热处理对椰子植物酸奶理化性质及挥发性成分的影响

发酵前热处理对酸奶品质影响较大,本文利用脱脂椰浆为主要原料,不加入任何动物成分,通过乳酸菌发酵制成椰子植物酸奶,研究不同的热处理条件对椰子植物酸奶品质的影响。通过对产品的感官、理化性质（pH值、滴定酸度、持水力、色差）、质构特性、挥发性成分进行测定,选择适宜的热处理条件。结果表明,经过65 ℃-30 min热处理的椰子植物酸奶,pH值为4.55,滴定酸度为92.67 oT,持水力为88.75%,酸甜可口,无乳清析出现象,组织状态好,黏稠度适宜,色泽均匀,感官评分为84.97。利用GC-IMS法从椰浆及不同热处理的椰子植物酸奶中共鉴定出14种挥发性成分,主要是醇类、酮类、醛类和酯类。构成发酵风味的重要物质2,3-丁二酮在热处理条件为65 ℃-30 min时含量最高。综合得出：65 ℃-30 min热处理制备的椰子植物酸奶口感品质良好。     

不同稳定剂对凝固型牦牛酸奶在冷藏后熟过程中品质及风味的影响

为了探讨黄原胶、果胶和羧甲基纤维素钠(CMC-Na)对牦牛酸奶在后熟过程中品质及风味的变化,实验测定了添加不同稳定剂酸奶的感官、酸度、持水性、质构,并分析了不同后熟时间酸奶的挥发性风味成分。结果表明,不同稳定剂对牦牛酸奶的感官、理化性质及质构的影响不同。添加黄原胶、果胶及CMC-Na对牦牛酸奶的感官、酸度及持水性有显著影响(p<0.05),均在一定程度上提高了酸奶的硬度,但稳定剂添加量过大时会降低酸奶的粘聚性。通过正交实验确定稳定剂最佳复配组合为:果胶0.04%、黄原胶0.02%、CMC-Na 0.03%,此时牦牛酸奶的持水力为71.52%,感官评分为42。对牦牛酸奶中的挥发性风味物质检测发现,醇类是牦牛酸奶中含量最高的物质,其次为酮类、其他类(主要为芳香类),再次为醛类。随冷藏后熟时间的延长,空白组中检出的挥发性风味物质数量变化不大;在冷藏后熟2 d时,果胶组风味的稳定效果最好,其次为CMC-Na,复合稳定剂组效果最差;至冷藏后熟7 d时,与第2 d相比,复合稳定剂组风味的稳定效果最好。     

蛹虫草浸提液对酸奶品质的影响

在牛乳中添加蛹虫草浸提液研制酸奶,在不同贮藏时期对酸奶的黏度、色度、pH值、酸度、持水力、乳酸菌生长情况、感官评价、挥发性风味物质等指标进行评定,以此研究蛹虫草子实体浸提液对酸奶品质的影响。试验结果表明,一定范围内蛹虫草浸提液可以促进乳酸菌生长,改变酸奶的色度,提高酸奶黏度、持水力,抑制酸度上升。蛹虫草浸提液可溶性固形物含量为6.0%的酸奶具有最佳的感官品质,蛹虫草酸奶中的酸类和酮类等挥发性风味物质的相对百分含量高于普通酸奶。     

双歧杆菌与乳酸克鲁维酵母共发酵对酸奶品质及风味的影响

为了探讨改变乳酸克鲁维酵母添加量与双歧杆菌共发酵对酸奶的理化性质、感官品质、质构及挥发性风味成分的影响,测定和分析了后熟24 h后酸奶的滴定酸度、持水力、pH、感官得分和质构特性,并对后熟酸奶中挥发性物质进行了鉴定。结果表明:添加2.0%~3.0%乳酸克鲁维酵母能促进乳酸菌产酸,提高酸奶的保水力,改善质构和感官特性。添加乳酸克鲁维酵母的酸奶中检出的醇类、酯类及烃类物质的个数高于不添加酵母的酸奶,且醇类和酯类的相对百分含量要高于不添加酵母的酸奶。当乳酸克鲁维酵母添加量为2.0%,与双歧杆菌制备的共发酵酸奶的感官、产酸能力、质构及风味最好。     

