颜料二氧化钛光催化特性评价

采用悬浆外照式光催化反应器,研究了在紫外光照下低活性颜料二氧化钛光催化降解罗丹明B的反应动力学特性。考察了二氧化钛浓度、罗丹明B浓度、紫外线波长及光强对光催化反应速率的影响,确定了适合颜料二氧化钛光催化特性评价的优化检测条件。研究表明,颜料二氧化钛光催化降解罗丹明B具有一级反应动力学特性。确定颜料二氧化钛光催化特性检测方法的优化操作条件为二氧化钛浓度约为4 g·L^-1、罗丹明B浓度为2~10 mg·L^-1、紫外光源主发射波长为254 nm。实验检测了表面包硅二氧化钛样品的光催化特性,表明该检测方法能够对颜料二氧化钛及包膜二氧化钛的光催化特性进行快速定量的评价。     

载银二氧化钛光催化杀菌性能的研究

以偏钛酸为前驱体,浸渍一定浓度的硝酸银溶液,用热沉积法制备出载银二氧化钛。用XRD测定载银二氧化钛的结构,扫描电镜观测形貌,研究了载银量、光强、二氧化钛浓度、细菌浓度对光催化杀菌的影响。结果表明:制备的粉体为超细锐钛矿型二氧化钛,颗粒为均匀的类球形,粒度约为100～200nm。在二氧化钛颗粒上负载约1.6%的银可以扩展光源利用范围至可见光,光催化作用与银协同杀菌;但银量过高,则主要体现银的杀菌效果。光强增加,杀菌效果提高;二氧化钛的浓度为1.5g/L时杀菌效果最好;细菌浓度低于106细胞/mL时,载银二氧化钛杀菌率可以达到90%以上。     

CeO_2掺杂TiO_2催化超声降解酸性大红的研究

选取酸性大红染料为降解目标物,研究了用实验室合成的氧化铈掺杂二氧化钛为催化剂存在下的超声反应。研究结果表明,CeO2掺杂TiO2催化超声降解酸性大红的效果优于非掺杂的锐钛矿型TiO2的情况。在溶液pH1.0～3.0、酸性大红质量浓度为20mg/L、溶液用量50mL、催化剂用量0.5～1.0g/L的条件下,用输出功率5.0W/cm2和频率25kHz的超声波照射80min,酸性大红降解率可达97.3%。     

多杀菌素发酵工艺的优化及其毒性初步研究

对刺糖多孢菌S-6032发酵培养基及发酵工艺进行了优化,得到优化摇瓶发酵培养基为葡萄糖50 g/L,麦芽糖10 g/L,棉籽粉20 g/L,硫酸铵1 g/L,硫酸锌0.2 g/L,玉米浆15 g/L,牛肉膏2 g/L,碳酸钙5 g/L;确定摇瓶培养工艺为最佳接种量10%,最佳装液量为30 mL/250mL摇瓶,最佳初始pH值为7.5.在优化培养条件下进行发酵培养,多杀菌素最终质量浓度达117.83 mg/L,较优化前发酵培养条件下所得质量浓度(89.57 mg/L)提高了31.6%.毒性实验表明发酵液对斜纹夜蛾幼虫毒杀效果显著,100 mg/L多杀菌素的发酵液作用于斜纹夜蛾48 h的致死率为90%.     

新型α-萘乙酸酯类化合物的合成以及生物活性

为了开发新型的植物生长调节剂,采用活性拼接法,并通过取代反应和酯化反应合成了一种新型的α-萘乙酸酯类化合物,其化学结构通过~1H NMR、~(13)C NMR及元素分析进行表征。室内生根发芽实验表明该化合物在相同浓度条件下均优于DA-6、6-BA,和萘乙酸甲酯。其中,在浓度为20 μg/mL发芽促进率最高,为36.9%,在浓度为30 μg/mL时,其对于主根促进率和侧根促进率最高,分别为15.5%,47.4%。杀菌实验表明该化合物对苹果轮纹病菌,小麦纹枯病菌、番茄早疫病菌、马铃薯晚疫病菌、水稻纹枯病菌均具有一定的抑制作用。     

二氧化钛负载磷钨钼杂多酸催化合成丁醛1，2-丙二醇缩醛

以二氧化钛负载磷钨钼杂多酸为催化剂,通过丁醛和1,2-丙二醇反应合成了丁醛1,2-丙二醇缩醛。系统考察了丁醛和1,2-丙二醇物质的量比、催化剂用量,以及反应时间诸因素对产品收率的影响。确定的适宜工艺条件为n(丁醛)∶n(1,2-丙二醇)=1∶1.7,催化剂用量为反应物料总质量的1.0%,带水剂环己烷8mL,反应时间1.0h。在此反应条件下,丁醛1,2-丙二醇缩醛的收率可达80.8%.     

聚维酮碘在硅胶表面的固载化及其杀菌性能

将N-乙烯基吡咯烷酮(NVP)接枝聚合到硅胶表面,制得接枝微粒PVP/SiO2;使接枝微粒PVP/SiO2在乙醇溶液中与碘发生络合反应,形成水不溶的聚维酮碘PVP-I2/SiO2,即实现了聚维酮碘的固载化. 考察了各种因素对络合反应的影响规律,用红外光谱与化学分析法对功能微粒PVP-I2/SiO2的化学结构与组成进行了表征. 以大肠杆菌为致病菌体,采用平板活菌计数法研究了PVP-I2/SiO2的杀菌性能. 研究结果表明,PVP/SiO2与碘的络合反应的适宜温度为60℃,经12 h后达到络合平衡,络合度随溶液中碘浓度的增大而提高,最大约为0.16%(w). 固载化的功能微粒PVP-I2/SiO2具有很强的杀菌能力,在药剂量为5 g/L的条件下,与浓度为109 CFU/mL的菌悬液接触3 min,即可使杀菌率达100%;胞外DNA和RNA测定与TTC-脱氢酶活性测定结果验证了水不溶聚维酮碘PVP-I2/SiO2的杀菌机理.     

