中轨SAR系统设计及关键技术研究

中轨SAR(MeoSAR)作为低轨SAR(LeoSAR)和高轨SAR(GeoSAR)的折中,具有观测范围广、时间分辨率高的特点,是极具应用前景的新型SAR系统。根据中轨SAR的系统特点及优势,对中轨SAR系统设计中的成像体制选择、工作参数选择、成像模式设计等进行了论述。针对中轨SAR系统存在的特殊问题,对中轨SAR的关键技术问题进行分析,提出了基于波束赋形的距离模糊抑制方法和高精度时域成像算法,并对中轨SAR天线设计和空间环境设计的难点进行了总结。研究结果为中轨SAR系统实现及应用提供有益参考。     

星载SAR全球波位参数自适应计算方法

星载SAR运行速度快,轨道高度和地面海拔起伏大,导致针对固定观测位置设计的波位参数无法适用于全球.文中首先分析了星地几何约束、系统性能约束、卫星轨道高度和地面高程变化等对星载SAR波位参数的约束,然后提出一种星载SAR全球波位参数的自适应计算方法.该方法根据观测任务要求自动确定成像时段,并计算成像时段内的星地几何数据;然后自适应计算回避星地几何约束和满足系统性能要求的全球波位参数.     

高轨SAR非平直几何动目标成像影响建模

高轨SAR覆盖范围广、轨道回归周期短,具有探测动目标的优势。由于高轨SAR轨道高度高,斜视成像模式下几何关系呈现非平直特点,低轨SAR平直成像几何下的影响分析模型并不能直接适用于高轨情况。建立高轨SAR非平直斜视成像几何,利用等距离等多普勒方程推导得到匀速运动目标成像位置偏移、二次相位误差、三次相位误差的解析表达式,分析目标运动对成像偏移、散焦造成的影响,并与平直成像几何下的运动成像影响进行对比分析。基于动目标探测角度给出仿真高轨SAR雷达参数和轨道参数,通过仿真分析,验证了成像影响理论推导的正确性。     

地球同步轨道圆迹SAR研究

该文介绍了地球同步轨道圆迹合成孔径雷达(Geosynchronous Circular SAR, Geo-CSAR)的概念,通过设计同步轨道的轨道参数,可以形成近圆的卫星相对地球轨迹,使SAR载荷的凝视成像模式成为可能,实现对地的大面积定点连续观测以及真3维信息获取;研究分析了Geo-CSAR的成像能力,指出其在瞬时覆盖度、连续观测范围及3维精确定位方面,具有现有低轨星载SAR无法比拟的优势,是实现全球不间断覆盖的有效途径之一,在军事侦察、灾害监测方面具有重要的应用前景。      

GEO-LEO双基SAR序贯多帧-多通道联合重建无模糊成像方法

采用地球同步轨道(GEO)卫星作为双基合成孔径雷达(SAR)的发射站,可为低轨(LEO)接收站提供大范围、持续的波束覆盖。同时,由于收发分置的系统形态,LEO接收站可以实现下视、前视、后视等多视区成像,因此,GEO-LEO双基SAR在地球测绘、侦察监视等领域具有广阔的应用前景。为实现大幅宽成像,GEO SAR发射站的脉冲重复频率较低,而LEO SAR接收站会引入大的多普勒带宽,造成GEO-LEO双基SAR方位欠采样。通过在接收站引入多通道技术虽可抑制模糊,但是面临GEO-LEO双基SAR的严重欠采样问题,多通道无模糊重建方法所需通道数过多,不利于接收系统小型化。针对方位严重欠采样条件下的复杂观测场景无模糊成像问题,该文提出了序贯多帧-多接收通道联合重建无模糊成像方法,通过利用序贯观测场景多帧图像的相关性和多接收通道的采样信息进行联合重建,实现无模糊成像。首先将GEO-LEO双基SAR无模糊成像问题建模为张量联合低秩与稀疏优化问题,然后在交替方向乘子法迭代求解中利用多接收通道信息,实现了GEO-LEO双基SAR对复杂观测场景的无模糊成像。相比于基于传统多通道重构的成像方法,该方法可显著减少无模糊成像所需的接收通道数,仿真实验验证了该方法的有效性。      

