Zeta电位测量中电场对颗粒粒径的影响

为确定电泳光散射法测量纳米颗粒zeta电位过程中电场对颗粒系统性质的影响,实验研究210、360 nm 2种标准颗粒的单分散溶液在通电前、后颗粒粒度的变化;通过测量90°散射角的动态光散射信号,采用自相关技术进行信号分析,用累积法反演计算颗粒的粒径。结果表明,颗粒在小电压的情况下,粒径几乎没有变化;随着电压的增大,平均粒径逐渐增大,说明样品发生团聚;电压越大,颗粒团聚越快。     

自动基线拟合累积量算法纳米颗粒反演

传统累积量反演算法是一种经典的纳米颗粒反演算法,但是利用传统累积量算法对颗粒粒径进行计算时基线值的不同会影响颗粒粒径信息.提出采用一种自动基线拟合的累积量算法,此方法利用光子相关光谱函数作为目标函数进行反演,直接拟合基线值及颗粒粒径信息.利用光子相关光谱实验台对90 nm的乳胶颗粒进行了测试并采用以上两种累积量算法进行数据处理,实验结果表明采用传统累计量算法,由于基线值的不同和噪声的影响,其结果受相关时间影响较大,而采用本文自动基线拟合累积量方法,其测量结果其稳定性好,基本不受相关时间影响.     

一种新的动态光散射纳米颗粒反演算法

由于传统累积量反演算法计算结果随相关时间的变化有较大的波动,提出一种新的累计量算法,此方法直接利用光子相关光谱函数作为目标函数进行反演,减少相关时间选择对测量结果的影响.在介绍传统累积量光子相关光谱法颗粒粒径分布反演算法的基础上,引入以光子相关光谱函数作为累积量算法的目标函数的反演算法,利用实验平台对90 nm的乳胶颗粒进行测量.运用实验获得的相关函数数据研究两种累积量算法和相关时间之间的关系,实验结果表明,采用传统累计量算法其结果受相关时间影响较大,而本文所提算法稳定性好,在较长相关时间范围内基本不受相关时间影响.     

纳米、亚微米颗粒粒度的测量--光子相关光谱法

本文阐述了一种测量纳米、亚微米颗粒粒度的新方法——光子相关光谱法。作为一项新的技术，该项国家标准的推出将为光子相关光谱法测量颗粒粒度的方法的正确使用与测量结果的解释提供统一性与规范性。在等同采用国际标准制定国家标准的工作中，本项研究旨在利用颗粒度标准物质对该标准方法的可行性加以实验验证：并对粒度测量方法的有关细节进行了讨论。     

动态光散射法测量二氧化硅粒径的不确定度评定

为探讨动态光散射法粒径测量结果的不确定度来源及其对测量结果的影响程度,选取2种不同粒径的二氧化硅(标称粒径分别为20、80 nm)混合体系为研究对象,利用动态光散射法测量混合体系中颗粒的粒径,对其不确定度来源进行分析,依据不确定度评定方法对测量结果进行不确定度评定。结果表明:2种颗粒的粒径测量平均值分别为17.80、88.43 nm,测量结果可表示为(17.80±1.02)、(88.43±2.48)nm;衰减率、温度、散射角、黏度、重复性测量等均为测量结果的不确定度来源,其中重复性测量是主要来源。     

超纯水中杂质对光子相关谱法测量纳米颗粒粒径的影响

为了研究光子相关光谱法测粒技术中,溶液介质中的杂质对纳米颗粒有效直径和分散度测量准确性的影响,获取并分析了3种超纯水蒸发后残留杂质的显微图像,讨论了上述3种水对标称直径为960、340、90、60nm的颗粒物测定结果的影响。研究结果表明,水中杂质会增大光子平均计数率,以及增大100nm以下单分散颗粒的有效直径和分散度的测量结果;对于自身分散度较大的颗粒,水质对分散度测量结果的影响不明显。     

光子相关光谱法纳米颗粒测定的准确性问题

本文基于光子相关光谱法测粒原理,系统研究了影响该法测定纳米颗粒物有效直径和分散度的准确性的因素,包括如何配置实验系统及实验参数、信号获取中的干扰、使用的分散介质含杂质颗粒物的干扰以及数据处理中的基线选择等对测量结果的影响。本文通过多角度测量分析了测量装置的界面反射对cps值的影响,分析了噪声的来源和噪声对测量结果的影响。通过对纳米金及二氧化硅颗粒的测定,验证了信号接收角度和分散溶液介质的性质对测量结果的影响,指出选择不同基线的方法和采用噪声剔除技术,可减少或消除噪声的影响。     

基于FPGA高速信号采集的多角度动态光散射法纳米粒径测量

根据动态光散射装置测量纳米粒径原理,开发了一套基于现场可编程门阵列(FPGA)的纳米粒径测量系统。该系统通过光电倍增管(PMT)输出光子脉冲信号,利用FPGA实现高速脉冲采集及自相关运算,采用双脉冲计数器实现高精度可控的连续计数,并实现DDR3异步存储以及USB通信交互等接口功能。自研板卡既可实现自相关函数实时采集运算,又可无丢失地保存海量原始数据信号。采用该系统对200nm聚苯乙烯颗粒进行了测量,分析了不同采样时间及延迟时间等参数对粒径测量结果的影响。实验结果表明:自研FPGA采集板卡测量重复性为1.2%,具有很好的稳定性和重复性。     

