Multiresolution MAP despeckling of SAR images based on locally adaptive generalized Gaussian pdf modeling.

In this paper, a new despeckling method based on undecimated wavelet decomposition and maximum a posteriori MIAP) estimation is proposed. Such a method relies on the assumption that the probability density function (pdf) of each wavelet coefficient is generalized Gaussian (GG). The major novelty of the proposed approach is that the parameters of the GG pdf are taken to be space-varying within each wavelet frame. Thus, they may be adjusted to spatial image context, not only to scale and orientation. Since the MAP equation to be solved is a function of the parameters of the assumed pdf model, the variance and shape factor of the GG function are derived from the theoretical moments, which depend on the moments and joint moments of the observed noisy signal and on the statistics of speckle. The solution of the MAP equation yields the MAP estimate of the wavelet coefficients of the noise-free image. The restored SAR image is synthesized from such coefficients. Experimental results, carried out on both synthetic speckled images and true SAR images, demonstrate that MAP filtering can be successfully applied to SAR images represented in the shift-invariant wavelet domain, without resorting to a logarithmic transformation.     

SAR image despeckling using heavy-tailed Burr distribution

Multiplicative speckle noise diminishes the radiometric resolution of the synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images and all the coherent images. Speckle removal adds an extra value to an automated SAR image interpretation and analysis. In this paper, dual-tree complex wavelet-transform-based Bayesian method is proposed for despeckling the SAR images. In each subband, the reflectance and noise of the logarithmically transformed wavelet coefficients are modeled using heavy-tailed Burr and zero-mean Gaussian distributions. The closed-form expression for the shape parameter of Burr distribution is derived by employing the Mellin transform. The resultant complex-free quadratic maximum a posteriori solution with suitable shrinkage function yields despeckled SAR images. Extensive experiments are carried out using real SAR images as well as simulated images. The proposed method performs well in terms of equivalent number of looks with 3.5751 dB improvement in homogeneous region1 of Pipe river SAR image, edge preservation with 0.6158 improvement, peak signal to noise ratio of 51.3305 dB, and mean structural similarity index measure of 0.9397 at 0.05 noise variance for synthetically speckled image in comparison to the existing methods and takes averagely 2.3461 times less computing time. The proposed method provides a computationally efficient better speckle reduction in homogeneous regions while still preserving the edge.     

Speckle Suppression in SAR Images Using the 2-D GARCH Model

A novel Bayesian-based speckle suppression method for Synthetic Aperture Radar ( SAR) images is presented that preserves the structural features and textural information of the scene. First, the logarithmic transform of the original image is analyzed into the multiscale wavelet domain. We show that the wavelet coefficients of SAR images have significantly non-Gaussian statistics that are best described by the 2-D GARCH model. By using the 2-D GARCH model on the wavelet coefficients, we are capable of taking into account important characteristics of wavelet coefficients, such as heavy tailed marginal distribution and the dependencies between the coefficients. Furthermore, we use a maximum a posteriori (MAP) estimator for estimating the clean image wavelet coefficients. Finally, we compare our proposed method with various speckle suppression methods applied on synthetic and actual SAR images and we verify the performance improvement in utilizing the new strategy.     

基于复小波方向信息的SAR图像斑点噪声抑制

针对一般小波去噪方法在去除合成孔径雷达(Synthetic Aperture Radar-SAR)图像斑点噪声时不能有效保持图像边缘信息的问题,提出结合双密度双树复小波变换（Double-Density Dual Tree Complex Wavelet Transform –DD_DTCWT）方向信息进行边缘检测的SAR图像噪声抑制算法。本文对边缘检测指标进行改进,利用DD_DTCWT方向复小波系数的相对方差作为边缘检测指标,通过相对方差分布密度函数获取阈值处理的自适应门限,由此实现SAR图像的自适应滤波。实验结果表明,本文提出的边缘检测和主方向高频复系数提升方法可以有效保持并增强图像的边缘信息。与SRAD算法和基于DD_DTCWT的双变量收缩函数（Bivariate Shrinkage Function--BSF）算法相比较,本文算法具有更好的边缘保持能力。      

Synthetic aperture radar image compression using tree-structured edge-directed orthogonal wavelet packet transform