对流层对地球同步轨道SAR成像的影响研究

地球同步轨道SAR（GEO SAR）具有超长孔径时间和大覆盖范围的特性,使得传统低轨SAR成像中采用的对流层冻结模型假设失效。因此,需要考虑时变条件下的对流层效应对GEO SAR成像的影响。本文根据对流层中电磁波的传播规律,利用射线描迹法,分析了GEO SAR中相位误差的特点;并通过建立时变对流层影响下的GEO SAR回波信号模型,研究了对流层引起的GEO SAR图像偏移及图像散焦现象,并分析总结了相关影响的边界条件。最后,基于仿真数据,分析了对流层效应对GEOSAR成像的影响。      

基于频域稀疏压缩感知的星载SAR稀疏重航过3维成像

星载合成孔径雷达(SAR)稀疏重航过3维成像技术通过交轨向的多次飞行观测,获得观测场景的第3维分辨。该文给出了单颗卫星SAR稀疏重航过轨道分布,为有效缩短重访时间,同时给出了编队双星SAR轨道分布,对应的交轨向等效孔径长度为20 km。提出了一种基于干涉处理和频域压缩感知(CS)的稀疏3维成像方法,利用稀疏重航过中的部分回波形成参考3维复图像,对待重建SAR 3维图像信号进行干涉处理,使信号在频域具备稀疏性。在大轨道分布范围下,建立频域距离向-交轨向线性测量矩阵,利用CS理论联合求解稀疏表征下的图像频谱,避免交轨向和距离向的回波信号耦合。将求解所得频谱逆变换至空间域,可得到观测场景的3维图像重建结果。仿真结果表明,该文方法在稀疏采样率74.4%条件下,仍可获得与满采样成像性能相当的结果,验证了干涉处理频域稀疏方法在星载SAR 3维成像中的有效性。     

GEO SAR中精确的面目标回波仿真方法

地球同步轨道合成孔径雷达（Geosynchronous synthetic aperture radar,GEO SAR）具有重返周期短、驻留时间长、观测范围广等优点,在陆地测绘与自然灾害检测等方面有巨大的应用价值,吸引了众多国内外研究学者的兴趣。现在尚未有可用的GEO SAR实测数据,许多提出的成像算法都是以点目标作为验证对象,而在面目标中未必有很好的适用性,并且在将来的观测场景中,研究对象都是面目标。因此,在GEO SAR系统下对于面目标的回波进行仿真,显得很有必要。以点目标回波仿真形式作为基 础,针对GEO SAR中数据量大、仿真效率低这一问题,本文提出一种通过插值快速构造场景的方法,并且在回波仿真中考虑了“停-走-停”误差以及方位向窗函数准确设计这两个问题,以确保回波仿真贴切实际情况。还提出两种目标散射强度设计方法,最后通过成像验证回波仿真的正确性。      

弹载雷达成像技术发展现状与趋势

弹载合成孔径雷达(SAR)可对观测区域进行二维高分辨率成像,获得丰富的地貌特征以及目标的尺寸、形状特征,进而选择打击点并提高打击精度和效率。与传统的机载/星载SAR成像体制相比,弹载SAR由于其探测距离远、大机动曲线突防和多平台协同作战的特点,给雷达成像技术带来了新的挑战:导弹末制导阶段处于二维甚至三维加速的大斜视工作模式,飞行轨迹与传统的SAR成像模式不同,这会带来距离方位的严重耦合,成像质量退化严重;在攻击飞行段,导弹的天线波束直接指向目标区域,弹载SAR将工作在前视状态,传统的SAR成像技术难以获取目标二维高分辨图像。针对弹载SAR存在的这些问题,该文立足弹载SAR作战需求,从曲线轨大斜视成像、前视成像和协同成像方面介绍了弹载雷达成像的关键技术和发展现状,展望未来弹载雷达成像技术的发展趋势。      

基于分辨性能的GEOSAR凝视成像轨道优化设计

利用地球同步轨道合成孔径雷达(SAR)卫星对地覆盖范围广、轨道周期短等特点,结合波束控制技术可以实现对热点地区的长时间持续观测,即地球同步轨道SAR(GEOSAR)凝视成像。对于GEOSAR凝视成像系统而言,由于轨道高度大大提高,地球自转效应和地表曲率的影响更加显著,在对目标的持续观测过程中,分辨性能变化较大,甚至存在无法二维分辨的观测位置。为了保证卫星资源的利用率,需要通过轨道参数的优化设计,获得更长的二维高分辨观测时间。通过引入俯仰角,对传统成像几何模型加以改进,并推导了适用于GEOSAR的二维分辨率表达式。利用该表达式,分析不同观测位置的二维分辨效果,计算不同轨道参数设计对应的有效观测时...     

