基于混合信号处理器的EDFA控制电路

提出了一种新颖的以混合信号处理器为核心的数字式掺铒光纤放大器(EDFA)控制电路的设计方法。采用面向对象的方法分析EDFA的功能模型，并用软件封装EDFA人机界面，实现完全软操作的EDFA。与以往的5反馈环EDFA控制电路不同，提出了一个南6个反馈环组成EDFA控制电路的系统结构，用电反馈实现了EDFA的动态增益控制，解决多波长传输中的信道均衡问题。详细讨论了动态增益控制、光功率测量、温度控制和人机界面等各个模块的具体实现细节。     

长距离DWDM系统中EDFA的研制

采用光纤光栅和增益平衡器等光无源器件 ,在常规掺铒光纤放大器 ( EDFA)内部引起光反馈和滤波整形机制 ,研制成功多信道动态增益均衡 EDFA,锁定工作波长带宽 17nm( 1544～1561nm) ,在输入功率 - 2 0～ - 5d Bm内增益恒定为 2 3d B,噪声系数小于 5d B,输出功率 18d Bm,并进行了 80 0 km× 8× 2 .5Gb/ s长距离 DWDM信号高速传输的实验研究 ,在信道数改变的动态运行情况下 ,系统误码率达 10 -10 。     

C-band EDFA级联及增益锁定

从输出光功率、信号增益、噪声指数等几个方面分析了 C- band全带 EDFA的特性 ,并针对 DWDM系统对 EDFA的各项指标如噪声指数、输出功率、增益锁定、增益平坦等的要求 ,着重分析 EDFA级联后对系统的影响 .实验结果为 :对 32波 DWDM系统 ,EDFA6级级联模拟 5× 2 5d B传输实验 ,增益平坦度为 3.5d B,光信噪比 >2 7d B,信道增减造成增益变化 <0 .6d B.     

掺铒光纤放大器增益控制技术

在波分复用(WDM)通信系统中，由于上下载而导致信道数目的变化，引起光功率随时间变化，从而各信道通过EDFA后的增益也将发生变化，产生功率瞬态波动和交叉增益调制。特别是在级联的EDFA放大系统中，对EDFA的增益控制显得尤为重要。本分析比较了几种常见的掺铒光纤放大器自动增益控制技术。     

EDFA增益控制与差错检测的功率监测方案

介绍了波分复用网络中EDFA高可靠增益控制与电压监测的差错检测方案.EDFA增益与输出电压通过监测控制信道电压来实现控制.功率检测中采用功率稳定的控制信道可以正确检测传输系统中的错误.     

DWDM技术在CATV中的应用(下)

3 DWDM的核心技术问题与解决3.1光放大技术对于长距离的光传输来说,随着传输距离的增长,光功率逐渐减弱。光放大器的出现和发展克服了高速、长距离传输的最大障碍——光功率受限。EDFA 已经大量应用,成为目前大容量、长距离DWDM系统在传输技术领域必不可少的技术手段。EDFA具有一系列独到的优点,这些优点对于WDM系统是十分需要的,但是WDM系统对EDFA有一个特殊的要求——增益平坦。在通常情况下EDFA在1550nm波长窗口的工作带宽为30-40nm,将它用于WDM系统时,因各信道的波长不同而有增益偏差,经过多级放     

输入信号功率对EDFA增益斜率的影响

研究输入信号功率对掺铒光纤放大器(EDFA)增益斜率的影响,可为EDFA的优化设计提供理论参考.采用了实验分析和数值模拟两种方法,在EDF长度为14 m,输入波长为1530～1562 nm,泵浦光功率为400mW时,对输入信号功率为-5～5 dBm的EDFA增益斜率进行了对比,发现随着输入信号功率的增大,增益斜率也逐渐...     

WDM系统中的EDFA的分析设计

融合全光反馈增益锁定、光电反馈增益控制技术。提出了一种在波分复用（WDM）系统中进行多信道放大的新型掺铒光纤放大器（EDFA）,给出了同时采用以上两种技术的完整的数学模型,并采用数值积分法对该EDFA进行了分析设计,最终给出了该EDFA的一些特性参数。     

掺铒光纤放大器增益控制技术

在波分复用(WDM)通信系统中,由于上下载而导致信道数目的变化,引起光功率随时间变化,从而各信道通过EDFA后的增益也将发生变化,产生功率瞬态波动和交叉增益调制。特别是在级联的EDFA放大系统中,对EDFA的增益控制显得尤为重要。本文分析比较了几种常见的掺铒光纤放大器自动增益控制技术。     

