Simultaneous measurement of temperature and refractive index based on a core-offset Mach-Zehnder interferometer cascaded with a long-period fiber grating

An all-fiber sensor based on a cascaded optical fiber device is proposed and demonstrated, and its sensor head is composed of a core-offset Mach-Zehnder interferometer(MZI) and a long-period fiber grating(LPFG). In the experiment, two dips shaped by the intermodulation between the interference fringe of MZI and the resonant wavelength of LPFG are monitored. Experimental results show that temperature sensitivities of two dips are 0.060 7 nm/°C and 0.056 3 pm/°C, and the refractive index(RI) sensitivities are –18.025 nm/RIU and –55.06 nm/RIU, respectively. The simultaneous measurement of the temperature and external RI is demonstrated based on the sensitive matrix. Its low fabrication cost, simple configuration and high sensitivity make this sensor have potential applications in chemical and biological sensing.     

Effects of cladding radius on the optical characteristics of long-period fiber gratings

Using three-layer vector field model,the dispersion characteristics and spectral response of long-period fiber gratings（LPFGs）with different cladding radii are analyzed.Both the numerical and experimental results demonstrate that LPFG＇s resonant wavelengths shift towards much longer wavelength and the transmission depth is strengthened significantly by decreasing cladding radius.When the cladding radius is less than 20μm,only a single resonant peak over a wavelength range of 600 nm（from 1200 nm to 1800 nm）is achieved,and the sensitivity of LPFG to external refractive index is enhanced significantly.     

一种多孔硅基导模共振滤波器的研究

提出了一种基于多孔硅的光栅导模共振滤波器,采用严格的耦合波理论分析方法,进行数值仿真并分析了多孔硅基导模共振滤波器的反射光谱特性.同时设计了工作在1550nm波长的窄带多孔硅硅基光栅滤波器的结构参数.研究结果表明,此滤波器具有非常高的反射率峰值,和边带抑制较高且带宽较窄的反射谱,是一种性能优异的光通信硅基滤波器件.     

Non-polarization and high-coupling-efficiency coupler using multilevel grating structure

A multilevel grating coupler based on silicon-on-insulator (SOI) material structure is proposed to realize the coupling between waveguide and waveguide or waveguide and fiber. This coupler is compatible with the current fabrication facilities for complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) technology with vertical coupling. This structure can realize coupling when the beams with transverse electric (TE) polarization and transverse magnetic (TM) polarization are incident at the same time. The influences of the grating coupler parameters including wavelength, the thickness of waveguide layer, the thickness of SiO₂ layer and the number of steps on the TE mode and TM mode coupling efficiencies are discussed. Theory researches and simulation results indicate that the wavelength range is from 1533 nm to 1580 nm when the TE mode and TM mode coupling efficiencies are both more than 40% as the grating period is 0.99 μm. The coupling efficiencies of the incident TE and TM modes are 49.9% and 49.5% at the wavelength of 1565 nm, respectively, and the difference between them is only 0.4%.     

Tunable filters based on an SOI nano-wire waveguide micro ring resonator

Micro ring resonator(MRR) filters based on a silicon on insulator(SOI) nanowire waveguide are fabricated by electron beam photolithography(EBL) and inductive coupled plasma(ICP) etching technology.The cross-section size of the strip waveguides is 450×220 nm2,and the bending radius of the micro ring is around 5μm.The test results from the tunable filter based on a single ring show that the free spectral range(FSR) is 16.8 nm and the extinction ratio(ER) around the wavelength 1550 nm is 18.1 dB.After thermal tuning,the filter’s tuning bandwidth reaches 4.8 nm with a tuning efficiency of 0.12 nm/℃Meanwhile,we fabricated and studied multi-channel filters based on a single ring and a double ring.After measurement,we drew the following conclusions: during the signal transmission of multi-channel filters,crosstalk exists mainly among different transmission channels and are fairly distinct when there are signals input to add ports.     

Index sensing characteristics of the plasmonic sensor based on metal-insulator-metal waveguide-coupled structure

A plasmonic refractive index sensor based on metal-insulator-metal(MIM) waveguide-coupled structure is proposed and demonstrated in this paper.The physical mechanism of the device is deduced,and the finite difference time domain(FDTD) method is employed to simulate and study its index sensing characteristics.Both analytic and simulated results show that the resonant wavelength of the sensor has a linear relationship with the refractive index of material under sensing.Based on the relationship,the refractive index of the material can be obtained from the detection of the resonant wavelength.The results show that the sensitivity of the sensor can exceed 1600 nm/RIU,and it can be used in chemical and biological detections.     

Numerical Simulation on Broad-band Er-doped Superfluorescent Fiber Source Filter Using Long Period Chirped Fiber Grating

Given is an analysis of broad-band Er-doped superfluorescent fiber source（EDSFS） filter using long period chirped fiber grating by transmission matrix method. For our EDSFS attenuated amplitude demand and the flattened wavelength range demand, proposed are the key factors of designing such filters of high performances. The simulation result demonstrates that such type filters have an enough attenuation to flatten the dramatic increase in output amplified spontaneous emission（ASE） in the wavelength range of 1 529 nm～ 1 535 nm by choosing conformable fiber filter parameters such as chirped degree, original period, induced index change, length of the fiber filter, and then broad-band EDSFS could be achieved.     

A filter array based on the variable period grating array and Fabry-Perot resonator

An integration method of grating array with different periods and Fabry-Perot（FP）resonator with an all-dielectric single-cavity is proposed.It is based on the capacity of spatial separation of spectral component by the grating and band-pass characteristics of filter to achieve the multi-pass band filtering.The filtering response can be tuned by changing the period of the grating rather than the cavity length of the filter.Theoretically,the relationship of the grating period and the peak wavelength is obtained by using the transfer matrix method（TMM）.The device is analyzed by adopting the finite-difference time-domain（FDTD）method.The filter array can cover the wavelengths ranging from850 nm to 950 nm with the full-width at half-maximum（FWHM）of 11-28 nm,and is suitable for the integration of the micro-filter array and the detectors.     

Design and Realization of Uniform Fiber Bragg Grating Used in Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing Systems

Relation of optical properties in a uniform fiber Bragg grating(FBG) with its grating parameters and the laser beam engraving conditions is analyzed.The principle and metod for designing the uniform FBTG used in dense wavelength divison multiplexing (DWDM) system is given,By adopting the double exposure technique,with a univform phase mask and Gaussian laser beam,the uniform FBG used in DWDM system is designed and engraved,whose bandwidth of the main relection band is about 0.4 nm and 0.7 nm at -5dB and-25dB respecively.     

A switchable dual-wavelength fiber laser based on phase-shifted fiber Bragg grating combined with Sagnac loop

A switchable dual-wavelength erbium-doped fiber (EDF) laser is proposed and demonstrated. The interference filter is achieved by employing a phase-shifted fiber Bragg grating (PSFBG) combined with Sagnac loop structure. By adjusting polarization controller (PC) states, the birefringence effect is introduced to weaken mode competition, then stable and switchable dual-wavelength fiber laser can be realized. Based on coupled-mode theory and transmission matrix, the Sagnac loop transmission characteristics are studied. The experimental results show that the proposed fiber laser can operate in switchable dual-wavelength output mode at room temperature just by simply adjusting PC. The output wavelength range of fiber laser is 1 556.128—1 556.384 nm, the side mode suppression ratio (SMSR) is over 45 dB, and dual-wavelength spacing as small as 0.048 nm is achieved, which can be used in high-fineness dense wavelength division multiplexing (DWDM) systems and similar structures.     

基于非均匀硅基光栅的太赫兹选频反射器

亚波长尺寸介质光栅作为一种特殊的周期性结构已经在滤波器、反射器、耦合器和传感器等方面取得了重要的进展,其中非均匀光栅具有极大的设计自由度,使其可以在太赫兹波段具有宽频带、高反射的特点,而且不同的光栅常数和填充因子会引起光栅光谱的频移,从而实现选频反射.文章设计并加工了一种非均匀硅基光栅,并利用反射式太赫兹时域光谱系统测试其反射特性并对其选频特征进行有限元分析.结果表明该非均匀硅基光栅太赫兹选频反射器不但具有频带宽、反射率高等优点,还具有结构简单、体积小、易于加工制作和工艺容差大等特征.     

Cascaded resonant-grating filters: experimental results on lowered sidebands and narrowed lines

Cascaded resonant grating filters are experimentally characterized. The levels to which cascaded resonant filters yield lowered sidebands and narrowed linewidths, as compared with individual filters, are measured. For example, four cascaded filters provide experimental sideband levels at -47 dB over a 50-nm wavelength range, a spectral linewidth of 0.43 nm, with an insertion loss of 3.7 dB.     

双层等折射率浮雕结构共振布儒斯特滤光片的泄漏模特性

通过调整光栅的填充系数,获得具有均质层和光栅层等效折射率相等的表面浮雕结构共振布儒斯特滤光片.深入研究了这类滤光片的泄漏模特性,并讨论光栅参数和入射条件的变化对滤光片共振特性的影响.研究表明:入射角的改变对滤光片泄漏模特性的影响不明显,但填充系数、均质层厚度以及基底折射率的改变对滤光片泄漏模特性影响很大.当填充系数f→1和f＜0.6时,以及当基底折射率接近波导层折射率(n→1.63)时,导模共振效应趋于消失.此外,随着均质层厚度的不断增大,多模共振效应将被激发,从而在一定的波长或入射角范围内导致多个泄漏模共振效应的产生.     

Concept of multiorder multimode resonant optical filters

The idea of implementing optical filters by coupling evanescent waves from several diffracted orders into multiple leaky waveguide modes is studied theoretically. Using a dielectric thin-film structure consisting of a coupling grating placed between adjacent waveguides, guided-mode resonance filters exhibiting multiple reflection peaks within a specified wavelength range can be obtained. These peaks originate in the resonant waveguide modes that are excited by the diffracted waves dispersed by the grating. It is shown that this device can be used to realize multiwavelength as well as wide-band spectral filters.     

All-fiber devices for chromatic dispersion compensation based onchirped distributed resonant coupling

We review the principle of operation and characteristics of all-fiber devices for dispersion compensation based on chirped distributed resonant coupling. These devices are the chirped Bragg grating, the chirped intermodal coupler, and the tapered two-dissimilar-core fiber. We discuss the use of a figure of merit to characterize equalizing filters. Based on a specific example, filter responses are computed and their performance is evaluated with a numerical simulation of an optical fiber link. Finally, design constraints are discussed     

导模共振滤光片表面镀膜对其物理特性的影响

为了研究亚波长光栅表面上薄膜的生长特性,以及镀膜对亚波长光栅物理特性的影响,对亚波长正弦槽形光栅表面上镀的Au膜进行了实验研究和理论分析.实验发现,当光栅槽深为80 nm,Au膜为100 nm时,薄膜的生长是仿形生长,光栅的正弦槽形特征和周期都基本没有发生变化,但镀膜后,出现光栅的正弦占空比增加、槽的深度减小以及槽深的均匀性变差等现象.对引起这种现象的原因进行了分析.提出了由于光栅微结构而给薄膜生长带来的阴影效应现象,并分析了正弦占空比增加对导模共振滤光片光谱特性的影响.     

Surface-acoustic-wave resonator filters

This paper presents an overview of surface-acoustic-wave (SAW) resonator filter technology. Given the current state of the art, these filters promise reproducible low-loss (≲6 dB) narrow-bandwidth (500 ≲ f/Δf ≲ 50 000) responses in the VHF and UHF ranges. Devices that contain one or a number of sections, each consisting of a resonant cavity between two grating reflectors and an input and output coupling mechanism, are considered. The initial discussion describes the layout, theoretical characteristics, and typical experimental responses of singlesection two-port filters. The subsequent discussion focuses on multisection devices using any of various intercavity coupling techniques. A generalized analysis and design formalism based on wave-scattering theory is reviewed, and experimental results from a number of device prototypes are given. Finally, practical design and fabrication trade-offs and performance ranges are summarized for a number of configurations.     

Resonant-Wavelength Tuning of a Pitch-Variable 1-D Photonic Crystal Filter at Telecom Frequencies

We propose pitch-variable guided resonance filters for continuous resonant-wavelength tuning at telecom frequencies. Since the optical response is affected by not only the grating period but also the filling factor, in consideration of these parameters, the filter is designed to be tuned smoothly to a selective wavelength by using comb-drive actuators. The grating with the initial period of 860 nm is fabricated with high accuracy. When the grating is expanded, the resonant wavelength shifts to longer wavelength continuously as expected by the calculation.     

Filter-response line shapes of resonant waveguide gratings

The line shape symmetry properties of planar dielectric resonant waveguide-grating filters are theoretically characterized for both TE and TM polarization. Classical antireflection theory is applied to the design of guided-mode resonance filters and it is shown that the symmetry of the line-shape response is determined by the location of the resonance relative to the minimum of the antireflection band. The conditions that allow a single dielectric layer to simultaneously function as both a waveguide grating and as an antireflection thin film are presented. Single-layer antireflection waveguide gratings are shown to yield highly symmetrical filter-response line shapes with suppressed sideband reflectivity and 100% reflectivity at the resonance wavelength. The parametric locations of the symmetrical line-shape responses are predicted approximately by solving the resonance-location equation with the grating thickness set equal to a multiple of a half-resonance-wavelength. Graphical representations of these solutions are provided. Symmetric waveguide-grating filters are shown to yield symmetrical line shapes with near-zero sideband reflectivity, whereas asymmetric filters produce symmetrical line shapes but suffer from increased sideband reflectance that increases as the asymmetry of the filter grows. Numerous calculated examples are presented to demonstrate that ideal reflection filters can be designed by combining thin-film antireflection effects and resonance effects in a single dielectric layer     

高频CO2激光脉冲写入PCF-LPFG传感特性研究

采用高频CO2激光技术在柚子型光子晶体光纤(PCF)上写入长周期光纤光栅(LPFG),并对其温度、应变和弯曲特性进行了实验研究。实验测得,PCF-LPFG谐振波长的温度和应变灵敏度分别为0.002nm/℃和0.001 8nm/με,谐振峰损耗值对温度和应变不敏感。由于高频CO2激光写入为单侧写入,导致PCF-LPFG透射谱的弯曲特性与方向和曲率直接相关。选择弯曲灵敏度较大的方向进行了弯曲测试,测得在一定的曲率范围内,PCF-LPFG的谐振波长及谐振峰损耗值的灵敏度分别为-5.45nm/m-1和3.32dB/m-1。基于PCF-LPFG的透射谱温度不敏感特性,本文为制作不受温度影响的应变和弯曲传感器提供了新的方法。