Laser THz emission microscope as a novel tool for LSI failure analysis

We have proposed and developed a novel technique for a non-contact inspection of defective interconnections in an LSI chip using a laser terahertz emission microscope (LTEM). The LTEM measures the THz emission images of an LSI chip by scanning it with fs laser pulses. When a fs laser pulse irradiates a p–n junction in an LSI chip, transient photocurrent flows into interconnections resulting in the emission of the THz pulse into free space. We investigated the characteristics of the THz emissions from simple test element group samples which consist of p–n junctions connected to metal lines. It was found that the metallic lines connected to photo-excited p–n junctions worked as THz emission antennae which enhance the emission efficiency of THz pulses near their resonant frequencies corresponding to the line lengths. This result indicates that THz emission signals from p–n junctions in circuits strongly depend on the structure of the interconnections. We show the successful results on the inspection of defective interconnections in MOSFET devices and C7552 ISCAS’85 benchmark circuits using LTEM. By comparing the THz emission images between a normal circuit and a defective one, it is possible to identify the p–n junctions connected to the defective interconnections without electrical contacts.     

水填充太赫兹空芯布拉格光纤温度特性研究

空芯太赫兹(Terahertz,THz)光纤因其损耗低 和易集成功能材料等优点是当前 研究热点。液态水在太赫兹频段具有的独特性质使其在太赫兹辐射、传感和器件等方面具有 多种潜在应用。本文设计一种带有水缺陷层的太赫兹空芯布拉格光纤(hollow core Bragg fiber,HCBF),并采用有限元法分析了其温度特性。结果表明,设计的太赫兹光纤在0.34 THz到0.44 THz频段内存在明显的温度可调的吸收峰,且限制损耗随 着水温的升高而增加。 同时,光纤具有较高的核芯功率比,其值均大于98.6%。本文所研究 的水填充太赫兹光纤在 研究太赫兹与液体相互作用、太赫兹调控器件等领域具有潜在的应用价值。     

超快激光成丝产生太赫兹波的研究

研究了超快激光脉冲成丝辐射太赫兹(Terahertz, THz)波.考虑到THz 波在安全检查和国防建设等方面具有十分重要的意义, 文中总结了超快激光成丝产生太赫兹波的物理机制和控制技术, 并对各种相关理论和技术进行了分析.文章从理论模型、偏振特性和远场角分布情况等方面来介绍物理机制, 并探讨为满足应用需求的控制技术, 主要包括强度、偏振和波形控制.研究表明, 超快激光成丝辐射太赫兹波的产生方式、理论模型和控制形式均有多种, 其中理论模型主要包括四波混频模型和光电流模型, 强度控制技术主要包括双色场泵浦和在光丝通道两侧施加偏压.     

有机非线性光学晶体DAST的太赫兹发射性能

研究了DAST晶体的有效二阶非线性系数和太赫兹发射性能。实验以DAST-甲醇溶液的亚稳区范围为依据,采用溶液降温法进行DAST的生长。实验发现,降温速率越快,晶体的生长速度越快,但晶体易发生多晶转变;在晶体生长后期,采用较慢的降温速率,有利于晶体厚度的增加。经磨抛后的晶体表面粗糙度能够达到光学测试等级(微米级)要求。经测试,DAST晶片有效二阶非线性系数平均值为16.58 pm/V,实现了频率范围0.84~10 THz的太赫兹波发射,并在2.72 THz处具有最大发射强度。     

THz波大气探测仪器发展现状研究

THz波在电磁波谱中位于微波至红外波段的过渡区域,其特性在空间研究及应用领域具有独特的优势,THz频段的大气遥感仪器可以为探测地球大气信息提供全新的视角,在大气科学领域展现出良好的应用前景。介绍了THz技术在大气探测领域的主要应用,综述了国内外THz频段的大气观测仪器的研究现状,通过各仪器关键指标参数的对比分析,总结了THz大气观测仪器的发展趋势及发展前景,并提出了发展THz大气遥感技术的建议。     

