High Frequency Methods for Simulation of High Resolution Imaging in Terahertz Regime

High resolution imaging in the terahertz (THz) frequency range is investigated theoretically in this paper through the use of the high frequency methods in computational electromagnetics (CEM). Physical optics (PO), shooting and bouncing ray (SBR) and truncated-wedge incremental length diffraction coefficients (TW-ILDCs) methods are combined together to compute the scattered fields, which are then used to construct the inverse synthetic aperture radar (ISAR) images through two dimensional fast Fourier transform (2D-FFT). The corresponding ISAR images clearly show that high range and bearing resolution can be easily realized for THz carrier waves with broad bandwidth.     

太赫兹低频段随机粗糙金属板散射特性研究

该文提出了一种高效混合近似算法计算太赫兹频段无限薄金属板的电磁散射特性。在太赫兹低频段,金属目标可以被视为具有微粗糙表面的理想导体,散射场可以分为相干场和非相干场。该文采用物理光学法结合截断劈增量长度绕射系数法和微扰法来计算金属板的电磁散射分布。基于蒙特卡洛方法,分别利用多层快速多极子和提出的混合算法计算太赫兹低频段金属板的雷达散射截面,仿真结果表明该文提出的混合算法能够高效快速地给出太赫兹低频段金属板的电磁散射特性。      

基于SBR法研究发动机进气道的RCS

采用弹跳线法（SBR）对发动机进气道的雷达散射截面（RCS）进行了分析计算。通过光学射线跟踪、场强跟踪及口径积分方法,研究了任意截面和形状的管道电磁散射特性,比较了一实际进气道的计算与实验结果,验证了此方法的有效性,从而解决了工程急需。     

基于天线方向图与近场SBR的海面舰船复合散射研究

针对弹目交互场景中近场电磁散射仿真问题,提出了一种基于近场弹跳射线(shooting and bouncing ray,SBR)法并考虑天线方向图影响的海面舰船复合散射计算模型.根据天线方向图和海面舰船一体化几何模型,给出满足物理光学远场计算条件的面元所接收到的电场强度,通过SBR法得出所有面元的散射场,最后由矢量叠加...     

基于解析积分的TDSBR算法及其在目标散射中的应用

在传统的时域弹跳射线（Time Domain Shooting and Bouncing Rays,TDSBR）方法的基础上,采用基于解析积分的时域物理光学（Time Domain Physical Optics,TDPO）方法计算目标的散射场.与传统弹跳射线法相比,新方法明显减少了射线管的数量,节省了计算内存,是一种分析电大尺寸目标散射问题的高效方法.最后,通过数值计算结果验证了该方法的可靠性和高效性.     

Electromagnetic scattering from an inhomogeneous object by raytracing

A shooting and bouncing ray (SBR) formulation is presented for treating the electromagnetic scattering from electrically large, inhomogeneous objects. A dense grid of rays representing the incident plane wave is shot toward the inhomogeneous objects. At the scatterer boundary, reflected rays and refracted rays are generated due to the discontinuity of the medium parameters. The trajectory, amplitude, phase and polarization of the rays inside the inhomogeneous object are traced based on geometrical optics. Whenever the rays cross the scatterer surface, additional reflected/refracted rays are generated and are tracked. This is repeated until the intensities of the refracted/reflected rays become negligible. The contributions of the existing rays to the total scattered field are calculated using the equivalence principle in conjunction with a ray-tube integration scheme. The ray formulation is applied to calculate the backscattering from cylinders and spheres and good agreement with the exact series solutions is observed in the high-frequency range. In addition, the backscattering mechanisms in penetrable objects are interpreted in terms of simple ray pictures     

A compact RCS formula for a dihedral corner reflector at arbitraryaspect angles

A compact closed-form formula for the RCS of a perfectly conducting right dihedral corner reflector at arbitrary aspect angles is presented. The approach is based on a combination of ray tracing, physical optics (PO), and the physical theory of diffraction (PTD). There is good agreement between the results obtained using the closed-form formula and those obtained by the shooting and bouncing rays (SBR) technique     

基于电磁散射的复杂目标SAR回波与图像仿真

复杂目标的SAR图像仿真技术,对于目标识别与解译研究具有重要意义。该文提出的仿真算法,从目标的3维模型出发,运用弹射线原理,通过仿真全方位,全频带的目标散射系数来构建回波并成像。改传统平面波入射为球面波入射,使得算法不仅能够仿真远场成像系统,也适用于近场仿真成像。标准体实验,验证了算法的近远场,全极化,多角度,宽频带的仿真能力;复杂目标的仿真结果,同实测数据相比十分逼真。     

部件分解法／高频混合法在复杂目标散射近场预估中的应用

本文结合物理光学（PO）法、几何绕射理论（GTD）、弹跳射线法（SBR）等高频方法和部件分解法,研究了电大尺寸复杂目标的近场散射特性。     

介质涂敷电大腔体电磁散射IPO研究

将迭代物理光学法(IPO)推广应用于研究具有非完纯导电边界的电磁散射问题,建立了相应的理论模型,并应用到内壁涂敷介质的电大尺寸腔体的电磁散射特性分析中。在每一次IPO迭代步骤中,应用Fresnel反射系数计算出介质表面总场。通过多次迭代,求出腔体内壁上稳定的电磁场分布,进而计算出腔体的电磁散射特性。数值结果表明了这种扩展的IPO方法的在分析电大尺寸介质涂敷目标中的正确性和高效性。     

A deterministic method for generating a scattering-center model toreconstruct the RCS pattern of complex radar targets

This paper presents a deterministic method to establish the scattering-center model for complex radar targets. By this method, high frequency techniques including physical optics, physical theory and diffraction and shooting and bouncing rays are used to establish scattering centers. Numerical results show that, by using this method with only single-frequency scattering centers at large aspect increments, the RCS pattern at finer aspect increments is well reconstructed; besides, it can be extended to predict the RCS pattern at any frequency of interest in a required narrow bandwidth. Good agreement between direct RCS calculation, scattering-center model and measured results is obtained     

雷达舱和天线罩的电磁散射

在目标散射问题中,雷达舱和天线罩的散射机理有极大相似之处。在该类散射问题中,电磁波进入腔体时首先在整流罩上进行反射和折射,电磁射线进入雷达舱和天线罩后入射于天线上,天线反馈电磁射线,电磁射线透过介质罩形成了散射电磁波。对射线入射于非金属目标的轨迹分裂提出了更为精细的解决方法,并用射线方法计算了该类目标的雷达散射截面。     

3D scattering center representation of complex targets using theshooting and bouncing ray technique: a review

We present an automated technique to extract the three-dimensional scattering-center model of a target from its geometrical CAD model. The technique is based on the shooting and bouncing ray (SBR) method. In this article, we first review the basic concepts behind the three-dimensional scattering-center-extraction algorithm. Next, we present application examples of signature-data compression and radar-feature extraction, based on the scattering centers extracted from complex targets using such a methodology. We conclude by identifying some future areas of research     

CAD based high frequency RCS computing code for complex objects : Sermat

We present a high-frequency monostatic rcs, calculation code : Sermat which can be applied either to complex perfectly conducting or coated targets. This code operates on targets whose surface is described in terms of facets. It is an hybridization of the physical theory of diffraction for reflections and diffractions and the shooting and bouncing rays method for cavities. Written in standard Fortran, it can be run on Unix workstations. It is designed to fulfill industrial requirements (speed, precision...) and is extensively used by Matra Defense for its own needs. Some results are presented and compared with exact solutions and experimental data.     

Three-dimensional scattering center extraction using the shootingand bouncing ray technique

We present a technique to extract the three-dimensional (3-D) scattering center model of a complex target. Using the shooting and bouncing ray technique, we first generate the 3-D inverse synthetic aperture radar (ISAR) image of the target based on a one-look ISAR algorithm. In step two, we use the image processing algorithm CLEAN to extract the 3-D position and strength of the scattering centers from the 3-D ISAR image. Various implementation issues related to computation time and memory are addressed and an efficient scheme is presented to accomplish the 3-D scattering center extraction. Several examples ranging from simple canonical structures to complex targets are presented to demonstrate the validity of the extraction scheme and the usefulness of the resulting 3-D scattering center model     

一种隐身目标电磁散射特性的计算方法

针对空空导弹无线电引信,用广义的雷达有效散射截面(CRCs)描述隐身目标近场散射特性.对覆盖吸波涂层的目标,以组合的三角形平面单元拟合目标的几何外形.利用物理光学法和物理绕射理论[1]计算目标每一单元的散射场和绕射场.考虑目标上的二次反射,计算无线电引信接收天线径上的目标电磁散射场.无线电吸波涂层目标的反射系数采用迭代方法计算,其方法可适用于具有任何类型电磁参数涂层的目标.以长空靶机和靶5目标为例,计算了其近场散射特性,为无线电引信设计提供参考依据.目标近场电磁散射特性的计算方法适用于隐身目标和非隐身目标.     

