A HGGSA Approach to Beam Forming for DOA Estimation in Smart Antenna Arrays

Beam forming is one of the most important processes in smart antenna systems for DOA estimation. The most important function in beam forming is changing beam pattern of antenna for a particular angle. If the antenna does not change the position for the specified angle, the signal losses will be high. For avoiding this, a hybrid method, called HGGSA (hybrid genetic and gravity search algorithm) is proposed that is developed by combining genetic algorithm and GSA to beam forming for DOA estimation in smart antenna arrays. In the proposed method, if an angle is given as input, it will give the maximum signal gain in the beam pattern of the antenna with corresponding position and phase angle after searching through the space based on the HGGSA algorithm.

     

Experimental studies of direction of arrivals using a smart antenna testbed in wireless communication systems

This paper presents some preliminary results from experimental studies on space‐division‐multiple‐access (SDMA) for wireless communications. A smart antenna system utilizing direction‐of‐arrival (DOA)‐based beamforming techniques can enhance signal quality by reducing co‐channel interference from mobiles located at angles spatially distinct from the base station. Adopting both smart uplink and downlink beamforming, a communication system with an antenna array can increase the cell coverage of a base station and significantly boost capacity compared with conventional antenna systems. However, successful implementation of DOA‐based beamforming techniques depends on the DOA characteristics. This paper presented the feasibility of direction finding and DOA variation with respect to frequency. Furthermore, the angle spread was studied for selected environments. The results demonstrate the feasibility of applying proposed smart antenna system utilizing DOA‐based beamforming algorithm for increasing channel capacity and improving system performance in frequency‐division‐duplex (FDD) wireless communication systems. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于MUSIC和LMS算法的智能天线设计

基于来渡方向估计和自适应波束成形的智能天线系统,用多重信号分类(MUSIC)算法实现来波方向估计,辨识天线阵列上接收信号的各个方向,使用最小均方误差(LUS)的自适应算法控制天线的主辩方向,实现对期望信号的跟踪,同时实现对干扰信号的零陷处理.文中使用Matlab编程进行计算机仿真,通过仿真结果,MUSIC算法可以识别天线接收端的信号的入射方向,LMS算法可以实现对干扰信号的抑制.     

Direction of Arrival Estimation in the Presence of Noise Coupling in Antenna Arrays

The direction of arrival (DOA) estimation problem in the presence of signal and noise coupling in antenna arrays is addressed. In many applications, such as smart antenna, radar and navigation systems, the noise coupling between different antenna array elements is often neglected in the antenna modeling and thus, may significantly degrade the system performance. Utilizing the exact noise covariance matrix enables to achieve high-performance source localization by taking into account the colored properties of the array noise. The noise covariance matrix of the antenna array consists of both the external noise sources from sky, ground and interference, and the internal noise sources from amplifiers and loads. Computation of the internal noise covariance matrix is implemented using the theory of noisy linear networks combined with the method of moments (MoM). Based on this noise statistical analysis, a new four-port antenna element consisting of two orthogonal loops is proposed with enhanced source localization performance. The maximum likelihood (ML) estimator and the Cramer-Rao lower bound (CRLB) for DOA estimation in the presence of noise coupling is derived. Simulation results show that the noise coupling in antenna arrays may substantially alter the source localization performance. The performance of a mismatched ML estimator based on a model which ignores the noise coupling shows significant performance degradation due to noise coupling. These results demonstrate the importance of the noise coupling modeling in the DOA estimation algorithms.     

Serial search code acquisition using smart antennas with single correlator or matched filter

This paper investigates three code acquisition methods for direct sequence spread spectrum systems (DS/SS) utilizing smart antennas. The methods are suitable especially for receivers that consist of a smart antenna followed by a single correlator or a matched filter (IMF). The first method is the known fixed beam strategy where the whole angular uncertainty region is divided into small cells using conventional beamforming techniques. Therein, the receiver searches through all angular and delay cells via a serial search procedure. In the second method, the fixed division is made using advanced beamforming techniques, which provide improved tolerance against interference. In the third strategy, the direction-of-arrival (DOA) of incoming signals are estimated and utilized in the acquisition process. An advantage of this DOA estimation-based strategy, when compared to fixed beamforming methods, is a decrease in the region of uncertainty. Disadvantages are increased computational complexity and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) limitations. The acquisition strategies are compared when the serial search acquisition of the code phase is made using either the correlator or the matched filter. The results indicate that a single antenna receiver gives the best acquisition performance when SNR is high. However, single antenna methods are sensitive to interference. On the other hand, DOA estimation-based methods offer shorter mean acquisition times than fixed beam methods, especially when the number of arriving signals is small.     