Currently, wavelet-based coding algorithms are popular for synthetic aperture radar (SAR) image compression, which is very important for reducing the cost of data storage and transmission in relatively slow channels. However, standard wavelet transform is limited by spatial isotropy of its basis functions that is not completely adapted to represent image entities like edges or textures, which means wavelet-based coding algorithms are suboptimal to image compression. In this paper, a novel tree-structured edge-directed orthogonal wavelet packet transform is proposed for SAR image compression. Inspired by the intrinsic geometric structure of images, the new transform improves the performance of standard wavelet by filtering along the regular direction first and then along the orthogonal direction with directional lifting structure. The cost function of best basis selection is designed by textural and directional information for tree-structured edge-directed orthogonal wavelet packet transform. The new transform including speckle reduction can be used to construct SAR image coder with the embedded block coding with optimal truncation for transform coefficients, and arithmetic coding for additional information. The experimental results show that the proposed approach outperforms JPEG2000 and Fast wavelet packet (FWP), both visually and item of PSNR values.     

冗余轮廓波变换的构造及其在SAR图像降斑中的应用

构造了由非抽样塔式分解和方向滤波器组实现的冗余轮廓波变换。文中利用McClellan变换设计非抽样塔式分解中满足精确重构条件的圆对称滤波器组。利用冗余轮廓波变换系数的自适应局部统计模型及最大后验概率法对SAR图像进行降斑处理,并与基于平稳小波和轮廓波变换的降斑算法进行比较。结果表明,提出的算法能有效地去除散斑噪声,并且具有更强的边缘保持能力。     

Speckle filtering of SAR images based on adaptive windowing

Speckle noise usually occurs in synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images owing to coherent processing of SAR data. The most well-known image domain speckle filters are the adaptive filters using local statistics such as the mean and standard deviation. The local statistics filters adapt the filter coefficients based on data within a fixed running window. In these schemes, depending on the window size, there exists trade-off between the extent of speckle noise suppression and the capability of preserving fine details. The authors propose a new adaptive windowing algorithm for speckle noise suppression which solves the problem of window size associated with the local statistics adaptive filters. In the algorithm, the window size is automatically adjusted depending on regional characteristics to suppress speckle noise as much as possible while preserving fine details. Speckle noise suppression gets stronger in homogeneous regions as the window size increases succeedingly. In fine detail regions, by reducing the window size successively, edges and textures are preserved. The fixed-window filtering schemes and the proposed one are applied to both a simulated SAR image and an ERS-1 SAR image to demonstrate the excellent performance of the proposed adaptive windowing algorithm for speckle noise     

基于小波域统计建模及显著性修正的SAR图像相干斑抑制

该文提出了一种基于小波域统计建模与小波系数显著性修正相结合的斑点噪声滤波方法。这种方法首先通过对数变换将乘性噪声模型转化为加性噪声模型,对对数变换后的图像进行小波变换并对小波域的高频子带系数用混合高斯模型与隐马尔可夫树模型进行建模,并采用EM算法来估计模型参数。在模型参数估计的基础上;利用贝叶斯最小均方误差准则来估计干净的小波系数。在此基础上引入基于显著性准则的小波系数修正,最后通过小波逆变换与指数变换获得抑制斑点噪声后的图像。用真实SAR图像实验表明,该文提出的方法能够有效地抑制斑点噪声,同时能够很好地保存边缘细节结构与强散射中心。     

基于数据融合的SAR图像斑点噪声抑制

合成孔径雷达图像中的斑点噪声极大地降低了图像的可读性，不利于图像解译和信息提取。根据均值滤波和小波软阈值去噪算法的优点，提出了一种基于数据融合的合成孔径雷达图像相干斑抑制算法。该方法首先对含噪图像进行均值滤波和小波软阈值去噪，再对滤波后的两幅图像在小波域进行数据融合。实验结果表明，这种方法抑制SAR图像斑点噪声的效果较好。     

Speckle reducing anisotropic diffusion

This paper provides the derivation of speckle reducing anisotropic diffusion (SRAD), a diffusion method tailored to ultrasonic and radar imaging applications. SRAD is the edge-sensitive diffusion for speckled images, in the same way that conventional anisotropic diffusion is the edge-sensitive diffusion for images corrupted with additive noise. We first show that the Lee and Frost filters can be cast as partial differential equations, and then we derive SRAD by allowing edge-sensitive anisotropic diffusion within this context. Just as the Lee (1980, 1981, 1986) and Frost (1982) filters utilize the coefficient of variation in adaptive filtering, SRAD exploits the instantaneous coefficient of variation, which is shown to be a function of the local gradient magnitude and Laplacian operators. We validate the new algorithm using both synthetic and real linear scan ultrasonic imagery of the carotid artery. We also demonstrate the algorithm performance with real SAR data. The performance measures obtained by means of computer simulation of carotid artery images are compared with three existing speckle reduction schemes. In the presence of speckle noise, speckle reducing anisotropic diffusion excels over the traditional speckle removal filters and over the conventional anisotropic diffusion method in terms of mean preservation, variance reduction, and edge localization.     