飞秒等离子体间非线性作用对超高频电磁波影响的研究

主要研究了飞秒等离子间相互的非线性作用对超高频电磁波——太赫兹波产生的影响。国内外许多研究机构已经证实,在太赫兹波产生的过程中,等离子体间的相互非线性作用会对太赫兹波产生影响。笔者结合理论分析设计并搭建一种了双束等离子体重合产生太赫兹波的测试系统,研究发现等离子体间相互非线性作用时,会产生三阶非线性光学效应,等离子体的折射率和相位发生变化形成非均匀场导致了太赫兹波辐射能量的降低,并在实验测量研究中发现随着等离子体波长双束等离子波长的增加,等离子体密度增加,导致太赫兹波的辐射能量的降低现象更加明显,另外,等离子体功率越大,太赫兹波吸收越大。同时,研究发现等离子体周围惰性气体分子质量影响太赫兹降低程度,气体分子质量决定着飞秒激光聚焦空气电离出的等离子体所形成的电场强度,分子质量越高,所形成的电场强度越强,双束等离子体重合时对太赫兹波降低的辐值越大。这些为研究等离子体间非线性作用对太赫兹波的影响提供了更加全面的理论支撑,有助于推动太赫兹波技术在军事及民用领域的快速发展。     

Investigation of Terahertz Wave Propagation Along Shielded Dielectric Multiple-Slot Waveguide

In this paper, a shielded dielectric multiple-slot waveguide is presented and demonstrated by theoretical calculation at terahertz frequencies. Some electromagnetic analysis of waveguide currently employed simplified intrinsic frequency dispersion models for the bulk conductivity of normal metals used in terahertz wave structures. This paper has compared various conductivity models for gold between 0.1-3 THz. The dielectric loss, conductor loss, total propagation loss with different conductivity models and E-field distribution has been obtained by numerically solving the complex eigenvalue equation for the propagation constant. The analysis results are in agreement with the assumption of R. Sun et al. and the experimental results obtained by H. Sun et al. The propagation loss deviation between various models is less than 3% at 0.2-0.5 THz. Comparisons with other slot waveguides are also given. The analysis results show that the proposed line has lower propagation attenuation than other slot waveguides.     

Characteristic analysis of photonic crystal resonant cavity in the terahertz region

In this letter, a kind of two-dimensional photonic crystal structure applicable to THz devices is designed, and how to form a microcavity in this structure is discussed. The primary properties of the resonant cavity are analyzed, in which plane wave expansion method is used to make the calculation and the simulation. We＇ve studied the variation of the bandgap structure and resonant frequency in THz region by changing the parameters, such as lattice constant, dielectric constant contrast and filling factor. The research results provided theoretical support for manufacturing the THz devices and the application of THz system.     

Laser Terahertz Emission Microscope

Developments of laser terahertz (THz) emission microscope (LTEM) systems are reviewed. Femtosecond lasers can excite the THz wave emission from various electronic materials, such as semiconductors, high-temperature superconductors, manganites, multiferroic oxides, etc., due to ultrafast current modulation. Limiting the topic to semiconductors, the current modulation is realized by acceleration or deceleration of photoexcited carriers due to the local electric field extrinsically or intrinsically induced at the laser illumination spot. Thus, LTEM has a potential to visualize the local electric field distribution and photoresponse without any contacts or damages. We have ever constructed prototype free-space type and scanning fiber-probe (SFP) type LTEM systems with transmission or reflection mode. The system performance of the SFP-LTEM has been greatly improved compared with that for the prototype one. The spatial resolution of the SFP-LTEM system has a minimum spatial resolution less than 3 mum , which is defined by the laser beam diameter. The compact SFP-LTEM system, in particular the reflection system, has the potential to be utilized for wide applications as well as various materials. In this review paper, we introduce the details of the LTEM systems and example applications for the evaluation of electric field distribution in integrated circuits and supercurrent distribution in high-temperature superconductors.     

New Class of Efficient Terahertz Generators: Effective Terahertz Spectral Filling by Complementary Tandem Configuration of Nonlinear Organic Crystals

Intense table‐top terahertz (THz) sources, which have progressed tremendously in the last decade, are becoming more important for advanced THz science to study light–matter interactions and subsequent applications. Nonlinear optical organic crystals exhibit great potential for intense broadband THz wave generation due to their large nonlinearities and advantageous phase‐matching characteristics. However, the phonon‐induced absorption of most organic crystals in the THz region leads to undesired modulation of the spectrum and limits the THz output efficiency. To overcome such drawbacks, phonon‐mode engineering by modification of molecular structures is suggested, but intrinsic limitations still remain. Here, an efficient alternative approach has been recently proposed for generating intense broadband THz waves based on a tandem configuration that combines two complementary nonlinear organic crystals. Such configuration compensates for the spectral gap of the generated THz waves mainly caused by phonon absorption and additionally enhances the optical‐to‐THz conversion efficiency. The proposed organic tandem generator indicates a substantial enhancement of the peak‐to‐peak THz electric field due to effective spectral filling at phonon absorption gaps. As a result, such tandem configuration provides a versatile platform to generate gapless broadband THz spectra with suppressed phonon absorption and contributes to advancing the development of intense broadband coherent THz sources.     