二维定向瑞克接收机实现方案比较研究

为了充分利用瑞克(RAKE)接收机的多径能量利用效果和智能天线(SA)的定向收发作用,研究了RAKE接收机和智能天线的联合使用,提出了基于智能天线的定向二维(2D)RAKE接收机模型,给出了定向2D-RAKE接收机分别在射频、中频和基带的实现框图、工作原理和输出信号表达式,并对它们的性能以及工程实现做了分析讨论。指出基带定向二维RAKE接收机由于可以在基带上通过幅度加权来实现信号的定向收发,其优点是可以利用目前比较成熟的基带信号处理技术,但是由于不能利用相干解调作用来抑制多径干扰(MPI)和多用户干扰(MAI),存在噪声放大问题;射频定向二维RAKE接收机的信噪比增益最大,但工程实现难度较大;中频定向二维RAKE接收机则具有较高的性价比。     

TD-SCDMA移动用户非受限快速定位算法研究

目前TD-SCDMA系统多采用智能天线和上行同步技术对移动用户的位置信息进行联合估计。现有的智能天线技术在测角过程中,空间谱搜索计算量大且用户定位容量受到天线阵元数目的限制。针对上述缺点,提出一种用户数目不受限制的快速定位算法。新算法主要利用Midamble码的非相关特性对角度估计算法进行了改进。仿真实验证明了该算法的有效性。     

基于TD-SCDMA无线定位MUSIC算法及其性能的研究

为了实现基于TD-SCDMA智能天线圆-角定位,针对我国TD-SCDMA采用的是非Vandermonde结构的8阵元均匀圆阵智能天线,不能直接采用MUSIC算法对移动台的来波方向(DOA)进行估计的特点,对基于TD-SCDMA智能天线进行了预处理,使MUSIC算法能够用于基于TD-SCDMA智能天线的DOA估计,同时考虑到实际应用分别对理想智能天线和非理想智能天线的MUSIC算法的性能进行了分析。     

Joint Estimation of TOA and DOA in IR‐UWB System Using Sparse Representation Framework

This paper addresses the problem of joint time of arrival (TOA) and direction of arrival (DOA) estimation in impulse radio ultra‐wideband systems with a two‐antenna receiver and links the joint estimation of TOA and DOA to the sparse representation framework. Exploiting this link, an orthogonal matching pursuit algorithm is used for TOA estimation in the two antennas, and then the DOA parameters are estimated via the difference in the TOAs between the two antennas. The proposed algorithm can work well with a single measurement vector and can pair TOA and DOA parameters. Furthermore, it has better parameter‐estimation performance than traditional propagator methods, such as, estimation of signal parameters via rotational invariance techniques algorithms matrix pencil algorithms, and other new joint‐estimation schemes, with one single snapshot. The simulation results verify the usefulness of the proposed algorithm.     

锥面共形阵列天线盲极化DOA估计算法

 由于共形载体曲率的影响,共形阵列天线中各阵元单元方向图具有不同的指向,使得共形阵列天线具有了多极化特性(Polarization Diversity),为了描述共形阵列天线的多极化特性,通常在共形阵列天线的快拍数据模型中引入阵列入射信号的极化参数,因此共形阵列天线的DOA(Direction-Of-Arrival)估计需要与阵列入射信号极化参数联合估计.本文提出了一种盲极化DOA估计算法,通过在锥面共形阵列天线中设置三对特殊子阵,利用ESPRIT(Estimation of Signal Parameters via Rotational Invariance Techniques)算法,将入射信号极化参数与二维角参数去耦合,在入射信号极化参数未知条件下实现了高分辨DOA估计,并对估计性能进行了理论分析与推导,给出了参数估计的CRB(Cramer-Rao Bound),通过Monte Carlo仿真实验验证了DOA估计算法的有效性.     

TD-SCDMA中DOA估计的一种ESPRIT算法

智能天线是TD-SCDMA系统的关键技术之一,其核心为波达方向(Direction of Arrival,DOA)估计和波束形成算法。目前大多数DOA估计算法都是以均匀线阵为基础,而TD-SCDMA采用的是8阵元的圆阵列天线,因此,文中采用空间预处理技术,将圆阵虚拟到均匀线阵,再用ESPRIT算法进行DOA估计,最后通过仿真验证了该算法的可行性。     

空间相干源信号频率和波达方向的同时估计方法

本文针对宽频段窄带相干信号源,充分利用多重信号分类和旋转不变两大技术,结合一定的时域信息,提出了一种高精度的信号频率和波达方向同时估计方法.该方法通过构造平滑波达方向矩阵进行参数估计,无需搜索过程和配对处理.计算机仿真验证了本文所提出方法的有效性.     

一种相干分布源中心DOA快速跟踪算法

在智能天线和无线定位等技术中,精确跟踪目标的波达方向(DOA)十分重要。大多数传统的DOA跟踪方法都将目标信号看成是点源。但在密集的移动通讯环境中,信号的多径散射将引起信号能量的扩散,采用分布式信源模型更适合。因此,研究分布源的DOA跟踪技术更有意义和价值。针对相干分布源,本文基于均匀线阵提出了一种中心DOA快速跟踪算法。该算法首先通过正交紧缩近似投影子空间跟踪(OPASTD)算法实时更新信号子空间,然后利用一种低复杂度的方法估计分布源的中心DOA。本文算法避免了对样本协方差矩阵进行重复的特征分解,计算复杂度较低。算法的跟踪性能良好,并能有效跟踪多个分布源。此外,算法不需要分布源角分布形式的先验知识,稳健性好。仿真结果证实了算法的有效性。      