Development of the readout system for waveguide multilayer optical card

Waveguide multilayer optical card （WMOC） is a novel storage device of three-dimensional optical information. An advanced readout system fitting for the WMOC is introduced in this paper. The hardware mainly consists of the light source for reading, WMOC, motorized stages addressing unit, microscope imaging unit, CCD detecting unit and PC controlling ＆ processing unit. The movement of the precision motorized stage is controlled by the computer through Visual Basic （VB） language in software. A control panel is also designed to get the layer address and the page address through which the position of the motorized stages can be changed. The WMOC readout system is easy to manage and the readout result is directly displayed on computer monitor.     

Nanoimprint Lithography -A Next Generation High Volume Lithography Technique

IntroductionNanoimprint Lithography is a well-acknowl-edged low cost, high resolution, large area pattern-ing process. It includes the most promising methods,high-pressure hot embossing lithography (HEL) [2],UV-cured imprinting (UV-NIL) [3] and micro contactprinting (m-CP, MCP) [4]. Curing of the imprintedstructures is either done by subsequent UV-lightexposure in the case of UV-NIL or by cooling downbelow the glass transition temperature of the ther-moplastic material in case of HEL…     

Collinear phase-matching study of terahertz-wave generation via difference frequency mixed in GaAs and Inp

The collinearly phase-matching condition of terahertz-wave generation via difference frequency mixed in GaAs and InP is theoretically studied. In collinear phase-matching, the optimum phase-matching wave hands of these two crystals are calculated. The optimum phase-matching wave bands in GaAs and lnP are 0.95-1.38μm and 0.7-0.96μm respectively. The influence of the wavelength choice of the pump wave on the coherent length in THz-wave tuning is also discussed. The influence of the temperature alteration on the phase-matching and the temperature tuning properties in GaAs crystal are calculated and analyzed. It can serve for the following experiments as a theoretical evidence and a reference as well.     

Effects of the alloy compositions on the phonon-polaritons in ternary mixed crystals

Composition dependence of bulk and surface phonon-polaritons in ternary mixed crystals are studied in the framework of the modified random-element-isodisplacement model and the Bom-Huang approximation. The numerical results for Several Ⅱ - Ⅵ and Ⅲ- Ⅴ compound systems are performed, and the polariton frequencies as functions of the compositions for ternary mixed crystals AlxGa1-xAs, GaPxAS1-x, ZnSxSe1-x, GaAsxSb1-x, GaxIn1-xP, and ZnxCd1-xS as examples are given and discussed. The results show that the dependence of the energies of two branches of bulk phonon-polaritons which have phonon-like characteristics, and surface phonon-polaritons on the compositions of ternary mixed crystals are nonlinear and different from those of the corresponding binary systems.     

Influence of PVK ： NPB hole transporting layer on the characteristics of organic light-emitting devices

A doping system consisting of NPB and PVK is employed as a composite hole transporting layer （CHTL）. By adjusting the component ratio of the doping system, a series of devices with different concentration proportion of PVK ： NPB are constracted. The result shows that doping concentration of NPB enhances the competence of hole transporting ability, and modifies the recombination region of charge as well as affects the surface morphology of doped film. Optimum device with a maximum brightness of 7852 cd/m^2 and a power efficiency of 1.75 lm/W has been obtained by choosing a concentration proportion of PVK ： NPB at 1：3.     

New insert layer structure OLEDs

An insert layer structure organic electroluminescent device（OLED） based on a new luminescent material （Zn（salen）） is fabricated. The configuration of the device is ITO/CuPc/NPD/Zn（salen）/Liq/LiF/A1/CuPc/NPD/Zn（salen）/Liq/LiF/A1. Effective insert electrode layers comprising LiF（1nm）/Al（5 nm） are used as a single semitransparent mirror, and bilayer cathode LiF（1 nm）/A1（100 nm） is used as a reflecting mirror. The two mirrors form a Fabry-Perot microcavity and two emissive units. The maximum brightness and luminous efficiency reach 674 cd/m^2 and 2.652 cd/A, respectively, which are 2.1 and 3.7 times higher than the conventional device, respectively. The superior brightness and luminous efficiency over conventional single-unit devices are attributed to microcavity effect.     

