溶胶-凝胶非硫化法制备铜锌锡硫薄膜（英文）

采用溶胶-凝胶非硫化方法制备了表面平整、致密的铜锌锡硫薄膜.XRD及Raman分析表明制备的铜锌锡硫薄膜为锌黄锡矿结构.能谱分析表明所有薄膜均贫铜富锌贫硫.场发射扫描电子显微镜测得薄膜的厚度在0.7μm左右.透射光谱表明随后退火温度的提高薄膜的光学带隙从2.13 eV减小到1.52 eV.     

溶胶-凝胶非硫化法制备铜锌锡硫薄膜

采用溶胶-凝胶非硫化方法制备了表面平整、致密的铜锌锡硫薄膜.XRD及Raman分析表明制备的铜锌锡硫薄膜为锌黄锡矿结构.能谱分析表明所有薄膜均贫铜富锌贫硫.场发射扫描电子显微镜测得薄膜的厚度在0.7 μm左右.透射光谱表明随后退火温度的提高薄膜的光学带隙从2.13 eV减小到1.52 eV.     

SnSe薄膜的两步法制备与光电性能研究

采用电子束蒸镀预制层,再对预制层进行硒化的两步法工艺,通过调节硒化温度和退火时间,在玻璃基底上成功制备了SnSe薄膜。利用X射线衍射、拉曼光谱、扫描电子显微镜、紫外可见近红外分光光度计等研究了SnSe薄膜的物相、微观形貌和光学性能。结果表明,在450℃下硒化退火60min可制备出纯相的多晶SnSe薄膜,其带隙为0.93eV。在功率为200mW/cm²的980nm激光照射下,对SnSe薄膜进行了光电响应特性测试,通过曲线模拟得出所制薄膜的响应时间和恢复时间分别为62和80ms。     

两种制备多晶铜铟硒薄膜方法的比较

采用真空顺序蒸发铜铟金属预置层后真空硒化退火的方法(硒化法),以及真空三元叠层蒸发后氮气气氛退火的方法(叠层法)分别制备了太阳电池吸收层材料CuInSe2薄膜.通过X射线衍射、扫描电子显微镜、能量色散X射线分析技术等分析手段对薄膜进行了表征.结果表明:两种方法制备的薄膜形貌都比较致密均匀,晶粒直径分别约1.5 μm和约1 μm.组分分析表明所制薄膜均为富铜CIS.硒化法制备的CIS薄膜具有单一的黄铜矿相结构;而叠层法制备的薄膜含有少量杂相,如β-In2Se3等.因此硒化法制备的薄膜更适于作为太阳能吸收层材料.     

硒化温度对SnSe2薄膜材料性能的影响

采用射频磁控溅射加硒化的两步法在超白玻璃衬底上生长SnSe₂薄膜,采用XRD、光学透过谱、Raman光谱、XPS和SEM等方法对薄膜进行性能表征。通过设置不同的硒化温度,研究不同硒化温度对所得薄膜相结构、物相与组分、表面形貌等性能的影响。结果表明:350℃,40min硒化所得薄膜为片状晶粒,光学带隙为1.46eV,相结构和均匀性等性能在该硒化条件下均为最佳。     

CuInSe2薄膜的化学溶液制备方法

采用了一种低成本化学溶液法制备铜铟硒(CuInSe_2,CIS)薄膜.研究了预退火温度、硒化温度及基片衬底等实验参数对材料性能的影响.采用硝酸铜和氯化铟配置前驱体溶液,旋涂法制膜,后经480℃硒化退火得到CIS薄膜.XRD测试结果表明薄膜结晶性良好,具黄铜矿结构;SEM测试结果显示薄膜由较大晶粒组成,表面相对平整致密;EDX测试显示薄膜组分相对合理,略贫Cu而富Se.采用此薄膜为吸收层制备CIS原型薄膜太阳能电池,其光电测试显示单层CIS光伏响应达到1.6%.     

