改性铂锡重整催化剂上甲基环戊烷的转化规律

以五元环烷烃中最难转化的甲基环戊烷为模型化合物,考察了碱金属K、稀土金属以及反应温度对甲基环戊烷转化的影响规律。结果表明:在铂锡双金属催化剂下,510℃以上高温有利于甲基环戊烷的转化,但在实验温度范围内对脱氢异构产物苯的选择性影响不大,高温和低空速更促进裂解反应;添加适量碱金属K,降低了催化剂的酸性,裂解反应减弱,液体收率增加,甲基环戊烷转化率有所下降,产物苯的选择性未受到显著影响;添加稀土金属,甲基环戊烷裂解反应减弱,液体收率增加,较低空速条件下510℃时苯的选择性略有升高,较高空速下转化率降低,540℃时苯选择性下降明显。     

Pt/SAPO-11催化剂上苯加氢转化及苯对正十四烷异构化反应的影响

在10 mL连续流动固定床反应装置上,以苯的转化为模型反应考察了Pt／SAPO-11异构化催化剂的加氢性能及苯对正十四烷异构化反应的影响。结果表明,Pt／SAPO-11催化剂具有良好的加氢性能;苯的加入对正十四烷的异构化反应没有明显影响。苯的转化为温度敏感型反应,临氢条件下以生成加氢产物环己烷和加氢异构化产物甲基环戊烷为主,裂解反应产物极少。低温、高压、低氢分压和低空速有利于苯的加氢转化;产物选择性主要与温度有关,其它反应条件的影响很小;提高反应温度有利于加氢异构化产物甲基环戊烷的生成。正十四烷存在时反应历程发生改变,苯加氢产物以生成环己烷为主,由苯加氢中间体与正十四烷发生氢转移反应生成。     

汽油降苯不损失辛烷值的新工艺

RRT全球公司开发的PRIS新工艺,用C5~C6轻烃与苯馏分在反应蒸馏塔中进行异构化,使汽油中的苯含量降至接近零,使炼厂的汽油产品能满足美国移动空气毒物II(MSAT II)规格要求,同时保持辛烷值(RON)不变。PRIS新工艺降低苯含量是在反应蒸馏塔中在热力学限制范围内使苯饱和后异构化变为甲基环戊烷,与C5和C6馏分异构化油一道作为高辛烷值调合组分,     

正戊烷异构化制异戊烷反应热力学分析及实验研究

通过对正戊烷异构化制异戊烷反应进行热力学分析,得到不同反应温度下的标准摩尔焓变、标准摩尔吉布斯自由能变和标准平衡常数值, 同时分析了反应温度、压力及氢/烃摩尔比对正戊烷异构化率的影响。结果表明,正戊烷异构化反应是放热反应,低温有利于异构化反应的进行,并且可抑制正戊烷的裂解。在异构化机理研究中发现,氢气对异构化反应的转化率和选择性有着重要的影响,过高的氢分压会使脱氢反应的平衡向反方向进行, 从而降低正构烷烃的转化率。采用固定床反应器对正戊烷异构化反应热力学进行研究,所使用的催化剂为中国石化石油化工科学研究院研制的中温分子筛型异构化催化剂。结果表明,温度、压力、氢/烃比是影响正戊烷异构化反应的主要因素。温度升高促进裂解反应,导致液体收率下降;压力升高有利于异构化反应;过高的氢分压降低正戊烷的转化率。因此,三者可以互相调整、相互补偿,从而使催化剂在最佳的条件下使用。     

超临界状态下正癸烷与环己烷的热裂解

采用连续流动超临界裂解装置,对正癸烷与环己烷在超临界状态下的热裂解进行实验研究和理论分析。同时,采用密度泛函方法在BHHLYP/cc-pVDZ水平上,对两者热裂解过程中起始反应关键步骤的速率常数进行计算。结果表明,相同条件下,正癸烷初始产气温度低于环己烷;低于923K时,正癸烷更容易裂解,其产物主要是C1~C4小分子烃类及C5~C9的直链烯烃,1023K时,两者的裂解程度相当,此时正癸烷裂解产物主要是C1~C4小分子烃类,而环己烷在低于973K时裂解产物以甲基-环戊烷为主,随着温度升高,裂解产物种类增多,当温度达到1023K时裂解产物主要是芳香烃、环烯烃等结焦前驱体,积炭情况比正癸烷严重。相同温度时,正癸烷C—C键断键反应的速率常数比环己烷C—C键和C—H键断键反应速率常数都高,更容易发生裂解反应,理论结果很好地解释了温度低于923K时正癸烷比环己烷更容易裂解的实验现象。     