基于衍射光栅耦合输出的一级分布反馈太赫兹量子级联激光器

对比研究了两种不同结构太赫兹波段的双金属波导一级分布反馈量子级联激光器(THz-DFB-QCL).提出并实现基于衍射光栅耦合输出的THz-DFB-QCL中,太赫兹波通过衍射光栅而非解理腔面形成出射.计算表明,优化衍射光栅的结构可实现约70%的激光输出效率和小于1%的反射率,激光发散角约为10°×50°.极低的反射率可以有效抑制反射波对腔内谐振的干扰,是获得单模激射的关键.实验上,利用衍射光栅耦合输出的激光器实现了频率约2.58 THz的稳定单模激光,边模抑制比达23 dB,光束分布与理论计算相吻合.得益于较好的衍射效率和光束准直性,相比于常规的解理腔面边发射激光器,通过衍射光栅耦合输出显著提升了激光功率.     

THz Stimulated Emission from Simple Superlattice in Positive Differential Conductivity Region

Narrow band emissions at 2.6–2.8 THz are observed out of liquid helium cooled 1 mm disk chips prepared of a wafer with the very low n type doped weak barrier GaAs–GaAlAs superlattice of 1000 periods. The emissions are at about 8.0–18.0 V pulsed voltage applied to the chips in region of the chips positive DC differential conductivity that guaranties absence of inhomogeneous electric field domains in the chips. The emission frequency bands are estimated with a cyclotron resonance filter; the measurements show that the band width is of about that of the THz quantum cascade laser. By using long voltage pulses the chip heating above 100 K is achieved without substantial change in emission power. We speculate that the emission is super luminescence (amplification) of whispering gallery modes in the chips as a result of inverted Wannier-Stark level transitions under bias. The results are the first world demonstration of THz stimulated emission in a simple superlattice within region of positive DC differential conductivity; they give strong impetus for development of THz and higher frequency sources based on such simple superlattices; the sources should well compete with the THz quantum cascade lasers in particular at elevated temperatures.     

太赫兹波导固定衰减器的设计

随着太赫兹技术的迅速发展,太赫兹系统中使用的波导衰减器也成为研究热点。波导衰减器可以对太赫兹信号实现精确衰减和控制功率传输,在解决损耗、辐射和干扰等一系列问题中,具有特殊意义和不可替代的地位。而目前的波导衰减器将衰减片平行于电场放置在矩形波导内,破坏矩形波导传输线,容易造成射频泄露。本文基于吸收式波导衰减器工作原理,提出了一种衰减片垂直于矩形波导电场的波导固定衰减器,通过将衰减片贴在波导内壁,保证传输线完整。使用高频电磁仿真软件HFSS,通过改变衰减片的形状、位置等参数,优化回波损耗、衰减精确度等指标,最终完成110~170 GHz波导固定衰减器的研制。在110~170 GHz频率范围内,衰减器的回波损耗小于-27.5 dB,在20 dB的衰减时,衰减精确度小于±2 dB。     

Amplified spontaneous emission in soliton transmission systemsemploying sliding filters

The growth of the amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) noise in a soliton line employing sliding filters is studied. An analytical expression of the integrated ASE power is given for constant line dispersion. For large dispersion variations caused by the combined effect of sliding and third-order dispersion of the line, an optimal sliding rate exists that minimizes the amplified spontaneous emission. Methods to reduce the spontaneous emission at the line output are proposed     