碱性体系中煤中有机硫的电化学脱除研究

以高硫煤为原料,用化学法将其无机硫脱除后,再以此作为电解煤样,在碱性条件下研究了煤中有机硫的电化学脱硫规律。讨论了电解电流、煤浆浓度、NaOH浓度等主要因素对煤中有机硫脱硫率的影响,并确定了适宜电解脱硫条件:NaOH质量浓度4.0mol/L,煤浆质量浓度0.04g/mL,反应温度70℃,电流强度1.0A,电解时间5h,获得了有机硫脱除率为32.50%的较好效果。     

Y2O3掺杂TiO2催化超声降解苯胺的研究

选取苯胺为降解目标物,研究了用实验室合成的氧化钇掺杂二氧化钛为催化剂存在下的超声反应,重点考察了超声时间长短、氧化钇的掺杂量、二氧化钛的添加量、溶液初始浓度、溶液pH值对苯胺降解率的影响。实验结果表明,在溶液pH 2.0、苯胺质量浓度为20mg/L、溶液用量50mL、氧化钇掺杂比为0.1%、催化剂用量为0.02g的条件下,用输出功率5.0 W/cm2和频率25kHz的超声波照射80min,苯胺降解率可达93.94%。     

硫化镉-二氧化钛/分子筛复合光催化材料制备及性能研究

将水热法制备的二氧化钛负载在分子筛上,再与硫化镉复合,制备了硫化镉-二氧化钛/分子筛复合材料。对复合材料的相组成、微观结构、形貌和光谱性质进行了表征。在可见光照射下,以光催化降解亚甲基蓝为探针反应,研究了复合材料的光催化活性。结果表明：与纯二氧化钛相比,二氧化钛/分子筛具有更快的吸附降解效率;与二氧化钛/分子筛、硫化镉/分子筛相比,硫化镉-二氧化钛/分子筛复合材料的光催化性能最为优越。硫化镉-二氧化钛/分子筛优化制备条件：硫化镉溶液质量浓度为2.0 g/L、反应温度为80 ℃,反应时间为4 h。     

Sapindaceae,cyanolipids, and bugs

Scentless plant bugs (Heteroptera: Rhopalidae) are so named because adults of the Serinethinae have vestigial metathoracic scent glands. Serinethines are seed predators of Sapindales, especially Sapindaceae that produce toxic cyanolipids. In two serinethine species whose ranges extend into the southern United States,Jadera haematoloma andJ. sanguinolenta, sequestration of host cyanolipids as glucosides renders these gregarious, aposematic insects unpalatable to a variety of predators. The blood glucoside profile and cyanogenesis ofJadera varies depending on the cyanolipid chemistry of hosts, and adults and larvae fed golden rain tree seeds (Koelreuteria paniculata) excrete the volatile lactone, 4-methyl-2(5H)-furanone, to which they are attracted.Jadera fed balloon vine seeds (Cardiospermum spp.) do not excrete the attractive lactone. Loss of the usual heteropteran defensive glands in serinethines may have coevolved with host specificity on toxic plants, and the orientation ofJadera to a volatile excretory product could be an adaptive response to save time.Mention of a commercial product does not consititute an endorsement by the USDA.     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Many Drugs of Abuse May Be Acutely Transformed to Dopamine,Norepinephrine and Epinephrine In Vivo

It is well established that a wide range of drugs of abuse acutely boost the signaling of the sympathetic nervous system and the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, where norepinephrine and epinephrine are major output molecules. This stimulatory effect is accompanied by such symptoms as elevated heart rate and blood pressure, more rapid breathing, increased body temperature and sweating, and pupillary dilation, as well as the intoxicating or euphoric subjective properties of the drug. While many drugs of abuse are thought to achieve their intoxicating effects by modulating the monoaminergic neurotransmitter systems (i.e., serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine) by binding to these receptors or otherwise affecting their synaptic signaling, this paper puts forth the hypothesis that many of these drugs are actually acutely converted to catecholamines (dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine) in vivo, in addition to transformation to their known metabolites. In this manner, a range of stimulants, opioids, and psychedelics (as well as alcohol) may partially achieve their intoxicating properties, as well as side effects, due to this putative transformation to catecholamines. If this hypothesis is correct, it would alter our understanding of the basic biosynthetic pathways for generating these important signaling molecules, while also modifying our view of the neural substrates underlying substance abuse and dependence, including psychological stress-induced relapse. Importantly, there is a direct way to test the overarching hypothesis: administer (either centrally or peripherally) stable isotope versions of these drugs to model organisms such as rodents (or even to humans) and then use liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry to determine if the labeled drug is converted to labeled catecholamines in brain, blood plasma, or urine samples.     

2008～2009年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2008年7月～2009年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2008～2009年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况。按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、环氧树脂、不饱和聚酯树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍。