脂筏及其在植物细胞中的研究进展

脂筏(lipid rafts)是细胞质膜上富含固醇类和鞘脂类的微结构域,其大小为10~200 nm,是一种高度动态的结构。脂筏假说认为,质膜上一些小而动态的纳米级异质性结构可以通过脂类-脂类、蛋白-脂类和蛋白-蛋白之间的相互作用形成大的反应平台,进而可以介导细胞信号的转导过程。研究表明脂筏具有多种重要的生物学功能,其中包括参与信号转导、跨膜转运、胞吞和胞吐平衡调节、细胞骨架组织以及病原菌入侵等。目前对脂筏的研究还只是近几年才得到快速发展的一个领域,但已经受到越来越多的重视,并且取得初步的研究进展。本文主要介绍了脂筏的特性和生物学功能,尤其对脂筏在植物细胞中的研究进展进行了总结,为今后系统开展脂筏的研究提供理论参考。     

植物膜筏微区参与病原菌的防御反应

膜筏微区(membrane microdomains)是细胞质膜上富含固醇类和鞘脂类的高度动态的微结构域.膜筏微区及其动力学特性在植物的先天免疫反应中具有十分重要的作用.本文简要介绍了膜筏微区的概念及其功能,并着重总结了膜筏微区蛋白参与病原菌防御反应的研究进展,为阐明病原菌与宿主细胞的相互作用机制和病原菌侵染的防治提供了新思路.     

不同调制周期Cu/TaN多层膜的微结构与表面形貌

采用磁控溅射方法在Si(111)基底上沉积不同调制周期的Cu/TaN多层膜,用X射线衍射仪(XRD)与原子力显微镜(AFM)表征薄膜微结构与表面形貌,研究了不同调制周期L薄膜的微结构与表面形貌.结果表明:不同L的TaN调制层均为非晶结构,多晶Cu调制层的晶粒取向组成随着L改变而变化; Cu调制层的表面粗糙度Rrms.大于TaN调制层的Rrms;与Cu单层膜相比,最外层为Cu调制层的Cu/TaN多层膜的Rrms较小;与TaN单层膜相比,最外层为TaN调制层的Cu/TaN多层膜的/Rrms较大;随着L增加,多层膜与对应的单层膜之间的兄Rrms差值逐渐减小.     

Cu/TaN多层膜的表面形貌分形特征

用磁控溅射工艺,在Si(111)基片上沉积不同调制周期L的Cu/TaN多层膜.用原子力显微镜(AFM)测定薄膜微结构与表面形貌,并基于分形理论研究了薄膜表面形貌.结果表明:TaN调制层为非晶结构,而Cu调制层为多晶结构;Cu调制层比TaN调制层具有较大的分形维数Df值,且随着L增加,Df不断增加;与Cu单层膜相比,最外层为Cu调制层的Cu/TaN多层膜的Df较小;与TaN单层膜相比,最外层为TaN调制层的Cu/TaN多层膜的Df较大;随着L增加,多层膜与对应的单层膜之间的Df差值逐渐减小.     

NMOB分子LB膜的光谱及其非线性光学特性研究

通过稳态和时间分辨荧光及二次谐波产生(SHG)的方法研究了2-硝基-5-(N-甲基-N-十八烷基)氨基苯甲酸(NMOB)分子朗缪尔-布罗基特(Langmuir-Blodgett,LB)多层膜的光谱及非线性光学特性。LB膜的稳态荧光谱较溶液红移大。而纯的NMOBY型LB多层膜与NMOB/花生酸交替的LB多层膜之间差别较小;由于分子间的相互作用,使得NMOB分子在溶液中比在LB膜中的荧光衰减时间大。在LB膜中,纯的NMOB和NMOB与花生酸交替的LB多层膜的荧光衰减时间相差不大,说明NMOB分子层内的相互作用较大,而层间的相互作用较小;由于苯环两侧的不对称取代,分子内部形成固有的偶极矩,使得NMOB/花生酸交替的LB多层膜具有较大的宏观偶极矩,因而具有大的二阶非线性极化率,其超分子极化率约为β=4×10-29esu。     