太赫兹量子级联激光器有源区有限元模拟

采用有限元分析法解决了太赫兹量子级联激光器(THz QCL)有源区模拟问题。由于InP基差频THz QCL有源区为千层纳米结构,无法拆分实验探索,因此模拟分析显得尤为必要。首先列出有源区量子结构的薛定谔方程,而后采用Galerkin有限元法改写薛定谔方程,再根据连续性和边界条件,得到本征值矩阵方程,最后采用Matlab写出运算程序求解本征值矩阵方程,求出波函数。针对不同有源区量子结构,设定材料、组分、厚度和周期数及外加偏压等参数,即可得到波函数模方、能级、频率和波长等模拟结果。选取InP基差频THz QCL结构进行验证,结果表明此模型切实可行,其拓展应用也可以解决GaAs THz QCL模拟问题。     

Insertion loss of electronically variable magnetostatic wave delaylines

An investigation is presented of insertion loss and constant variable delays in electronically variable magnetostatic-volume-wave delay lines. The delay line has a conductor-dielectric-YIG-dielectric-conductor structure. Variable delays up to 300 MHz bandwidth have been obtained in a single volume-wave delay line by adjusting the direction and magnitude of the biasing DC magnetic field in a plane containing the normal to the YIG film and the direction of wave propagation. Insertion loss as a function of frequency has been obtained for different biasing field angles and also for the angles corresponding to variable constant delays. Good agreement between theoretically obtained insertion loss and experimental results is found. Electronically variable magnetostatic-wave delay lines have promising applications in broadband phased-array antennas at 1-20 GHz     

磁场对周期性极化铌酸锂晶体中产生的窄带太赫兹波的控制研究

本文 利用飞秒激光作用于光折变周期性极化铌酸锂(PPLN)晶体和掺 镁(Mg)的PPLN(PP-Mg:LN)晶体通过光整流效应产生窄带太赫兹(THz) 辐射,通过外加磁场的 办法对THz脉冲串的振幅和寿命进行有效控制。随着外加磁场的增强,在光折变PPLN晶体中 产生的THz 波的振幅和寿命都随之减小;当外加磁场足够强时,光折变PPLN晶体中产生的THz波将完 全被抑制。外 加磁场之所以能够对THz波的振幅和寿命进行有效控制,主要是由于洛伦兹力的作用使光折 变晶体内部产生了空间电荷场。     

基于硅基石墨烯的全光控太赫兹波强度调制系统研究

在太赫兹通信等系统中需要利用太赫兹波调制器对信号进行调制.基于GaAs 等传统半导体材料设计和制作的调制器在太赫兹波段的响应过低,因而很难应用于太赫兹系统.为了弥补传统调制技术在带宽和调制深度不够的缺点,设计了一种全新的基于硅基石墨烯的全光控太赫兹强度调制系统.该调制系统利用材料中光生载流子对太赫兹波的吸收特性,通过调节照射到材料上的可见光光强来改变光生载流子浓度,从而实现对太赫兹波强度调制.从理论和实验两方面对这种新型太赫兹强度调制系统的调制深度和调制带宽进行了研究.研究结果表明,在泵浦光功率密度为18 mW/mm2时,该调制系统能在实验使用的THz-TDS 测试系统(0.1~2.5 THz)的整个频谱范围内进行有效的调制,调制深度可达到12 %.且随着泵浦光能量的增大,调制深度增大.     

Dielectric Properties of Diesel and Gasoline by Terahertz Spectroscopy

In this study we have investigated the dielectric properties of diesel and gasoline in the Terahertz (THz) spectral region. We present frequency dependent absorption coefficients, refractive indices, and dielectric constants calculated from the transient measurements of the fuel oils between 0.1 and 1.1 THz. Observed weak absorption coefficient of fuel oils is explained by transient dipole moments induced by collisions between individual molecules. Fuel oils were modeled successfully with Debye model to investigate the relaxation dynamics after interaction with the electric field. Significant differences in relaxation times of molecules in diesel and gasoline are attributed to the differences in their intermolecular forces. Dispersion forces are much greater in diesel due to the longer hydrocarbon chains (C8-C40) compared to that (C4-C12) of the gasoline. This leads to a comparably faster relaxation right after THz electric field is applied. Clear differences in optical properties offer a simple yet effective way to discriminate fuel oils from each other by using THz spectroscopy without any danger of combustion or decomposition of the samples. Such an approach may also be used for the quality determination of either fuels. The study presents the great potential of THz spectroscopy to study very complex mixtures like fuel oils by the use of instantaneous THz wave/matter interactions and relaxation dynamics of the constituent molecules.