全大豆和脱脂大豆酿造酱油的差异化研究

全大豆和脱脂大豆的主要成分差异是有机溶剂浸出的油脂类物质,分别以全大豆和脱脂大豆为主要原料酿造酱油试验,利用理化指标、感官鉴评和气相色谱-质谱法（GC-MS）分析2种酿造酱油的品质差异。研究结果表明,全大豆酿造酱油整体滋味协调,醇香、酱香浓郁,色泽棕红亮,而脱脂大豆酿造酱油滋味一般,酸味较强,醇香和酱香较淡,色泽较深。GC-MS鉴定出挥发性风味化合物47种,其中全大豆酿造酱油的主要挥发性化合物为酯类28.75%、醇类25.27%、酚类19.17%、酸类18.24%和醛酮类3.75%,而脱脂大豆酿造酱油的主要挥发性化合物为醇类50.50%、酯类26.25%、酸类16.16%、醛酮类2.86%和酚类0.99%,挥发性香气化合物的相对含量差异是引起2种酱油风味差异的主要原因。     

SDE/GC-MS测定南美白对虾的挥发性香气成分

基于感官品评与仪器分析相结合,优化并采用同时蒸馏萃取/气相色谱-质谱联用（SDE/GC-MS）方法对南美白对虾挥发性香气成分进行了分析,对特征性香气组分进行鉴定,并对其挥发性香气成分指纹图谱进行了初步探讨。GC-MS分析结果表明,同时蒸馏萃取法可以较好地提取南美白对虾的挥发性香气成分,优化后的SDE提取方法为：南美白对虾100 g,料液比1:3,有机溶剂为乙醚30 mL和二氯甲烷30 mL混合,蒸馏时间3 h;GC-MS检测的挥发性香气成分中,含有烃类、醇类、酮类、脂类、萘类类等;烃类含量65%以上,其中二十烷大于15%,烃类化合物赋予对虾清甜气味,但阈值较高;1-戊烯-3-醇、(顺,反)3, 5-辛二烯-2-酮和(反,反)3,3-辛二烯-2-酮以及酯类化合物都具有较低的阈值,赋予对虾良好风味,是南美白对虾中重要的特征性香气成分。     

添加不同植物油对益生菌酸奶品质、风味及发酵特性的影响

本研究的目的在于探讨添加四种植物油对脱脂酸奶发酵过程中理化性质、质构、挥发性风味成分及感官品质的影响;实验以双歧杆菌、保加利亚乳杆菌、嗜酸乳杆菌和嗜热链球菌为发酵剂制备凝固型益生菌酸奶,测定了p H、滴定酸度及持水性,并进行了质构分析和感官评价,采用固相微萃取法(HS-SPME)结合气相色谱质谱联用技术(GCMS)对后熟24、48及96 h的酸奶中挥发性风味物质进行鉴定。结果表明:添加大豆油、花生油与核桃油显著降低酸奶p H(p0.01),添加大豆油与花生油显著提高酸奶滴定酸度值(p0.05),添加核桃油和葡萄籽油显著提高了酸奶持水性(p0.05),添加四种植物油均显著降低了酸奶的硬度与稠度,提高了粘聚性和粘性指数(p0.05);同时,随着酸奶后熟时间的延长,酸奶中挥发性风味物质相对含量发生变化,鉴定出来自植物油的挥发性风味物质;感官评价结果表明植物油的添加对酸奶色泽影响不显著(p0.05),但对气味、滋味、组织状态影响显著(p0.05)。本研究为生产富含不饱和脂肪酸的益生菌酸奶提供理论依据。     

沙棘酸奶挥发性风味物质的GC-IMS表征

为探究沙棘酸奶中的挥发性风味物质，明确复配沙棘进行发酵对酸奶感官和风味物质的影响，通过感官评价与顶空-固相微萃取-气相色谱-离子迁移谱法(HS-SPME-GC-IMS)结合多元统计分析方法对发酵沙棘酸奶的挥发性化合物进行分析，实现特征挥发性化合物的表征。结果表明，沙棘酸奶产生了多种挥发性物质，酯类、酮类和醛类为主要挥发性物质来源。发酵过程减弱了沙棘原浆带来的酸涩味道，使滋味更加柔和，香气更加浓郁、典型。主成分分析筛选出了对香气贡献较大的化合物，聚类分析将挥发性化合物分成三类。其中2, 2, 4, 6, 6-五甲基庚烷、乙酸乙酯(单体)、2-甲基丁酸乙酯、丁酸丙酯、甲酸丁酯(二聚体)、糠硫醇、甲酸异戊酯、乙酸乙酯(二聚体)和甲酸丁酯(单体)为发酵沙棘酸奶的主要风味物质。本研究为复合酸奶的风味物质分析提供了研究思路，研究结果为沙棘酸奶后期的风味提升提供一定理论基础。     

