表面增强拉曼光谱技术在果蔬真菌毒素残留检测中的研究进展

果蔬在采摘后的加工、贮藏、运输等环节中易受到环境中微生物的污染,造成果蔬腐败变质,其中部分产毒真菌在增殖过程中会产生大量真菌毒素,给消费者身心健康造成了严重威胁,因此建立快速、准确的真菌毒素检测方法对保证果蔬品质安全至关重要。近年来,表面增强拉曼光谱技术（Surface-Enhancement Raman Spectroscopy,SERS）因具有高灵敏性、快速性、无破坏性、不受水分干扰等优点备受关注。本文阐述了SERS技术概况和增强机理,对SERS检测果蔬真菌毒素领域常用的金属溶胶基底和固体复合基底进行了简单介绍,以检测方法、基底制备技术、检测结果和遗留问题为切入点强调了SERS技术对不同果蔬食品真菌毒素痕量检测的应用,并介绍了SERS技术在真菌毒素检测领域的应用前景和局限性,对现有问题提出了解决方案,旨在为今后SERS技术应用于真菌毒素检测领域提供帮助。     

食品与饲料基质中真菌毒素检测技术研究进展

真菌毒素是真菌在生长繁殖过程中产生的相对分子质量较小的次生有毒代谢产物,不易被加工或烹调加热所破坏,超过一定摄入量后会引起人的肝肾功能下降、癌变或诱发免疫抑制性疾病。目前尚无绝对有效的措施避免真菌毒素的污染,因此,研究可以准确高效地测定食品和饲料基质中的真菌毒素的检测技术非常重要。本研究通过对真菌毒素提取方法、净化方法及检测技术的研究进展进行综述,发现目前研究方法大多是针对某一种真菌毒素进行检测的常规检测方法或者同时检测多种真菌毒素的检测方法,由于这些方法存在稳定性差、定量不准确或前处理复杂等,因此未来应大力开发检测快速、高灵敏度、高特异性的真菌毒素检测方法。     

表面增强拉曼光谱应用于肉制品中食源性致病菌快速检测的研究进展

肉制品安全一直是食品安全中备受关注的一部分,而食源性致病菌是全球公共卫生和人类健康的一大威胁因素,因此肉制品中食源性致病菌的检测是肉品行业和食品安全检测领域的热点问题。考虑到肉制品作为一种快消品,其中食源性致病菌快速检测技术的研发刻不容缓。表面增强拉曼光谱（surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy,SERS）因其优异的检测特性,被许多学者应用于食品安全快速检测领域。本文简要综述SERS技术及其在肉制品食源性致病菌快速检测中的应用,并对其在食品快速检测领域的应用前景作出展望。     

Determination of chemical hazards in foods using surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy coupled with advanced separation techniques

BackgroundSurface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) has been validated as a highly accurate and specific technique for the discrimination, identification, and potential quantification of different types of chemical compounds. However, its application for the detection of potential hazardous chemical targets in foods has not yet been well developed due to interferences from the complicated food matrices, which could lead to challenges in spectral deconvolution and interpretation. The accurate separation and enrichment of the analyte from food samples are major challenges for analytical chemists and food technologists.Scope and approachFour promising “capturing” techniques (molecularly imprinted polymers, aptamer, antibody, and microfluidics) coupled with SERS were introduced in this review paper for the reliable and ultrafast determination of chemical hazards in food systems. These developed “one-step” or “two-step” SERS methods can achieve accurate and sensitive detection of trace level chemical hazards in agricultural products including foods.Key findings and conclusionsTandem SERS methods can be applied for rapid and reliable detection of trace level of chemical hazards in foods.     

果蔬中常见真菌毒素的检测研究进展

果蔬在田间的生长过程以及采摘后的贮存、运输和加工过程中,容易受到病原真菌的污染,病原菌通过寄主果蔬表面伤口或自然孔口侵入,导致果蔬腐烂并积累大量真菌毒素。腐烂果蔬会造成巨大的经济损失,同时经由食物链的传递威胁人和动物的健康。鉴于果蔬中真菌毒素的危害性,本文总结了近年来主要污染果蔬的毒素的种类、污染现状、危害及其检测方法,其中目前检测仍以色谱法、质谱法等仪器检测为主,虽然可以精确定量检测,但是耗材和时间成本较大;随着大规模样本的筛选检测需求的提高,免疫法和表面增强拉曼光谱法等高通量的快速检测逐渐受到关注。本文旨在为真菌毒素的检测防控提供参考。     