多径信道中基于盲波束成形的CDMA多用户检测和伪码估计

在分析阵列天线接收的多径CDMA信号的基础上,发掘阵列信号子空间与扩频用户伪码序列的关系,对传统的子空间波束成形器结构做了改进,提出一种新的基于盲波束成形的伪随机码序列盲估计算法。算法采用复独立分量分析法迭代,得到盲波束成形器系数,能在波达方向未知的情况下,估计各个用户的扩频序列。本文同时提出一种基于盲波束形成的异步多径CDMA信号多用户检测算法,可以在未知各个用户扩频码和波达方向的先验知识条件下,完成多径异步CDMA信号的多用户检测。算法由于同时利用了扩频增益和阵列天线分集增益,相比于单天线多用户检测算法性能有所提高。理论分析和仿真结果验证了算法的可行性。      

A NOVEL SUPER-RESOLUTION BEAMFORMING ALGORITHM

A novel simply-structured hybrid smart antenna system suitable to be used in ad-hoc network terminals is proposed in this letter. The super-resolution beamforming algorithm is also presented based on the system using DOA estimation results. The algorithm can switch the bea.mforming to the direction of the expected signal and get the best transmitting performance after the pre-beamforming of the Butler matrix. The shifting value formulas are presented to obtain the best SNR when there is no interfering signal and to acquire the highest Signal to Interference Ratio （SIR） as there is one interfering signal. When there are more than one interfering signals, the pre-bea.mforming feature of the Butler matrix can also suppress the interfering signals. Simulation results verified the algorithm.     

智能天线自适应波束形成算法的研究

智能天线的自适应算法通过迭代运算获取用于波束形成的最优权值矢量时,是否具有较快的收敛速度和较小的稳态误差成为决定波束形成性能的主要因素。据此提出在传统的LMS算法中引入变步长和变换域的思想,采用改进的自：适应算法用于波束形成。MATLAB仿真结果表明,该算法具有较快的收敛速度和较小的稳态误差,波束形成的性能更优。     

Merging multicarrier CDMA and oscillating-beam smart antenna arrays: exploiting directionality, transmit diversity, and frequency diversity

In this paper, a novel merger of multicarrier code-division multiple access (MC-CDMA) and smart antenna arrays is introduced. Here, a group of Q carriers in the MC-CDMA system is applied to its own M-element smart antenna array at the base station (BS). The smart antennas are located in close proximity to one another. We generate a transmit diversity gain at the receiver by carefully moving (oscillating) the antenna array's pattern. The pattern oscillation is achieved by applying appropriate time-varying phases to array elements of each smart antenna. The beam pattern oscillation ensures a mainlobe at the position of the intended user and small oscillations in the beam pattern. This beam pattern oscillation leads to a time-varying channel with a controllable coherence time; hence, a transmit diversity benefit, in the form of a time diversity benefit, is available at the receiver. Employing MC-CDMA with the proposed smart antenna at the BS, we achieve: 1) directionality which creates high network capacity via space-division multiple access; 2) a transmit diversity gain which supports high performance at the receiver in the mobile unit; and 3) increased capacity and performance via MC-CDMA's ability to support both CDMA and frequency diversity benefits, respectively.     

A direction finding method for spatial optical beam-forming network based on sparse Bayesian learning

This paper addresses the problem of direction-of-arrival (DOA) estimation of multiple sources for spatial optical beam forming network (SOBFN). A method which utilizes sparse Bayesian learning techniques to reconstruct the spatial power spectrum of the signals is proposed. The reconstruction procedure takes advantage of the amplitude distribution of the fiber-array output and the spatial sparsity of the incident signals. The reconstructed spectrum contains some evident peaks that indicate the coarse directions of the radiation sources. Then, a linear interpolation procedure is applied to make the DOA estimation results more precise. Sufficient numerical simulations are carried out to verify the performance of the proposed algorithm. Simulation results show that the proposed method fits well with the signal model of SOBFN and has favorable DOA estimation performance.     

移动通信中智能天线技术的研究

对现代移动通信系统中采用的智能天线技术进行了研究。介绍了智能天线技术的概念及发展历史;阐述了智能天线的工作原理,基本结构;列举了智能天线技术采用的波束优化滤波算法和用来定位及波束形成的DOA算法,并重点说明了现今智能天线技术采用较多的几种自适应算法;同时,还叙述了智能天线在TD-SCDMA中的应用,以及未来的发展前景。     

智能天线非理想波束赋形对TD-SCDMA系统性能的影响

在实际的无线网络中,由于无线信道的复杂性以及DOA估计的误差,会导致智能天线系统的波束赋形出现一定程度的偏差。该文通过分析智能天线系统的原理,提出了非理想波束赋形智能天线对系统性能影响的研究方法,研究了智能天线系统的鲁棒性以及不理想波束赋形的智能天线对TD-SCDMA系统性能的影响。理论和仿真结果表明,波束赋形的准确度直接影响移动通信系统的性能,系统所能容忍的波束赋形偏差有一个固定的门限值,该门限值随着系统负载的增加而减小。