High frequency scattering from trihedral corner reflectors andother benchmark targets: SBR versus experiment

A general method for calculating the radar cross section (RCS) from a three-dimensional target is described. The target is first constructed by using a solid-geometry-modeling computer-aided design (CAD) package. Following the shooting and bouncing ray (SBR) method, a very dense grid of rays is launched from the incident direction toward the target. Each ray is traced according to the geometrical optics theory including the effect of ray tube divergence, polarization, and material reflection coefficient. At the point where the ray exits the target, a physical optics-type integration is performed to obtain the scattered far fields. This method is tested using several simple examples involving interaction among plates, cylinders, and spheres. The theoretical results are generally in good agreement with measured data     

超电大复杂目标太赫兹散射特性建模微波方法延拓研究

微波方法到太赫兹散射特性建模的延拓面临两个关键的科学问题研究,其一是材料响应特性延拓,包括金属属性向合金属性过渡导致Drude模型无法准确描述,以及介质材料在太赫兹频段的响应模型研究;其二是表面随机粗糙结构、以及复杂细微精细结构在太赫兹频段下的散射行为建模方法的延拓研究。微波频段下可视同为光滑的金属表面在太赫兹频段可能呈现出表面微粗糙特性。此外,针对含介质涂覆或全介质表面太赫兹散射特性的建模,需要结合随机边界散射理论,建立多层描述模型,以涵盖其中的面散射和体散射现象。该文首先采用积分方程方法描述和分析了金属粗糙表面的太赫兹散射规律,与实测数据吻合较好。其次,对于含涂覆或介质材料的目标表面,除表面粗糙的影响外,材料内部的微小粒子成分(如碳粉、石墨、金属粉等)的电尺寸与太赫兹波长相比拟,实验显示其体散射贡献不可忽视。该文尝试用矢量辐射传输理论与积分方程方法结合的多层模型来描述含介质材料表面的散射特性,很好地解释了实测规律。最后,该文提出基于“半确定性”描述的射线追踪高频算法,实现了复杂目标表面相干和非相干散射特性的一体化快速建模,为超电大复杂目标太赫兹散射特性的建模分析提供有效手段。      

目标二维RCS 成像仿真与实验研究*

对目标开展了二维RCS 成像仿真与实验研究,分别采用SBR 方法与解析方法计算目标的散射特性并 提取相应的二维RCS 成像信息,基于时域加窗技术对采样信号进行加权处理抑制旁瓣电平以提高成像质量,通过 Cross-Range 处理方法获取目标二维RCS 成像结果以表征目标散射的强弱分布,设计了斜置平板以及3 个小球这两 个典型案例,展开相应的二维RCS 成像仿真与实验分析研究。结果表明:二维RCS 成像仿真结果与测试结果吻合良 好,有效验证了二维RCS 成像仿真方法的有效性。     

自由空间复杂导体目标的太赫兹RCS高频分析方法

研究了自由空间复杂导体目标的太赫兹（THz）雷达散射截面（RCS）的高频求解方法。将并矢格林函数引入物理光学方法中,对自由空间环境进行考虑,推导出自由空间物理光学分析方法,并结合图形电磁计算（GRECO）方法,采用分区显示算法改进后,在Visual C++ 2010 程序中实现目标的OpenGL 显示,对自由空间复杂导体目标进行消隐判断,提取像素面元法矢量和深度缓存等有效信息,计算了自由空间复杂导体目标的THz RCS。最后,将程序计算结果与FEKO 软件仿真结果进行比较,结果证明该方法的有效性和准确性。该研究结果为THz 雷达未来在军事、天文和遥感等领域的应用提供了重要依据和方法。