自由空间光通信网络拓扑自适应控制方法研究

自由空间光通信网络拓扑优化控制可以降低网络传输延迟，提高通信速率，提出基于平均辐射光功率调节的自由空间光通信网络拓扑自适应控制方法。构建自由空间光通信网络的光传输和信道模型，结合光学度量的方法分析光通信网络的辐射功率、辐射通量以及光通量参数，采用光谱光视度量的方法，进行自由空间光通信网络脉冲幅度调制，采用强度调制和直接检测的方法，实现自由空间光通信的平均辐射光功率调节。根据反馈调节和前置补偿的方法，构建等效自由空间光通信网络拓扑结构模型，实现光通信网络的信道均衡控制和视距链路自适应增益调节。测试表明，该方法提高了信道增益，安全传输速率较高。     

Decreasing EDFA transients by power shaping

Multi-wavelength optical networks make extensive use of erbium-doped optical amplifiers (EDFAs) to offset the effects of fiber attenuation and signal power splitting. As optical networking moves towards burst and packet switching, the effects of changes of optical power levels on one wavelength, or channel, can have an impact on the behavior of other wavelengths passing through the same amplifier and impair network performance. We have observed in our simulations of EDFA operation that both the amplitude and duration of EDFA transients will decrease when gradual changes are made to the input power of the EDFA. It was also verified in [D.H. Richards, J.L. Jackel, M.A. Ali, A theoretical investigation of dynamic all-optical automatic gain control in multichannel EDFA’s and EDFA cascades, J. Select. Top. Quantum Electron. 3 (4) (1997)] that the switching time of the channel dropping operation can influence the amplitude and duration of EDFA transients. We show that this effect can be exploited to successfully suppress EDFA transients by power shaping. Our approach is to increase/decrease the power of an added/dropped channel gradually, rather than abruptly. Power shaping can be implemented by adapting existing link layer protocols. It is general and can be applied to amplifiers using different technologies, including EDFAs, solid state and Raman amplifiers.     

An EDFA gain control and power monitoring scheme for fault detection in WDM networks by employing a power-stabilized control channel

Schemes are proposed for the highly reliable gain control of erbium-doped fiber amplifiers (EDFAs) and for power monitoring to detect faults in wavelength-division-multiplexing (WDM) networks. These schemes employ one WDM channel (a control channel). The EDFA gain and output power levels are controlled by monitoring the control channel power that is automatically controlled and stabilized in the node. This prevents the uncontrolled EDFA operation that might result from any serious change in the control channel power. The use of a power stabilized control channel for power monitoring makes it possible to detect transmission system faults correctly because the monitoring of the control channel power is unaffected by the amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) generated in the EDFA. We also report experimental results on the dependence of the transient response of the EDFA gain and output power on the signal channel power and channel number input into the EDFA, when the power of the control channel changes due to problems with its light source. Numerical calculation of the gain transience explains the experimental results.     

WDM系统中EDFA饱和增益谱特性的实验研究

对ＷＤＭ光纤传输系统中ＥＤＦＡ的增益谱特性的研究表明：在饱和工作状态下，多个信道同时输入时各信道的增益低于相同总输入功率的单个信道的增益，且增益谱宽变窄，增益谱峰值随饱和程度的加深向长波长方向偏移。     

Gain control in L-band EDFAs by monitoring backward travelingC-band ASE

A novel and simple technique for gain flatness control is reported for gain shifted, long wavelength band (L-band) erbium-doped fiber amplifiers (EDFAs). Utilization of the backward traveling amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) in the C-band is analyzed with respect to controlling the gain tilt observed in the L-band when the total input power of the EDFA is changed. It is shown that a gain flatness of 0.6 dB/30 nm can be achieved over a dynamic range greater than 10 dB by using the backward traveling ASE power in the C-band as a monitor to adjust the copropagating pump power of the EDFA. The proposed technique eliminates the need to extract the output signals from the monitored ASE signal, demonstrating the suitability and simplicity of the proposed technique for wavelength division multiplexed applications     

980 nm抽运时掺铒光纤放大器中的上转换发光效应研究

采用980nm抽运的掺铒光纤放大器（EDFA）中存在上转换发光效应。能级分析和光谱扫描结果表明上转换辐射光为绿色荧光。波长为538nm和514nm，其产生机理为铒离子的激发态吸收效应（ESA）。从理论和实验两方面分析了抽运功率和信号功率这两个放大参量对上转换绿色荧光的影响，结果表明，存在一个特殊抽运功率值，当抽运功率小于该值时，上转换绿色荧光的抽运效率随抽运功率的增加而快速增大；抽运功率大于该值时，上转换绿色荧光的抽运效率变化缓慢，基本保持稳定。掺铒光纤放大器工作在线性放大状态下，输入信号的有无和功率大小对绿色荧光影响很小；掺铒光纤放大器工作在饱和状态下，绿色荧光功率随输入信号功率增加而增加。     

Gain stabilization in gain clamped EDFA cascades fed by WDMburst-mode packet traffic