工业纳米颗粒气溶胶测量及数值模型构建

为了实现纳米颗粒多相流的实验测量及相关模型构建,基于欧盟Nanoparticle Project实验平台,采用自制金纳米颗粒的分散系统以及由高压雾化器产生微米量级颗粒的分散系统,对由不同尺度谱颗粒系统组成的分散体系进行实验测量,并针对颗粒壁面湍动以及热扩散沉积和复杂系统发生源信息获取等方面进行模型构建,最终提出新的针对颗粒沉积率的计算方法,给出通过实验测量数据对发生源粒度谱进行估计的方法。     

精确测定In_xGa_(1-x)N晶体薄膜中铟含量的卢瑟福背散射法研究

采用金属有机化合物气相淀积法(MOCVD)在蓝宝石上生长InxGa1-xN/Ga N晶体薄膜,Ga N缓冲层的厚度为2.5μm,InxGa1-xN晶体薄膜的厚度大约800 nm,通过光致发光光谱仪测量样品发光峰的峰值,确定铟镓氮晶体薄膜中铟分布的均匀性,取样品均匀性良好的铟镓氮晶片进行卢瑟福背散射实验,每个实验室测量6个样品,两个实验室共同完成,对数据进行分多层精确拟合分析,获得外延层中的xIn,xIn值由多层拟合结果的加权平均值和定值不确定度组成。研究结果表明:采用入射离子4He,能量为2 000 ke V,散射角为165°时,铟镓氮晶片中铟含量(x=20.46%)的相对测量不确定度为2.47%,包含因子k=2。     

Estimation of Parameters of Universal Distribution of Moments of Failure of Products

A method is proposed for estimating the parameters of a mixture of exponential and Weibull distributions for which the accuracy of preliminary estimates obtained by graphical analysis is refined in accordance with the criterion of maximum likelihood. The efficiency of the proposed method is supported by the results of statistical modeling.     

Evaluation of optical properties of highly scattering media by moments of distributions of times of flight of photons

A novel method for the determination of the optical properties of tissue from time-domain measurements is presented. The data analysis is based on the evaluation of the first moment and the second centralized moment, i.e., the mean time of flight and the variance of the measured distribution of times of flight (DTOF) of photons injected by short (picosecond) laser pulses. Analytical expressions are derived for calculation of absorption and of reduced scattering coefficients from these moments by application of diffusion theory for infinite and semi-infinite homogeneous media. The proposed method was tested on experimental data obtained with phantoms, and results for absorption and reduced scattering coefficients obtained by the proposed method are compared with those obtained by fitting of the same data with analytical solutions of the diffusion equation. Furthermore, the accuracy of the moment analysis was investigated for a range of integration limits of the DTOF. The moment analysis may serve as a comparatively fast method for evaluating optical properties with sufficient accuracy and can be used, e.g., for on-line monitoring of optical properties of biological tissue.     

Analysis of the rate of propagation of the wave of change of boiling modes

An approximate analytical expression is derived for the velocity of the front of the wave of change of boiling modes on a rod and on a plate. The impact of the Thomson effect and of the heater orientation in the gravity field is included. Adequate agreement is demonstrated between the derived relations and experimental data.     

Estimation of potentialities of methods of summation of direct measurement errors

Conventional methods for summation of direct measurement errors are considered. Conditions under which these methods provide consistent results are stated. It is proposed to utilize for characteristic of the total error, its interval estimator or the half-sum of the value obtained by adding up its arithmetic and geometric random errors.Translated from Izmeritel'naya Tekhnika, No. 4, pp. 10–12, April, 1995.     

空压机轴承箱蜗壳温度探头油封改造

由于空压机进气侧轴承箱蜗壳温度探头密封效果不好,使空压机及其后续管道受到油污染。后将温度探头的O形圈密封改为骨架油封,杜绝了轴承箱漏油问题。文章简介空压机的结构和技术参数,详细介绍了骨架油封的制作和优点。     

Characteristics of mechanical properties of materials in studies of conditions of attainment of marginal states

It is shown that conditions of attainment of marginal states in the material of structural components are formulated on the basis of analysis of force and deformation criteria of formation and development of destruction. The parameters of these criteria are data on types of structural materials, standard and special characteristics of their mechanical properties, structural forms of considered elements of the equipment, and their operating stress loading. In this case, the construction of a system of state equations for describing interrelation of current damage, external actions, and responses to them is based on the concept of calculating variations in properties of materials at all stages of the design life cycle.     

Determination of parameters of microstructural inhomogeneity of deformation of metals by the method of modeling

The article suggests a method of evaluating the microstructural inhomogeneity of deformation of metals by modeling. The method includes the measurement of deformations of metal according to meshes of a dividing grid with small base and the calculation of the distribution parameters of microdeformations in model representation. It is shown that the modeling method makes it possible objectively to evaluate the microinhomogeneity of deformation of metals independently of the chosen mesh size of the dividing grid. New structural characteristics are introduced: the base and wave of variation expressing the degree of crumbling or amalgamation of metal grains by inhomogeneity of deformation.Translated from Problemy Prochnosti, No. 7, pp. 40–44, July, 1991.     

水三相点复现的不确定度评定

水三相点是开尔文热力学温度的唯一基准点，也是ITS-90国际温标重要的定义固定点。因此，水三相点不确定度分析对整个温标的建立、温度量值传递起着至关重要的作用。近3年来，中国计量科学研究院研制出一系列高质量的水三相点容器，加强了水三相点的研究，为不确定度的分析提供了更为可靠的实验依据。同时，不确定度的分析也是客观评价新研制容器性能的一个重要指标。因此，根据实验结果对新研制容器所复现的水三相点进行了不确定度评定。评定结果表明，其扩展不确定度为0．16mK(k=2．69，P=0．99)。