注氯和提温提高高铂小球催化剂重整转化率

<正> 我厂重整装置自77年使用高铂小球以来,操作条件较缓和,转化率不高。根据胜利重整原料的特点及高铂小球的特性,重整料中甲基环戊烷与环乙烷之比高达1.6,比大庆油高得多,由于甲基环戊烷转化困难,要求催化剂有一定的酸性,并具有较高的反应温度。但在长周期运转中,催化剂氯流失较多,异构化功能不足,甲基环戊烷转化率一般在49.3％。为保持催化剂的酸性,77年11月开始向重整进料中连续注二氯乙烷(其中氯为重整进料的1ppm、系统水31ppm)。     

国内简讯

铂铼重整生产高辛烷值汽油针对大庆直馏汽油重整生成油存在着苯含量高、馏程重、感铅性差等问题,我厂将重整原料油先进行预分馏,切出一部分苯、甲基环戊烷和环己烷,再调入重整生成油,即能直接生产出辛烷值为     

闲置加氢装置升级改造为C5/C6异构化装置技术及工业应用

采用中国石化石油化工科学研究院开发的中温异构化技术将中油东明石化集团闲置的0.25 Mt/a柴油加氢装置升级改造为C5/C6异构化装置,以连续重整装置的拔头油、戊烷油和抽余油为原料,根据“利旧最大化、投资最低以及异构化原料全部加工”的改造原则,采用脱C7+技术和“脱异戊烷 ＋ 一次通过”异构化工艺流程,可生产研究法辛烷值为79.7的C5/C6异构化汽油。标定结果表明：异构化催化剂的C5异构化率为63.2%,C6异构化率为81.1%,异构化产品的研究法辛烷值达到79.7,异构化产品收率为98.0%,各项数据均达到技术控制指标。     

环烷烃催化裂解生成乙烯和丙烯反应探析

采用小型固定流化床装置研究了不同环烷烃催化裂解生成乙烯和丙烯的反应规律。结果表明,环烷烃的催化裂解反应中,无取代基的双环环烷烃比单环环烷烃更有利于生成乙烯和丙烯,但两者容易发生脱氢缩合反应;给电子诱导效应相对最强的正丙基环己烷比甲基环己烷和乙基环己烷更易生成正碳离子,利于生成乙烯和丙烯;对于含有2个取代基的环烷烃,取代基之间的距离越近,环烷烃环上的电子分布越不均匀,越容易生成正碳离子;具有较大环张力和较小动力学直径的甲基环戊烷比甲基环己烷更易催化裂解生成乙烯和丙烯。根据甲基环戊烷催化裂解的产物分析和分子模拟计算结果,推测H⁺优先进攻甲基环戊烷取代基的碳原子,进而发生电荷转移,形成C₍₁₎五配位正碳离子。     

铁对Pt-Sn连续重整催化剂催化性能的影响

以正庚烷、环己烷、甲基环戊烷和石脑油作为模型化合物,研究含Fe的Pt-Sn／γ-Al2O3连续重整催化剂的反应性能。结果表明,所有模型化合物在该催化剂上的反应均随着Fe含量的增加,催化剂活性降低;以正庚烷为原料时,随Fe含量的增加,芳构化选择性、裂化选择性降低,而异构化选择性增加;以石脑油为原料时,随Fe含量的增加,液体收率减少,芳烃产率降低,积炭减少。由于石脑油主要由烷烃和六元环烷烃组成,Fe对石脑油的影响与正庚烷、环己烷呈现相同的变化规律。     

Chloroaluminate ionic liquid catalyzed isomerization of n-pentane in the presence of product distribution improver

