之前的基于伪草图合成的方法。     

一种融合KPCA和KDA的人脸识别新方法

核判别分析（KDA）和核主成分分析（KPCA）分别是线性判别分析（LDA）和主成分分析（PCA）在核空间中的非线性推广,提出了一种融合KDA和KPCA的特征提取方法并应用于人脸识别中,该方法综合利用KDA和KPCA 的优点来提高人脸识别的性能。此外,还提出了一种广义最近特征线(GNFL)方法来构造有效的分类器。实验结果证明：提出的方法获得了更好的识别结果。     

一种结构受限的异方差线性判别分析

异方差线性判别分析(HLDA)因在语音识别中起到了巨大的特征去相关作用而被广泛利用。然而在训练数据不足或特征维数较高时,HLDA易出现不稳定性和小样本问题。根据特征的矩阵表示形式,提出了一种结构受限的HLDA。首先用二维线性判别分析(2DLDA)压缩矩阵形式的特征,然后作一维的HLDA。通过分析我们指出,二维的特征变换实际上是一种结构受限的一维特征变换。在RM库上的实验,受限HLDA对常规HLDA的词识别错误相对下降12.39%;在TIMIT库上的实验,受限HLDA对常规HLDA的音素识别错误相对下降4.43%。     

Optimization of temporal filters for constructing robust features in speech recognition

Linear discriminant analysis (LDA) has long been used to derive data-driven temporal filters in order to improve the robustness of speech features used in speech recognition. In this paper, we proposed the use of new optimization criteria of principal component analysis (PCA) and the minimum classification error (MCE) for constructing the temporal filters. Detailed comparative performance analysis for the features obtained using the three optimization criteria, LDA, PCA, and MCE, with various types of noise and a wide range of SNR values is presented. It was found that the new criteria lead to superior performance over the original MFCC features, just as LDA-derived filters can. In addition, the newly proposed MCE-derived filters can often do better than the LDA-derived filters. Also, it is shown that further performance improvements are achievable if any of these LDA/PCA/MCE-derived filters are integrated with the conventional approach of cepstral mean and variance normalization (CMVN). The performance improvements obtained in recognition experiments are further supported by analyses conducted using two different distance measures.     

基于规范化KDDA的人脸识别

传统的PCA和LDA算法受限于“小样本问题”,且对象素的高阶相关性不敏感。本文将核函数方法与规范化LDA相结合,将原图像空间通过非线性映射变换到高维特征空间,并借助于“核技巧”在新的空间中应用鉴别分析方法。通过对ORL人脸库的大量实验研究表明,本文方法在特征提取方面明显优于PCA,KPCA,LDA等其他传统的人脸识别方法,在简化分类器的同时,也可以获得高识别率。     

PCA-LDA算法在性别鉴别中的应用

结合主元分析(Principal Components Analysis, PCA)与线性鉴别分析(Linear Discriminant Analysis, LDA)的特点，提出用于性别鉴别的PCA-LDA算法。该算法通过PCA算法求得训练样本的特征子空间，并在此基础上计算LDA算法的特征子空间。将PCA算法与LDA算法的特征子空间进行融合，获得PCA-LDA算法的融合特征空间。训练样本与测试样本分别朝融合特征空间投影，从而得到识别特征。利用最近邻准则即可完成性别鉴别。基于ORL(Olivetti Research Laboratory)人脸数据库的实验结果表明，PCA-LDA算法比PCA算法识别性能好，在性别鉴别中是一种有效的方法。     

基于人体轮廓宽度特征的步态识别

基于人体轮廓宽度特征提出了一种步态识别算法。首先对每个序列进行运动轮廓抽取,将这些时变的二维轮廓形状转换为对应的一维横向宽度信号,通过主元分析法(PCA)来提取低维步态特征,在此基础上采用线性判决分析(LDA),以获取最佳投影方向,达到提高数据分类能力的目的。在NLPR、CMU和UMF步态数据库中进行实验,结果表明算法具备快速、稳健特征,在实际应用中具备较大的价值。     

Maximum confidence hidden markov modeling for face recognition

This paper presents a hybrid framework of feature extraction and hidden Markov modeling(HMM) for two-dimensional pattern recognition. Importantly, we explore a new discriminative training criterion to assure model compactness and discriminability. This criterion is derived from hypothesis test theory via maximizing the confidence of accepting the hypothesis that observations are from target HMM states rather than competing HMM states. Accordingly, we develop the maximum confidence hidden Markov modeling (MC-HMM) for face recognition. Under this framework, we merge a transformation matrix to extract discriminative facial features. The closed-form solutions to continuous-density HMM parameters are formulated. Attractively, the hybrid MC-HMM parameters are estimated under the same criterion and converged through the expectation-maximization procedure. From the experiments on FERET and GTFD facial databases, we find that the proposed method obtains robust segmentation in presence of different facial expressions, orientations, etc. In comparison with maximum likelihood and minimum classification error HMMs, the proposed MC-HMM achieves higher recognition accuracies with lower feature dimensions.     

GLRAM与LDA相结合的人脸识别

提出了一种GLRAM（矩阵的广义低秩逼近）与LDA（线性判别分析）相结合的人脸识别方法。首先利用GLRAM方法获得人脸图像的有效特征,然后通过LDA对获得的特征进行进一步的降维并获得最佳分类特征。这样使得抽取特征的判断能力得到了显著增强。实验结果表明,该算法在较短的时间内取得了较高的识别率,效果优于单独运用GLRAM方法和LDA方法。     

融合PCA、LDA和SVM算法的人脸识别

为了提高人脸识别效率,提出了一种基于PCA、LDA和SVM算法融合的人脸识别方法。使用主成分分析（PCA）将人脸图像变换到新的特征空间中,消除图像特征间的相关性和噪声,提取人脸全局特征,在实验阶段取较多的投影方向使其尽可能多的保持原始信息;使用线性判别分析（LDA）算法进一步投影变换降低数据维度;使用支持向量机（SVM）分类识别。将PCA、LDA和SVM三种算法的优点结合起来,在ORL数据库上进行仿真实验,结果表明该方法的识别率可达99.0%。     

A novel Bayesian logistic discriminant model: An application to face recognition

The linear discriminant analysis (LDA) is a linear classifier which has proven to be powerful and competitive compared to the main state-of-the-art classifiers. However, the LDA algorithm assumes the sample vectors of each class are generated from underlying multivariate normal distributions of common covariance matrix with different means (i.e., homoscedastic data). This assumption has restricted the use of LDA considerably. Over the years, authors have defined several extensions to the basic formulation of LDA. One such method is the heteroscedastic LDA (HLDA) which is proposed to address the heteroscedasticity problem. Another method is the nonparametric DA (NDA) where the normality assumption is relaxed. In this paper, we propose a novel Bayesian logistic discriminant (BLD) model which can address both normality and heteroscedasticity problems. The normality assumption is relaxed by approximating the underlying distribution of each class with a mixture of Gaussians. Hence, the proposed BLD provides more flexibility and better classification performances than the LDA, HLDA and NDA. A subclass and multinomial versions of the BLD are proposed. The posterior distribution of the BLD model is elegantly approximated by a tractable Gaussian form using variational transformation and Jensen's inequality, allowing a straightforward computation of the weights. An extensive comparison of the BLD to the LDA, support vector machine (SVM), HLDA, NDA and subclass discriminant analysis (SDA), performed on artificial and real data sets, has shown the advantages and superiority of our proposed method. In particular, the experiments on face recognition have clearly shown a significant improvement of the proposed BLD over the LDA.     

LDA算法及其在人脸识别中的应用

线性特征提取在人脸识别中的应用非常广泛,LDA是其主要方法之一,它基于Fisher 判别准则,然而,当人脸训练样本数小于人脸样本向量的维数时,变换矩阵将无法直接得到,因此线性判别分析过程失效。采用了一种改进的基于Fisher 准则的LDA方法,针对小样本问题提出了一种有效地解决类内散布矩阵奇异的方法,而且用ORL人脸数据进行了实验验证。实验证明该方法在正确识别率方面表现突出。     

iOS平台下人脸识别系统设计与实现

在iOS平台上开发了一款人脸识别系统,借助OpenCV函数库实现了基于Haar-like特征和AdaBoost算法的人脸检测。提出了主成分分析和线性判别分析相结合的人脸识别算法,既避免了主成分分析方法对图像信息不分主次、忽视类别信息的缺陷,又降低了线性判别分析算法高运算量导致的大误差、小样本的局限性。实验结果表明该系统的识别效果良好。