Analysis of error performance on Turbo coded FDPIM

Due to variable symbol length of digital pulse interval modulation（DPIM）, it is difficult to analyze the error performances of Turbo coded DPIM. To solve this problem, a fixed-length digital pulse interval modulation（FDPIM） method is provided. The FDPIM modulation structure is introduced. The packet error rates of uncoded FDPIM are analyzed and compared with that of DPIM. Bit error rates of Turbo coded FDPIM are simulated based on three kinds of analytical models under weak turbulence channel. The results show that packet error rate of uncoded FDPIM is inferior to that of uncoded DPIM. However, FDPIM is easy to be implemented and easy to be combined, with Turbo code for soft-decision because of its fixed length. Besides, the introduction of Turbo code in this modulation can decrease the average power about 10 dBm, which means that it can improve the error performance of the system effectively.     

A method for calculating the center position of collimated light

It is a key problem to accurately calculate beam spots＇ center of measuring the warp by using a collimated laser. A new method, named double geometrical center method （DGCM）, is put forward for the first time. In this method, a plane wave perpendicularly irradiates an aperture stop, and a charge couple device （CCD） is employed to receive the diffraction-beam spots, then the geometrical centers of the fast and the second diffraction-beam spots are calculated respectively, and their mean value is regarded as the center of datum beam. In face of such adverse instances as laser intension distributing defectively, part of the image being saturated, this method can still work well. What＇s more, this method can detect whether an unacceptable error exits in the courses of image receiving, processing and calculating. The experimental results indicate the precision of this method is high.     

Preparation and Characterization of TaN ALD Precursors

High purity organic-tantalum precursors for thin film ALD TaN were synthesized and characterized.Vapor pressure and thermal stability of these precursors were studied.From the vapor pressure analysis,it was found that TBTEMT has a higher vapor pressure than any other published liquid TaN precursor,including TBTDET,TAITMATA,and IPTDET.Thermal stability of the alkyl groups on the precursors was investigated using a 1H NMR technique.The results indicated that the tertbutylimino group is the most stable group on TBTDET and TBTEMT as compared to the dialkylamido groups.Thermal stability of TaN precursors decreased in the following order:TBTDET ＞ PDMAT ＞ TBTEMT.In conclusion,precursor vapor pressure and thermal stability were tuned by making slight variations in the ligand sphere around the metal center.     

Curved crystal spectrometer for the measurement of X-ray lines from laser-produced plasmas

In order to diagnose the laser-produced plasmas, a focusing curved crystal spectrometer has been developed for measuring the X-ray lines radiated from a laser-produced plasmas. The design is based on the fact that the ray emitted from a source located at one focus of an ellipse will converge on the other focus by the reflection of the elliptical surface. The focal length and the eccentricity of the ellipse are 1350 mm and 0.9586, respectively. The spectrometer can be used to measure the X- ray lines in the wavelength range of 0.2-0.37 nm, and a LiF crystal （200） （2d = 0.4027 nm） is used as dispersive element covering Bragg angle from 30° to 67.5°. The spectrometer was tested on Shengnang- Ⅱ which can deliver laser energy of 60-80 J/pulse and the laser wavelength is 0.35 μm. Photographs of spectra including the 1 s2p ^1P1-1s^2 ^1S0 resonance line（w）, the 1s2p ^3P2-1s^2 1S0 magnetic quadrupole line（x）, the 1s2p ^3P1-1 s^2 ^1S0 intercombination lines（y）, the 1 s2p ^3S~1-1 s^2 ^1S0 forbidden line（z） in helium-like Ti Ⅹ Ⅺ and the 1 s2s2p ^2P3/2-1 s622s ^2S1/2 line（q） in lithium-like Ti Ⅹ Ⅹhave been recorded with a X-ray CCD camera. The experimental result shows that the wavelength resolution（λ/△ 2） is above 1000 and the elliptical crystal spectrometer is suitable for X-ray spectroscopy.