美藤果粕可溶性膳食纤维提取工艺优化及其酸奶的制备

为了增加美藤果粕的利用新途径,通过单因素和正交试验确定美藤果粕可溶性膳食纤维（SISDF）的最佳提取工艺,并通过测定持水力、持油力、膨胀力、溶解度等来评价美藤果粕膳食纤维及其酸奶的理化性质。实验结果表明：酸浓度为2%、反应时间为2.5 h、温度为80℃和料液比为1:20为最佳工艺参数的条件,得率为24.13%。美藤果粕膳食纤维的持水力为1.364 g/g、持油力为8.266g/g、膨胀力为20.076m L/g,30℃～90℃时溶解度在46.79%～84.26%之间;SISDF全脂酸奶的持水力比全脂酸奶持水力高12.44%,SISDF脱脂酸奶的持水力是脱脂酸奶持水力的3.32倍;SISDF全脂酸奶和全脂酸奶组对比,稠度、粘度和硬度分别提高了73.53%、3.20%和45.84%;SISDF脱脂酸奶和脱脂酸奶组相比,稠度、粘度和硬度分别提高了171.43%、58.59%和28.06%。以上结果为美藤果粕的利用提供了新的思考与发展方向,有望解决美藤果粕造成的资源浪费和环境污染问题。     

SDE／GC-MS测定南美白对虾的挥发性香气成分

基于感官品评与仪器分析相结合,优化并采用同时蒸馏萃取／气相色谱．质谱联用（SDE／GC-MS）方法对南美白对虾挥发性香气成分进行了分析,对特征性香气组分进行鉴定,并对其挥发性香气成分指纹图谱进行了初步探讨。GC．MS分析结果表明,同时蒸馏萃取法可以较好地献取南美白对虾的挥次性香气成分,优化后的SDE提取方法为：南美白对虾100g,料液比1：3,有机溶剂为乙醚30mL和二氯甲烷30mL混合,蒸馏时间3h;GC-MS检测的挥发性香气成分中,含有烃类、醇类、酮类、脂类、萘类类等;烃类含量65％以上,其中二十烷大于15％,烃类化合物赋予对虾清甜气味,但阈值较高;1-戊烯-3-醇、（顺,反）3,5-辛二烯．2．酮和（反,反）3,3．辛二烯．2．酮以及酯类化合物都具有较低的闽值,赋予对虾良好风味,是南美白对虾中重要的特征性香气成分。     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

An internet compendium of analytical methods and spectroscopic information for monomers and additives used in food packaging plastics

An internet website (http://cpf.jrc.it/smt/) has been produced as a means of dissemination of methods of analysis and supporting spectroscopic information on monomers and additives used for food contact materials (principally packaging). The site which is aimed primarily at assisting food control laboratories in the European Union contains analytical information on monomers, starting substances and additives used in the manufacture of plastics materials. A searchable index is provided giving PM and CAS numbers for each of 255 substances. For each substance a data sheet gives regulatory information, chemical structures, physico-chemical information and background information on the use of the substance in particular plastics, and the food packaging applications. For monomers and starting substances (155 compounds) the infra-red and mass spectra are provided, and for additives (100 compounds); additionally proton NMR are available for about 50% of the entries. Where analytical methods have been developed for determining these substances as residual amounts in plastics or as trace amounts in food simulants these methods are also on the website. All information is provided in portable document file (PDF) format which means that high quality copies can be readily printed, using freely available Adobe Acrobat Reader software. The website will in future be maintained and up-dated by the European Commission's Joint Research Centre (JRC) as new substances are authorized for use by the European Commission (DG-ENTR formerly DGIII). Where analytical laboratories (food control or other) require reference substances these can be obtained free-ofcharge from a reference collection housed at the JRC and maintained in conjunction with this website compendium.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

Textural Properties of Cold-set Gels Induced from Heat-denatured Whey Protein Isolates