表面增强拉曼光谱技术在真菌毒素检测中的应用研究进展

表面增强拉曼光谱（surface enhanced raman spectroscopy，SERS）是一种新型的快速检测技术，能通过增强基底灵敏探测化合物的分子指纹信息，从而清楚解析其特征化学结构，具有样本前处理简单、检测速度快、灵敏度高、光谱信息丰富、易操作等优点，在食源性真菌毒素的检测领域有很大的应用价值。本文介绍了表面增强拉曼光谱技术的发展历程、增强机理、基底的分类以及检测模式，综述了近5年在食品中真菌毒素快速检测方面的最新研究进展，并提出了亟待解决的问题和发展趋势，旨在为今后SERS技术的研究和开发提供帮助。     

基于氧化石墨烯的表面增强拉曼光谱技术在食品污染物检测中的应用

表面增强拉曼光谱(surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy, SERS)通过吸附表面的目标分子来增强拉曼散射,能够以高灵敏度、高特异性和高选择性检测目标分子,已成为快速检测食品污染物的一种常见技术。SERS技术的发展很大程度上依赖于SERS基底的构建与发展,常用的SERS基底材料主要为贵金属(Au、Ag和Cu),并且氧化石墨烯(graphene oxide, GO)也是一种具有拉曼活性的探针分子,可通过与贵金属的协同作用来增强表面增强拉曼光谱的信号,此外GO材料本身的自清洁性、稳定性和优越的分子吸附特性等,使得基于GO的SERS生物传感器的开发成为研究的热点。本文系统地介绍了GO SERS基底材料,综述了其在多种农药、霉菌毒素和非法添加剂等食品污染物检测中的研究应用,并对其应用进行总结和前景展望。本文旨在为研究人员提供更多GO SERS传感器的相关知识和应用前景。     

快速检测技术在食品真菌毒素检测中的研究进展

真菌毒素是具有毒性的次级代谢产物,可污染多种食品。食用被毒素污染的食品会对人类和动物造成严重的健康风险,因此一种高灵敏度、快速的分析方法对于提高检测能力、保证食用安全和人类健康能够提供重要保障。该文综述近年来几种常见的快速检测技术(酶联免疫吸附测定、层析免疫测定、生物传感器、生物芯片)在食品真菌毒素检测中的应用进展,同时对一些新型生物材料及检测元件进行简单介绍,旨在为以后真菌毒素快速检测技术的开发提供参考。     

Natural Occurrence,Analysis, and Prevention of Mycotoxins in Fruits and their Processed Products

Mycotoxins are small toxic chemical products formed as the secondary metabolites by fungi that readily contaminate foods with toxins in the field or after harvest. The presence of mycotoxins, such as aflatoxins, ochratoxin A, and patulin, in fruits and their processed products is of high concern for human health due to their properties to induce severe acute and chronic toxicity at low-dose levels. Currently, a broad range of detection techniques used for practical analysis and detection of a wide spectrum of mycotoxins are available. Many analytical methods have been developed for the determination of each group of these mycotoxins in different food matrices, but new methods are still required to achieve higher sensitivity and address other challenges that are posed by these mycotoxins. Effective technologies are needed to reduce or even eliminate the presence of the mycotoxins in fruits and their processed products. Preventive measures aimed at the inhibition of mycotoxin formation in fruits and their processed products are the most effective approach. Detoxification of mycotoxins by different physical, chemical, and biological methods are less effective and sometimes restricted because of concerns of safety, possible losses in nutritional quality of the treated commodities and cost implications. This article reviewed the available information on the major mycotoxins found in foods and feeds, with an emphasis of fruits and their processed products, and the analytical methods used for their determination. Based on the current knowledge, the major strategies to prevent or even eliminate the presence of the mycotoxins in fruits and their processed products were proposed.     

Advances in surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy technology for detection of foodborne pathogens

Rapid control and prevention of diseases caused by foodborne pathogens is one of the existing food safety regulatory issues faced by various countries and has received wide attention from all sectors of society. The development of rapid and reliable detection methods for foodborne pathogens remains a hot research area for food safety and public health because of the limitations of complex steps, time-consuming, low sensitivity, or poor selectivity of commonly used methods. Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS), as a novel spectroscopic technique, has the advantages of high sensitivity, selectivity, rapid and nondestructive detection and has exhibited broad application prospects in the determination of pathogenic bacteria. In this study, the enhancement mechanisms of SERS are briefly introduced, then the characteristics and properties of liquid-phase, rigid solid-phase, and flexible solid-phase are categorized. Furthermore, a comprehensive review of the advances in label-free or label-based SERS strategies and SERS-compatible techniques for the detection of foodborne pathogens is provided, and the advantages and disadvantages of these methods are reviewed. Finally, the current challenges of SERS technology applied in practical applications are listed, and the possible development trends of SERS in the field of foodborne pathogens detection in the future are discussed.     