Fe膜及磁场沉积对TbDy-Fe膜磁伸性能的影响

为了提高TbDv-Fe膜的低场磁敏性,采用离子束溅射沉积(IBSD)法制备TbDy-Fe超磁致伸缩薄膜,分别研究了纯Fe膜与TbDy-Fe单层膜、TbDy-Fe/Fe耦合多层膜的复合及磁场下溅射沉积对TbDy-Fe膜磁致伸缩性能的影响;用振动样品磁强计(VSM)测试薄膜磁滞回线,用电容位移测量仪测试薄膜悬臂梁自由端偏转量,并计算出磁致伸缩系数λ.结果表明,由IBSD法制备的纯Fe膜、TbDy-Fe单层膜、TbDy-Fe/Fe复合膜的易磁化轴均平行于膜面,TbDy-Fe/Fe复合膜在低场下的磁化强度与磁导率均高于TbDy-Fe单层膜(在100 kA/m时,TbDy-Fe/Fe复合膜的磁化强度比TbDy-Fe单层膜高173%).纯Fe膜分别与TbDy-Fe单层膜、TbDy-Fe/Fe耦合多层膜进行复合均可提高薄膜磁致伸缩性能;磁场下溅射沉积所得180 nm纯Fe膜 640 nmTbDy-Fe/Fe耦合多层膜,由于在其膜面内短轴方向产生感生磁各向异性,从而使磁致伸缩性能得到进一步的提高,在150 kA/m的磁场下它的λ值可达到650×10-6.     

LB技术制备金纳米粒子单层膜

利用LB技术在Si(100)基片上制作了金纳米粒子单层膜,采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和原子力显微镜(AFM)对单层膜的表面形貌进行表征。实验结果表明,将表面压控制在22mN/m～26mN/m进行拉膜,可以得到大面积金纳米粒子的均匀致密单层膜。研究结果对于采用金纳米粒子单层膜构建DNA传感器和单电子器件方面具有重要的应用价值。     

Pd/W/Si(111)多层膜形成硅化物的研究

本文对 Pd/W/Si(111)多层膜系统在稳定退火条件下形成硅化物作了研究.实验结果表明,富Pd组分的多层膜对WSi_x的晶化有明显的诱导作用.多层膜中单层膜厚的增加减弱了诱导晶化作用.利用多层膜可模拟共淀积多元膜,实现硅化物的浅接触.     

硅基COZrO铁氧体磁膜结构RF集成微电感

制作了一种新型磁膜结构射频集成微电感.该电感使用溶胶-凝胶法制备的CoZrO铁氧体作为磁性薄膜;采用平面单匝形式的金属线圈,从而形成"SiO2绝缘层/磁膜层(CoZrO)/SiO2绝缘层/Cu线圈"的结构,具有结构简单、制作工艺与常规集成工艺兼容等特点.同时,采用相同工艺同批制作了无磁膜微电感作为对比样品,并取各项结构参数与磁膜电感相一致.测试结果表明,2GHz处,磁膜结构微电感的感值(L)为1.75nH、品质因数(Q)为18.5,与无磁膜微电感相比,L和Q的值分别提高了25%和23%.     

硅基CoZrO铁氧体磁膜结构RF集成微电感

制作了一种新型磁膜结构射频集成微电感.该电感使用溶胶-凝胶法制备的CoZrO铁氧体作为磁性薄膜;采用平面单匝形式的金属线圈,从而形成"SiO2绝缘层/磁膜层(CoZrO)/SiO2绝缘层/Cu线圈"的结构,具有结构简单、制作工艺与常规集成工艺兼容等特点.同时,采用相同工艺同批制作了无磁膜微电感作为对比样品,并取各项结构参数与磁膜电感相一致.测试结果表明,2GHz处,磁膜结构微电感的感值(L)为1.75nH、品质因数(Q)为18.5,与无磁膜微电感相比,L和Q的值分别提高了25%和23%.     