A 9% whey protein (WP) isolate solution at pH 7.0 was heat-denatured at 80°C for 30 min. Size-exclusion HPLC showed that native WP formed soluble aggregates after heat-treatment. Additions of CaCl2 (10–40 mM), NaCl (50–400 mM) or glucono-delta-lactone (GDL, 0.4–2.0%, w/v) or hydrolysis by a protease from Bacillus licheniformis caused gelation of the denatured solution at 45°C. Textural parameters, hardness, adhesiveness, and cohesiveness of the gels so formed changed markedly with concentration of added salts or pH by added GDL. Maximum gel hardness occurred at 200 mM NaCl or pH 4.7. Increasing CaCl2 concentration continuously increased gel hardness. Generally, GDL-induced gels were harder than salt-induced gels, and much harder than the protease-induced gel.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Occurrence of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in fish canned in oil

The levels of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) were quantified as part of a European survey on the migration of residues of epoxy resins into oil from canned fish. The contents of BFDGE in cans, lids and fish collected from all 15 Member States of the European Union and Switzerland were analysed in 382 samples. Cans and lids were separately extracted with acetonitrile. The extraction from fish was carried out with hexane followed by re-extraction with acetonitrile. The analysis was performed by reverse phase HPL C with fluorescence detection. BFDGE could be detected in 12% of the fish, 24% of the cans and 18% of the lids. Only 3% of the fish contained BFDGE in concentrations considerably above 1mg/kg. In addition to the presented data, a comparison was made with the levels of BADGE (bisphenol-A-diglycidyl ether)analysed in the same products in the context of a previous study.     

Contribution of European research to risk analysis

The European Commission's, Quality of Life Research Programme, Key Action 1—Health, Food & Nutrition is mission-oriented and aims, amongst other things, at providing a healthy, safe and high-quality food supply leading to reinforced consumer confidence in the safety of European food. Its objectives also include the enhancing of the competitiveness of the European food supply. Key Action 1 is currently supporting a number of different types of European collaborative projects in the area of risk analysis. The objectives of these projects range from the development and validation of prevention strategies including the reduction of consumers risks; development and validation of new modelling approaches; harmonization of risk assessment principles, methodologies, and terminology; standardization of methods and systems used for the safety evaluation of transgenic food; providing of tools for the evaluation of human viral contamination of shellfish and quality control; new methodologies for assessing the potential of unintended effects of genetically modified (genetically modified) foods; development of a risk assessment model for Cryptosporidium parvum related to the food and water industries; to the development of a communication platform for genetically modified organism, producers, retailers, regulatory authorities and consumer groups to improve safety assessment procedures, risk management strategies and risk communication; development and validation of new methods for safety testing of transgenic food; evaluation of the safety and efficacy of iron supplementation in pregnant women; evaluation of the potential cancer-preventing activity of pro- and pre-biotic ('synbiotic') combinations in human volunteers. An overview of these projects is presented here.     

低温带皮菜籽粕微粉的不同粒级部分的功能特性

为研究低温带皮菜籽粕微粉的不同粒级部分的功能特性,以经低温脱脂的带皮菜籽粕为原料,经微粉碎后筛分成212~425μm、150~212μm和106~150μm的3个不同粒级的微粉样品,检测这些样品的吸水性、吸油性、乳化性和乳化稳定性、蛋白质体外消化率。结果表明:1 3个不同粒级的微粉样品之间的粗纤维含量存在显著差异,表明三者的结构组成成分有一定差异。23个微粉样品的乳化活性和乳化稳定性随粒度级别的减小而显著增加(P0.01)。33个微粉样品的蛋白质体外消化率随粒度级别的减小而显著增加(P0.01)。4不同粒级带皮菜籽粕微粉样品的吸水性与吸油性受其结构组成物质不同和粒度的双重影响,与粒度的相关性不明显。     

Microbiology of food taints

Fresh and processed foods are often spoilt by the presence of undesirable flavours and odours caused by microbial action. The aim of this paper is to review the current knowledge of microbiologically induced taints that occur in a wide range of foodstuffs, including meats, poultry, fish, crustaceans, milk, dairy products, fruits, vegetables, cereals and cereal products. Examples have been chosen where the compounds responsible for the taint have been identified and sufficient data obtained to demonstrate the involvement of microorganisms. However, in some cases the full identity of the causative organism may not have been elucidated. The types of microorganisms covered by this review include bacteria, fungi, yeasts, actinomycetes and cyanobacteria. Although cyanobacteria do not in general infect foods, their presence in aqueous systems and water supplies can lead to off-flavours in aquatic organisms and processed foodstuffs. Several examples of each of these processes are discussed. Wherever possible, the likely biosynthetic pathway used by the microorganism to produce the offending compound in a foodstuff is indicated.