Recent developments and applications of hyperspectral imaging for rapid detection of mycotoxins and mycotoxigenic fungi in food products

Mycotoxins are the foremost naturally occurring contaminants of food products such as corn, peanuts, tree nuts, and wheat. As the secondary metabolites, mycotoxins are mainly synthesized by many species of the genera Aspergillus, Fusarium and Penicillium, and are considered highly toxic and carcinogenic to humans and animals. Most mycotoxins are detected and quantified by analytical chemistry-based methods. While mycotoxigenic fungi are usually identified and quantified by biological methods. However, these methods are time-consuming, laborious, costly, and inconsistent because of the variability of the grain-sampling process. It is desirable to develop rapid, non-destructive and efficient methods that objectively measure and evaluate mycotoxins and mycotoxigenic fungi in food. In recent years, some spectroscopy-based technologies such as hyperspectral imaging (HSI), Raman spectroscopy, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy have been extensively investigated for their potential use as tools for the detection, classification, and sorting of mycotoxins and toxigenic fungal contaminants in food. HSI integrates both spatial and spectral information for every pixel in an image, making it suitable for rapid detection of large quantities of samples and more heterogeneous samples and for in-line sorting in the food industry. In order to track the latest research developments in HSI, this paper gives a brief overview of the theories and fundamentals behind the technology and discusses its applications in the field of rapid detection and sorting of mycotoxins and toxigenic fungi in food products. Additionally, advantages and disadvantages of HSI are compared, and its potential use in commercial applications is reported.     

基于表面增强拉曼光谱检测双酚A的研究进展

双酚A(bisphenol A,BPA)的化学结构与内源性雌激素类似,能模仿或干扰内源性雌激素,发挥拟雌激素作用,是一种典型的环境内分泌干扰物(endocrine disrupting chemicals,EDCs).表面增强拉曼光谱(surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy,SERS)现...     

表面增强拉曼光谱检测食源性细菌的增强方式

因食源性微生物污染引起的疾病已经成为一个重要的卫生问题。传统的检测方法存在着检测时间长、成本高等不足,而拉曼光谱作为一种生物指纹识别技术,在细菌快速鉴定方面具有很大潜力。但是,拉曼光谱信号十分微弱,给实际应用带来了困难。表面增强拉曼光谱(SERS)是将待测物与粗糙金属表面接近,使拉曼信号大大得到增强,使之在临床诊断和快速鉴定方面的应用成为可能。本文以表面增强拉曼光谱检测致病菌为出发点,对增强底物与致病菌的结合方式和结合位点进行了总结。主要的增强方式分2类,一类是分别在细胞外和细胞内实现SERS,另一类是将纳米材料功能化,在分子水平实现SERS。这些增强方式将有利于新的增强底物的开发和增强机理的研究。     

Mycotoxin analysis: an update

Mycotoxin contamination of cereals and related products used for feed can cause intoxication, especially in farm animals. Therefore, efficient analytical tools for the qualitative and quantitative analysis of toxic fungal metabolites in feed are required. Current methods usually include an extraction step, a clean-up step to reduce or eliminate unwanted co-extracted matrix components and a separation step with suitably specific detection ability. Quantitative methods of analysis for most mycotoxins use immunoaffinity clean-up with high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) separation in combination with UV and/or fluorescence detection. Screening of samples contaminated with mycotoxins is frequently performed by thin layer chromatography (TLC), which yields qualitative or semi-quantitative results. Nowadays, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) are often used for rapid screening. A number of promising methods, such as fluorescence polarization immunoassays, dipsticks, and even newer methods such as biosensors and non-invasive techniques based on infrared spectroscopy, have shown great potential for mycotoxin analysis. Currently, there is a strong trend towards the use of multi-mycotoxin methods for the simultaneous analysis of several of the important Fusarium mycotoxins, which is best achieved by LC-MS/MS (liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry). This review focuses on recent developments in the determination of mycotoxins with a special emphasis on LC-MS/MS and emerging rapid methods.     