Rational Design of Organic Semiconductors for Texture Control and Self‐Patterning on Halogenated Surfaces

Understanding the interactions at interfaces between the materials constituting consecutive layers within organic thin‐film transistors (OTFTs) is vital for optimizing charge injection and transport, tuning thin‐film microstructure, and designing new materials. Here, the influence of the interactions at the interface between a halogenated organic semiconductor (OSC) thin film and a halogenated self‐assembled monolayer on the formation of the crystalline texture directly affecting the performance of OTFTs is explored. By correlating the results from microbeam grazing incidence wide angle X‐ray scattering (μGIWAXS) measurements of structure and texture with OTFT characteristics, two or more interaction paths between the terminating atoms of the semiconductor and the halogenated surface are found to be vital to templating a highly ordered morphology in the first layer. These interactions are effective when the separating distance is lower than 2.5 d_w, where d_w represents the van der Waals distance. The ability to modulate charge carrier transport by several orders of magnitude by promoting “edge‐on” versus “face‐on” molecular orientation and crystallographic textures in OSCs is demonstrated. It is found that the “edge‐on” self‐assembly of molecules forms uniform, (001) lamellar‐textured crystallites which promote high charge carrier mobility, and that charge transport suffers as the fraction of the “face‐on” oriented crystallites increases.     

一种新型材料的LB膜及非线性光学特性研究

研究了一种包含西佛氏碱和萘酰亚胺的新型材料的LB膜的制备 ,并采用π A等温曲线和紫外 可见吸收谱对其LB膜的制备特性进行了表征。单分子膜的崩溃压力在 30mN/m左右 ,对应的单分子的面积约为 1.8nm2 。π A等温线的固相区较为陡峭 ,在空气 水界面上 ,能形成了较好的单分子膜 ,并可以较好的转移到固体基板上 ,转移比可保持在 1± 0 .1的范围内。采用二次谐波产生的方法研究了LB单层膜的二阶非线性光特性。测量了二次谐波强度随基频光入射角的变化关系 ,其二次谐波信号的最大值在约 6 0°的入射角处。这种化合物具有较大的二阶非线性极化率。它的二阶非线性光特性起源于由苯乙烯形成的共轭π 电子体系     

Spin-Crossover Grafted Monolayer of a Co(II) Terpyridine Derivative Functionalized with Carboxylic Acid Groups

The synthesis and characterization of a new Co(II) spin-crossover (SCO) complex based on 4′-(4-carboxyphenyl)−2,2′:6′,2″-terpyridine ligand are reported. This complex can be successfully grafted on silver surface maintaining the SCO behavior. Thus, atomic force microscopy (AFM), matrix assisted laser desorption ionization – time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS), Raman spectroscopy, and XPS measurements, upon surface deposition, evidence the formation of a monolayer of intact molecules grafted through carboxylate groups to the Ag surface. Three different techniques: Raman spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS), supported by first-principles calculations, confirm that the deposited molecules undergo a gradual spin transition with temperature. This phenomenon is unprecedented for a monolayer of molecules directly grafted onto a metallic surface from solution.     

Femto‐Second Laser‐Based Free Writing of 3D Protein Microstructures and Micropatterns with Sub‐Micrometer Features: A Study on Voxels,Porosity, and Cytocompatibility

Femto‐second laser‐based free‐writing of complex protein microstructures and micropatterns, with sub‐micrometer features and controllability over voxel dimension, morphology, and porosity, is reported. Protein voxels including lines, spots, and micropillars are fabricated. Laser power, exposure time, z‐position, protein and photosensitizer concentrations, but not scanning speed, are important controlling parameters. A lateral fabrication resolution of ≈200 nm is demonstrated in 2D line voxels. 3D spot voxels are ellipsoids with 400 nm lateral and 1.5 μm axial dimensions. An ascending z‐stack scanning method to verify the theoretical axial optical resolution, delineate and enhance the axial fabrication resolution of 3D structures, including square prism and cylinder micropillars, is also reported. The micropillar array presents a simple “write‐and‐seed” and table platform for cell niche studies. Fibroblasts attach to, grow on, and express adhesion to molecules on micropillar arrays without the need of matrix coating. They exhibit a more “3D” morphology comparing with that in 2D monolayer cultures and physiological functions such as matrix deposition. This work presents an important milestone in engineering complex protein microstructures and micropatterns with sub‐micrometer topological features to mimic the native matrix niche for cell‐matrix interaction studies.     