基于斑点方差估计的非下采样Contourlet域SAR图像去噪

 合成孔径雷达(SAR)图像固有的相干斑噪声严重影响图像质量,使得SAR图像的自动解译十分困难.本文联合SAR图像的统计特性和非下采样Contourlet对SAR图像细节信息的良好刻画能力,提出一种新的非下采样Contourlet域SAR图像去噪算法,通过估计到的各个高频方向子带的斑点噪声方差和变换系数模值的局部均值,对非下采样Contourlet变换系数进行判定,保留信号系数,抑制斑点噪声系数,实现SAR图像去噪.仿真实验结果表明,本文方法在斑点抑制的同时可以有效保持细节信息.     

自适应调节滤波强度的SAR图像非局部平均抑斑算法

为提升对SAR图像乘性相干斑的抑制水平与边缘保护性能,该文提出了一种可自适应调节滤波强度(AFS)的SAR图像非局部平均(NLM)抑斑新算法(AFS-NLM)。该算法利用Frost滤波图像计算的局部均值与方差来改善SAR图像场景参量的估计,形成了一种能更好刻画SAR图像同质区与边缘区的改进Kuan滤波系数。利用局部均值比与改进Kuan滤波系数分别作为新的相似性测量参量与自适应衰减因子,构建了一种更适应SAR图像乘性噪声特性的改进NLM滤波。利用偏平滑参数与偏边缘保护参数控制下的改进NLM滤波,分别替代经典Kuan滤波模型中的像素局部均值与自身灰度值作为加权项,并采用由改进Kuan滤波系数构建的自适应调节因子对二者进行加权平均,从而形成了一种可自适应调节滤波强度的加权滤波新模型。实验表明,该文算法与近期多种先进算法相比,具有更好的相干斑抑制与边缘保护性能。     

用小波变换抑制SAR图像中的斑点噪声

抑制合成孔径雷达图像中的斑点噪声一直是处理图像并得到准确图像信息的难点，提出了一种基于小波变换抑制合成孔径雷达（SAR）图像中的斑点噪声的方法，对原有的小波变换方法作了改进，能更好地保留图像的边缘信息，并能简化计算量。在仿真实验中使用了合成的模拟图像和真实的合成孔径雷图像，并与以往的小波去噪滤波方法以及一些经典的斑点噪声滤波方法（包括中值滤波，Lee滤波，Frost滤波）进行比较，在综合考虑了滤波算法在均匀区域对斑点噪声的抑制能力以及保留边缘信息能力的情况下，提出的算法有更好的效果。     

基于双密度双树复数小波变换的合成 孔径雷达图像降噪研究

 针对合成孔径雷达(SAR)图像相干斑噪声抑制问题,本文将双密度双树复数小波变换(DD-DT CWT)结合具有局部方差估计的双变量收缩阈值函数(BSF)构成一种新的SAR图像降噪算法实现合成孔径雷达图像降噪.首先将SAR图像用双密度双树复数小波变换进行多尺度分解,考虑小波系数间的相关性,用双变量概率密度函数作为小波系数及其父代系数的统计关性的模型,并通过Bayesian估计理论导出相应的非线性双变量收缩函数对图像不同方向的小波系数进行非线性自适应的处理,最后重建降噪后的图像.分别用仿真SAR图像和实际图像对算法进行验证,并与其它方法的性能进行比较,对不同算法处理后图像进行了主客观评价,分析结果表明,新算法的去噪效果明显优于传统的小波变换方法,不仅有效实现了图像降噪,而且较好保留了图像细节.含噪SAR图像经该算法处理后,图像性能指标均有提高.     