Mycotoxin analysis: An update

Mycotoxin contamination of cereals and related products used for feed can cause intoxication, especially in farm animals. Therefore, efficient analytical tools for the qualitative and quantitative analysis of toxic fungal metabolites in feed are required. Current methods usually include an extraction step, a clean-up step to reduce or eliminate unwanted co-extracted matrix components and a separation step with suitably specific detection ability. Quantitative methods of analysis for most mycotoxins use immunoaffinity clean-up with high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) separation in combination with UV and/or fluorescence detection. Screening of samples contaminated with mycotoxins is frequently performed by thin layer chromatography (TLC), which yields qualitative or semi-quantitative results. Nowadays, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) are often used for rapid screening. A number of promising methods, such as fluorescence polarization immunoassays, dipsticks, and even newer methods such as biosensors and non-invasive techniques based on infrared spectroscopy, have shown great potential for mycotoxin analysis. Currently, there is a strong trend towards the use of multi-mycotoxin methods for the simultaneous analysis of several of the important Fusarium mycotoxins, which is best achieved by LC-MS/MS (liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry). This review focuses on recent developments in the determination of mycotoxins with a special emphasis on LC-MS/MS and emerging rapid methods.     

Surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS): A novel reliable technique for rapid detection of common harmful chemical residues

BackgroundThe irrational usage of chemical substances including pesticides and drugs in agricultural and food production is a significant food safety issue due to its residues. Therefore, the detection of harmful residues in foods is an indispensable step for guaranteeing the consumer's health. Conventional methods, such as HPLC, GC-MS and LC-MS are accurate enough, but they fail to meet the requirements of the modern industry for rapid and on-line detection. Novel reliable techniques should thus be developed as alternatives.Scope and approachIn this review, fundamentals of surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) is introduced. Recent advances in its usage for detecting harmful chemical residues in agricultural products including pesticides, antibiotics and β₂-adrenergic agonists are discussed by two typical ways of detection improvement, and the advantages of SERS are addressed. Finally, future trends to routine use of SERS applications in harmful residues are presented.Key findings and conclusionsSERS is a promising detection technique for the detection of common harmful chemical residues with merits of simple sampling, rapid data collection and non-destructiveness. Despite rapid developments in the technology, there is much studies should be done before SERS could be used as a daily tool for the industry.     

粮油及其制品中真菌毒素快速检测技术的研究进展

真菌毒素具有极强的毒性,粮油及其制品在种植、加工、运输和储藏过程中由于操作不当极易污染真菌,进而产生各种真菌毒素,对人类的健康造成严重威胁。本文通过对真菌毒素传统检测技术与新发展快速检测技术进行论述,比较了各种不同检测方法技术的优缺点,以为同类研究提供参考。     

Rapid In Situ SERS Analysis of Pesticide Residues on Plant Surfaces Based on Micelle Extraction of Targets and Stabilization of Ag Nanoparticle Aggregates

A structure of polyurethane micelle/Ag nanoparticle (Ag NP) cluster was fabricated as surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) substrate for in situ extracting organic compounds on the surface of different matrixes, in which polyurethane micelles acted as the host material to capture target molecules and stabilize nanoparticle cluster. This method provided stable aqueous suspensions of Ag NP cluster due to the amphiphilic properties of polyurethane. We demonstrated SERS-based in situ detection of pesticides on vegetables and fruit skin, by simply dropping polyurethane micelle/Ag NPs substrate on the sample surface where the target molecules could be detected without a previous elution and extracting. The obtained results showed that this polyurethane micelle/Ag NP cluster substrate had excellent SERS performance for pesticide molecules with ideal stability and reproducibility. With further optimization, the limit of detection of 0.03 μg/mL acetamiprid, 0.08 μg/mL phosmet, and 0.002 μg/mL thiabendazole was obtained, respectively.     

表面增强拉曼光谱在乳和乳品有害物质检测中的研究进展

乳和乳制品作为人类必不可少的食品之一,其中的有害物质,如农兽药残留、真菌毒素、非法添加物质以及其他污染物对消费者的健康安全构成了严重威胁,同时也阻碍了乳制品行业的发展。表面增强拉曼光谱法（Surface Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy,SERS）作为一种新兴的检测方法,有望能够满足目前乳和乳制品高通量,高灵敏度的检测需求。本文总结了SERS方法在牛奶检测中的研究进展,包括金属纳米检测探针和SERS固相平台的制备、抗体和适配体等分子识别技术的应用、核酸扩增技术以及微流控技术等与SERS的结合。最后,对SERS在乳制品的研究发展方向和应用前景做了总结和展望。     

真菌毒素人工抗原制备方法研究进展

基于免疫原理的酶联免疫吸附技术和金标免疫层析技术等是目前真菌毒素主要的快速检测技术。人工完全抗原的制备和抗体的性质是免疫快速检测技术中最关键的因素。本文对我国粮油产品危害较大的重点真菌毒素,综述目前国内外其各种人工抗原的制备/合成技术,并分析存在的问题和解决方法,为小分子污染物人工完全抗原的定向制备以及获得高亲和性高效价抗体提供一定的理论基础。