The ionic liquid Et3NHCl-2AlCl3 can catalyze the isomerization of n-pentane.This paper investigates the ionic liquid catalyzed isomerization performance of n-pentane with several product distribution improvers in an autoclave.The product distribution of n-pentane isomerization could be improved by such improvers as benzene,cyclohexane,and methyl cyclohexane at the expense of conversion of n-pentane.The optimal product distribution improver was determined to be cyclohexane.The yield of isomerate and the selectivity of liquid isoalkanes increased,whereas the conversion of n-pentane decreased,with increasing cyclohexane amount.At the same conversion of n-pentane,the research octane number(RON) of liquid product,with cyclohexane amount of 0.5 wt%,was about 1.3 higher than that without cyclohexane.At the same reaction conditions,the presence of cyclohexane enhanced the yield of isomerate,the selectivity of liquid isoalkanes,and the RON of the liquid product,but reduced the conversion of n-pentane.     

Aromatization of Cyclopentane Over ZSM-5 Catalysts: A Proposal of Reaction Pathway

Abstract

The conversion of cyclopentane over HZSM-5 and GaZSM-5 was studied at 500–600°C in a fixed bed flow reactor. The reaction over HZSM-5 showed that cyclopentane was first cracked to liquified petroleum gas (LPG) that consecutively aromatized to BTX and C₉₊ aromatics. While over GaZSM-5, cyclopentane preferred to oligomerize to larger intermediate namely cyclic hydrocarbon pool that could be converted to C₉₊ aromatics and then cracked to benzene toluene and xylene and LPG. The higher activity was obtained by lowering Si/Al ratio of the parent HZSM-5 and increasing reaction temperature.     

四氢萘在分子筛催化剂上环烷环开环反应的研究

在小型固定流化床(FFB)装置中考察了Y与ZSM-5分子筛催化剂以及温度、剂油比对四氢萘裂化环烷环开环的影响。结果表明,四氢萘在分子筛催化剂上通过环烷环开环反应生成丙烷、丙烯、丁烷、丁烯、甲基戊烷和环戊烷、环己烷等非芳烃,苯、C1～C4烷基取代苯等单环芳烃;并通过脱氢缩合反应生成萘、甲基萘等双环芳烃,菲、芘等三环以上芳烃甚至焦炭等;其中环烷环开环与脱氢缩合反应的相对比例在两种分子筛上分别为1.22、0.95。由于扩散和吸附性能的影响,其裂化开环反应的选择性在Y分子筛催化剂比ZSM-5分子筛催化剂上高;温度在450～550℃、剂油比在3～9范围,反应温度升高或者剂油比增加,双分子氢转移以及脱氢缩合反应增强,从而导致环烷环开环产物选择性降低。     

碳六烷烃在铂－L型分子筛催化剂上的反应规律Ⅱ．不同反应温度的产品分布与反应历程

在相同铂含量、不同碱性载体Ｐｔ／Ｋ－Ｌ，Ｐｔ／ＡｌＰＯ＿４－５催化剂上，以下已烷和甲基环戊烷反应分为探针，考察不同反应温度下，ｎ－Ｃ＿６和ＭＣＰ的反应产品分布。试验结果表明：（１）反应产品分布与反应温度有密切关系；（２）催化剂中碱性分子筛体孔道效应高温时表现更加充分；（３）出于ＡｌＰＯ＿４５载体呈中性，铂在其上分散较差，在高温时与碱性载体相比，烷烃芳构化活性、选择降低，反应产物分布也有时显差异。     

芳烃抽余油制环己烷

研究开发了由芳烃装置的中间副产物芳烃抽余油制取环己烷的工艺。该工艺过程主要包括采用间歇精馏法对原料进行提纯;在三氯化铝的催化和氯代烃类引发剂的作用下,使原料中的甲基环戊烷异构化为环已烷;用精馏法对反应产物进行分离。通过实验确定了最佳工艺条件,井给出了工业化生产流程图。     

Transformation of Cycloparaffin over Zeolite-Supported Metal Catalyst for Improving the Octane Number of Gasoline

In order to improve the octane number of gasoline, Ni/HZSM-5 and NiMo/HZSM-5 catalysts were prepared by impregnation method, and their activities for hydrocracking, hydroisomerization, and aromatization were investigated by the transformation of cylcohexane. The experimental results show that the conversion of cyclohexane is affected greatly by the reaction temperature. The production of methyl-cyclopentane is the result of the hydroisomerization of cyclohexane. The olefin distribution reveals that the hydrocracking reaction of cyclohexane over acidic zeolite catalyst probably obeys the dimolecular mechanism and the C₅ and C₇ olefins come from the cracking of the dimer of cyclohexane. The activities of the presulfided Ni/HZSM-5 and NiMo/HZSM-5 catalyst for the transformation of cyclohexane were evaluated and the product selectivities for two presulfided catalysts are similar to those obtained over reduced Ni/HZSM-5 catalyst.     