基于小波变换的高分辨率SAR图像相干斑噪声抑制研究

论述了基于小波变换对高分辨率合成孔径雷达（SAR）图像的相干斑噪声进行抑制.首先从SAR图像相干斑噪声的产生机理出发,论述了在SAR图像中采用小波变换对相干斑噪声滤波的优越性和必要性;然后详细论述了在小波变换域中如何对相干斑噪声进行有效的滤波,同时利用小波细节子图像提供的信息来检测边缘和纹理细节;最后通过实验结果说明了此方法不但对高分辨率SAR图像相干斑噪声有良好的抑制作用,而且还尽可能多地保留了目标特性和纹理细节,使图像的视觉特性良好.     

Analysis of speckle noise contribution on wavelet decomposition ofSAR images

This paper describes the use of the wavelet transform for multiscale texture analysis. One of the basic problems is that texture measures have to adapt to the peculiarity of radar images that contain multiplicative speckle noise. In this paper, the focus is on the effect of speckle on the wavelet transform. The effect is first assessed analytically. It is shown that the wavelet coefficients are modulated by the multiplicative character of the speckle in a manner that is proportional to the target mean backscattering coefficient. The effect of speckle correlation is also demonstrated. Wavelet decomposition is then applied to a simulated radar image generated by a Monte Carlo approach and based on a statistical model. Modeling shows that the correlation properties of speckle have an effect up to a scale that corresponds to its granular size. The results also show that the main contribution to the wavelet transform for an homogeneous area is the first-order statistical distribution of speckle, which remains important even at large scales. The results are then compared to a ERS-1 synthetic aperture radar (SAR) image of a primary tropical forest region     

利用边缘信息的多尺度分块压缩感知自适应采样方法

在小波域多尺度压缩感知框架下,被完整保留的低频系数存在着许多可利用的图像信息。本文在分析了不同尺度之间、以及同一尺度之内的系数块存在能量差异的基础上,提出了利用边缘信息的多尺度分块压缩感知自适应采样方法(EAS)。该方法首先利用低频系数提取出边缘信息,然后将边缘信息分块,加权计算每个块的边缘信息度,根据边缘信息度判断每个系数块的能量大小,将其转换成每个子块的自适应采样率,从而实现多尺度分块压缩感知的自适应采样。采用医学图像,含有复杂纹理的自然图像和含有严重噪声的SAR图像三类测试数据,验证了EAS方法的性能。数值实验结果表明,EAS方法对不同的压缩感知算法均有很大的提升,能够显著提高图像的重构质量和视觉效果。      

抑制SAR图像相干斑的迭代方向滤波算法

为保护SAR图像边缘特征并有效提高对乘性相干斑噪声的抑制性能,该文提出一种基于迭代方向滤波的抑制图像相干斑新算法。该算法先借助高斯-伽马平行窗估计出的比率边缘强度映射(ESM)与方向信息,自适应地控制各向异性高斯核(AGK),生成沿ESM方向分布的具有各向异性支撑区域的局域窗。然后将SAR图像多种局部统计参量联合作为衰减因子,形成与SAR图像区域分布特性相适应的负指数衰减型加权系数,进而将负指数衰减型加权系数与局域窗带方向的各向异性支撑区域结合形成局域加权的方向滤波。最后对SAR图像迭代地进行方向滤波即可实现带边缘保护的相干斑抑制。实验结果表明,与多种抑斑算法相比,该文算法在SAR图像抑斑与边缘保护方面均获得了更好的性能。     

基于Contourlet域HMT模型的SAR图像相干斑抑制

将Contourlet变换用于SAR图像的统计特性研究中.基于Contourlet域隐马尔可夫树模型(CHMT),从图像复原的角度出发,结合最小均方误差估计和Bayes估计给出一种SAR图像相干斑抑制的新方法.并给出基于拉普拉斯金字塔算法(LP)分解的斑点方差估计方法.实验中与小波域HMT算法进行了比较,本文方法在方向信息的保留和斑点的抑制上均有明显改进.     

Target Detection in SAR Images Based on a Level Set Approach

This paper introduces a new framework for point target detection in synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images. We focus on the task of locating reflective small regions using a level-set-based algorithm. Unlike most of the approaches in image segmentation, we address an algorithm that incorporates speckle statistics instead of empirical parameters and also discards speckle filtering. The curve evolves according to speckle statistics, initially propagating with a maximum upward velocity in homogeneous areas. Our approach is validated by a series of tests on synthetic and real SAR images and compared with three other segmentation algorithms, demonstrating that it configures a novel and efficient method for target-detection purpose.