This paper studies via simulation the stabilizing effect of all-optical gain-clamping (AOGC) in a chain of erbium-doped fiber amplifiers (EDFA) fed by wavelength-division multiplexing (WDM) burst-mode packet traffic. AOGC is necessary to suppress swings of output power and optical signal-to-noise ratio (OSNR). A case study is selected, in which only the first EDFA in a cascade of six amplifiers is clamped using a ring laser configuration. A numerical model which solves the transcendental equation for the average inversion at each EDFA is used for the analysis. The traffic is generated on the eight WDM channels by ON-OFF time-slotted sources, with statistically independent ON and OFF durations, randomly generated by a truncated Pareto distribution with infinite variance. The simulation model includes the generation of amplified spontaneous emission within each amplifier and the propagation of the lasing power generated in the AOGC EDFA through the cascade. It is shown that the sizable power and OSNR swings arising in an unclamped cascade of EDFA's can be effectively suppressed when a lasing signal a few decibels above the aggregate signal power develops in the AOGC EDFA and propagates along the cascade     

Experimental and theoretical analysis of relaxation-oscillationsand spectral hole burning effects in all-optical gain-clamped EDFA's forWDM networks

Experimental and theoretical analysis of the gain dynamics of all-optically stabilized multichannel erbium-doped fiber amplifier (EDFA) and the impact on wavelength division multiplexed (WDM) networks performance requirements is presented. In particular, we focus on precise analysis of the detailed transient response of the surviving channel and the relaxation oscillations of the compensating (lasing) signal. The main objective of this work is to experimentally and theoretically analyze and examine some of the critical factors such as, lasing wavelength, gain recovery time, relaxation oscillation frequency of the feedback loop, and the number of channels dropped/added, that affect the transient power excursions in the surviving channel. First, we consider the applicability of laser automatic gain control (AGC) to control fast power transients in WDM optical networks and reports the first high resolution measurements of transients in such gain controlled EDFAs. Second, the experimental results are compared with those predicted from a numerical simulation of the dynamic of the gain controlled EDFA     

All-optical gain control of in-line erbium-doped fiber amplifiers for hybrid analog/digital WDM systems

Automatic gain control using an all-optical feedback loop in in-line erbium-doped fiber amplifiers (EDFA's) used in hybrid analog/digital wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) systems was studied. It is found that the signal level variation for the digital channels can be maintained within a range /spl les/3-dB between the presence and dropout of the analog channel when the narrowband feedback is centered at the amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) peak (/spl sim/1532 nm) with loop loss ranging between 13-22 dB. Robust transmission at 2.5 Gb/s without measurable power penalty was obtained for the digital channels when the EDFA was saturated by either the analog or the control lasing signal.     

多波长掺铒光纤激光放大器的放大特性研究

为了研究多波长掺铒光纤激光放大器的放大特性,在单频放大器的基础上,忽略放大自发辐射,推导了描述多波长掺铒双包层光纤放大器的稳态速率方程组,建立了多波长掺铒光纤放大器的理论模型。利用该模型对单波长放大、双波长放大、四波长放大的特性,进行了数值模拟和理论分析;以四波长的激光信号放大为例,对多波长掺铒光纤放大器的放大特性,均衡增益特性进行了研究。结果表明,在单波长注入情况下,光纤放大器的掺杂光纤存在最佳光纤长度为8m;与小信号放大不同,大功率掺铒光纤放大器在1530nm~1560nm之间增益谱趋于平坦;双波长放大输出功率差随着波长间隔的增加线性增大波长间隔为20nm时,通过调节输入信号功率比可以实现最大功率差6.855W的功率均衡补偿;四波长放大时,通过信号功率配比之后的四波长激光输出功率最大偏差为0.28W,在一定范围内实现了均衡增益。这一结果对于掺铒光纤激光的多波长激光输出以及在激光多普勒测风雷达中的应用具有一定帮助。     

New pump wavelength of 1540-nm band for long-wavelength-band erbium-doped fiber amplifier (L-band EDFA)

A long-wavelength-band erbium-doped fiber amplifier (L-band EDFA) using a pump wavelength source of 1540-nm band has been extensively investigated from a small single channel input signal to high-power wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) signals. The small-signal gain coefficient of 1545-nm pumping among the 1540-nm band is 2.25 times higher compared to the conventional 1480-nm pumping. This improvement in gain coefficient is not limited by the pumping direction. The cause for this high coefficient is explained by analyzing forward- and backward-amplified spontaneous emission spectra. The gain spectra as a function of a pump wavelength suggest that a broadband pump source as well as a single wavelength pump can be used as a 1540-nm-band pump. In the experiment for high-power WDM signals, the power conversion efficiency for 256 WDM channel input is 48.5% with 1545-nm pumping. This result shows more than 20% improvement compared with the previous highest value for the L-band EDFA. Finally, the 1545-nm bidirectionally pumped EDFA is applied as a second stage amplifier in an in-line amplifier of an optical communication link with a 1480-nm pumped first stage EDFA, in which the input power of the second-stage EDFA is +2.2 dBm. The power conversion efficiency yields a 38% improvement without noise figure degradation compared with the case of 1480-nm pumping.