基于AFM检测信息存储介质表面结构的研究

介绍了原子力显微镜(AFM)的工作原理、组成、特点及其应用领域。利用AFM对光盘和软盘表面结构进行了三维检测,使用CSPM2000Imager软件对扫描得到的图像进行了计算和分析,由所得数据可以看出,DVD光盘将取代CD光盘成为外存的主流,而软盘将被淘汰;利用原子力显微镜对单晶硅进行基于金针的纳米加工,刻蚀出“河南理工大学”的字样。     

Janus Nanoparticles by Interfacial Engineering

Nanosized Janus particles were prepared by ligand exchange reactions of a Langmuir monolayer of hydrophobic alkanethiolate‐passivated gold nanoparticles at relatively high surface pressures with hydrophilic thiol derivatives injected into the water subphase. The ligand intercalation between adjacent particles led to impeded interfacial mobility of the particles. Consequently, ligand place‐exchange reactions were limited only to the side of the particles facing the water phase, leading to the formation of amphiphilic nanoparticles which exhibited hydrophobic characters on one side and hydrophilic on the other, analogous to the dual‐face Roman god, Janus. The unique amphiphilic characters of the Janus particles were confirmed by a variety of experimental measurements, including contact angle measurements, FTIR, UV‐visible, and NMR spectroscopies. Interestingly, the Janus particles might be dispersed in water, forming micelle‐like aggregates, as revealed in dynamic light scattering and AFM measurements.     

亚相中离子对半花菁多层膜光学性质的影响

研究了亚相中二价阳离子Ｃｄ２＋,Ｂａ２＋,Ｃｏ２＋对非活性氮冠醚分子的π－Ａ曲线、半花菁／氮冠醚Ｙ型交替多层膜的紫外可见吸收光谱、稳态荧光光谱和光学二次谐波强度的影响。在氮冠醚分子的单层膜中,分子的占有面积依赖于亚相中的离子。交替多层膜的吸收峰位置、稳态荧光峰的位置和光学二次谐波强度由亚相中的离子所调制,并且解释了可能的物理机制。     

Adsorption and transformation of C60 molecules at the (100) Si surface

The adsorption of C₆₀ molecules, the initial stages of the growth of the films composed of these molecules, and the transformation of C₆₀ films at the (100) Si surface in the temperature range of 300–1400 K were studied under ultrahigh-vacuum conditions. It is shown that the C₆₀ molecules retain their structure in the adsorbed state at temperatures as high as 700 K and these molecules decompose gradually at higher temperatures. The carbon atoms released at ～1300 K “forget” completely about their origin and form silicon carbide, which grows and threads into the bulk of the sample. At room temperature, the fullerite film grows according to a mechanism similar to that suggested by Stranski and Krastanov and is accompanied by the formation of crystallites over the monolayer coating. The crystallites occupy 50–60% of the surface area, which depends only slightly on the deposition time.     

硫醇自组装多晶金表面AFM图像的分形研究

本文针对多晶粗糙电极表面自组装膜（SAM）体系,提出了利用原子力显微镜（AFM）相图分形维数进行表征的新方法。首先对自组装多晶金电极进行了交流阻抗测试,结果表明随着乙醇自组装液中十二烷基硫醇（C12SH）浓度增大,自组装膜中缺陷面积减少,趋向于形成完整致密的单分子层吸附膜。而对组装电极AFM图像的分形研究表明,在不同C12SH浓度条件下,电极表面高度图分形维数无明显变化,相图却呈现不同的分形特征,且体现的变化规律与交流阻抗测试结果一致,证实了AFM相图分形维数表征法研究粗糙金表面硫醇自组装膜吸附行为的可行性,为粗糙表面分子吸附行为的AFM研究提供了新思路。