KINETIC INVESTIGATION OF METHYLCYCLOPENTANE REFORMING ON FRESH AND DEACTIVATING Pt/Al2O3 CATALYST

The conversion of methylcyclopentane (MCP) in hydrogen on fresh and deactivating Pt/Al₂O₃ catalyst to hydrogenolysis products (2-methylpentane, 3-methylpentane and n-hexane), cyclohexane and benzene was studied in a Berty CSTR at various partial pressures of MCP and H₂, and at a total pressure of 1 atm. For the kinetic studies, temperatures between 370 - 400° and W/F values up to 0.33 g min/cm³ were used. The conversion of MCP was found to increase with increase in temperature at all the MCP partial pressures investigated. The hydrogenolysis products and benzene composition generally increased with increase in temperature and W/F. The mechanism for the reforming of MCP was similar to that proposed by Dartigues et al. (1978) except that the formation of hydrogenolysis products was accounted for in this formulation. Eleven rate models were developed and tested and six satisfied the set criteria. Since hydrogenation/dehydrogenation and desorption steps are relatively rapid, the conversion step to hydrogenolysis products was deemed the only rate determining step with an activation energy of 36.31 kcal/gmol. For the deactivation studies, the model of Corella and Asua (1982) was used for the development of two deactivation models. The only model found to predict the deactivation behavior was the step leading to the formation of the coke precursor as rate controlling.     

KINETIC INVESTIGATION OF METHYLCYCLOPENTANE REFORMING ON FRESH AND DEACTIVATING Pt/Al2O3 CATALYST

ABSTRACT

The conversion of methylcyclopentane (MCP) in hydrogen on fresh and deactivating Pt/Al₂O₃ catalyst to hydrogenolysis products (2-methylpentane, 3-methylpentane and n-hexane), cyclohexane and benzene was studied in a Berty CSTR at various partial pressures of MCP and H₂, and at a total pressure of 1 atm. For the kinetic studies, temperatures between 370 – 400° and W/F values up to 0.33 g min/cm³ were used. The conversion of MCP was found to increase with increase in temperature at all the MCP partial pressures investigated. The hydrogenolysis products and benzene composition generally increased with increase in temperature and W/F. The mechanism for the reforming of MCP was similar to that proposed by Dartigues et al. (1978) except that the formation of hydrogenolysis products was accounted for in this formulation. Eleven rate models were developed and tested and six satisfied the set criteria. Since hydrogenation/dehydrogenation and desorption steps are relatively rapid, the conversion step to hydrogenolysis products was deemed the only rate determining step with an activation energy of 36.31 kcal/gmol. For the deactivation studies, the model of Corella and Asua (1982) was used for the development of two deactivation models. The only model found to predict the deactivation behavior was the step leading to the formation of the coke precursor as rate controlling.     

Transformation of Cycloparaffin over Zeolite-Supported Metal Catalyst for Improving the Octane Number of Gasoline

Abstract

In order to improve the octane number of gasoline, Ni/HZSM-5 and NiMo/HZSM-5 catalysts were prepared by impregnation method, and their activities for hydrocracking, hydroisomerization, and aromatization were investigated by the transformation of cylcohexane. The experimental results show that the conversion of cyclohexane is affected greatly by the reaction temperature. The production of methyl-cyclopentane is the result of the hydroisomerization of cyclohexane. The olefin distribution reveals that the hydrocracking reaction of cyclohexane over acidic zeolite catalyst probably obeys the dimolecular mechanism and the C₅ and C₇ olefins come from the cracking of the dimer of cyclohexane. The activities of the presulfided Ni/HZSM-5 and NiMo/HZSM-5 catalyst for the transformation of cyclohexane were evaluated and the product selectivities for two presulfided catalysts are similar to those obtained over reduced Ni/HZSM-5 catalyst.