无镉的铜铟镓硒太阳电池关键膜层XPS及AFM分析

应用溅射后硒化法和原子层沉积法分别制备了无镉的铜铟镓硒电池关键膜层CIGS光吸收薄膜和ZnO缓冲层,着重对该两膜层进行XPS和AFM表面分析,得到比较理想的制备工艺条件,并结合其它检测方法:SEM、XRD及吸收光谱等,证明采用操作简便、成本低廉的该工艺能制备出无镉的铜铟镓硒电池。通过I-V测试结果,该电池有一定的光电转换效率。     

硒化温度对Cu(In, Al)Se2薄膜结构和光学性质的影响

采用了磁控溅射制备Cu-In-Al金属前驱体薄膜,后硒化快速退火得到铜铟铝硒(Cu(In,Al)Se2,CIAS)薄膜.研究了硒化温度对CIAS薄膜晶体结构和光学性质的影响.研究发现CIAS薄膜的晶体结构依赖于硒化温度,其禁带宽度随硒化温度升高发生红移.研究结果表明,CIAS薄膜的最佳硒化温度为540℃,其晶体结构为纯黄铜矿结构,禁带宽度为.34 eV,对应太阳电池理论最大效率的吸收层材料禁带宽度     

钛基多孔氧化锡纳米结构的制备

研究了采用电沉积和阳极氧化方法在钛基上制备多孔氧化锡纳米结构的技术.在3mm厚的钛片上,采用电沉积的方法首先预沉积镍层,然后沉积1μm厚高纯度锡膜作为阳极浸入0.5mol/L草酸溶液中,在直流恒压5V条件下,进行电化学氧化5min.电化学氧化处理后,分别采用扫描电镜和X射线衍射仪对样品进行了平面、横断面形貌观察和氧化产物分析.结果表明,在钛基上形成了一层厚约1μm、孔径70nm、孔间距80nm的多孔氧化亚锡薄膜,这种多孔结构薄膜可以进一步在空气中加热500℃处理2h,制成钛基氧化锡多孔材料,它也可作为制备钛基纳米复合材料的模板.     

钛基多孔氧化锡纳米结构的制备

研究了采用电沉积和阳极氧化方法在钛基上制备多孔氧化锡纳米结构的技术.在3mm厚的钛片上,采用电沉积的方法首先预沉积镍层,然后沉积1μm厚高纯度锡膜作为阳极浸入0.5mol/L草酸溶液中,在直流恒压5V条件下,进行电化学氧化5min.电化学氧化处理后,分别采用扫描电镜和X射线衍射仪对样品进行了平面、横断面形貌观察和氧化产物分析.结果表明,在钛基上形成了一层厚约1μm、孔径70nm、孔间距80nm的多孔氧化亚锡薄膜,这种多孔结构薄膜可以进一步在空气中加热500℃处理2h,制成钛基氧化锡多孔材料,它也可作为制备钛基纳米复合材料的模板.     

Engineering Solar Cell Absorbers by Exploring the Band Alignment and Defect Disparity: The Case of Cu‐ and Ag‐Based Kesterite Compounds

The development of kesterite Cu₂ZnSn(S,Se)₄ thin‐film solar cells is currently hindered by the large deficit of open‐circuit voltage (V_oc), which results from the easy formation of Cu_Zn antisite acceptor defects. Suppressing the formation of Cu_Zn defects, especially near the absorber/buffer interface, is thus critical for the further improvement of kesterite solar cells. In this paper, it is shown that there is a large disparity between the defects in Cu‐ and Ag‐based kesterite semiconductors, i.e., the Cu_Zn or Cu_Cd acceptor defects have high concentration and are the dominant defects in Cu₂ZnSn(S,Se)₄ or Cu₂CdSnS₄, but the Ag_Zn acceptor has only a low concentration and the dominant defects are donors in Ag₂ZnSnS₄. Therefore, the Cu‐based kesterites always show p‐type conductivity, while the Ag‐based kesterites show either intrinsic or weak n‐type conductivity. Based on this defect disparity and calculated band alignment, it is proposed that the V_oc limit of the kesterite solar cells can be overcome by alloying Cu₂ZnSn(S,Se)₄ with Ag₂ZnSn(S,Se)₄, and the composition‐graded (Cu,Ag)₂ZnSn(S,Se)₄ alloys should be ideal light‐absorber materials for achieving higher efficiency kesterite solar cells.     

The Zn(S,O,OH)/ZnMgO buffer in thin film Cu(In,Ga)(S,Se)2‐based solar cells part I: Fast chemical bath deposition of Zn(S,O,OH) buffer layers for industrial application on Co‐evaporated Cu(In,Ga)Se2 and electrodeposited CuIn(S,Se)2 solar cells

This paper is focused on the basic study and optimization of short time (<10 min) Chemical Bath Deposition (CBD) of Zn(S,O,OH) buffer layers in co‐evaporated Cu(In,Ga)Se₂ (CIGSe) and electrodeposited CuIn(S,Se)₂ ((ED)‐CIS) solar cells for industrial applications. First, the influence of the deposition temperature is studied from theoretical solution chemistry considerations by constructing solubility diagrams of ZnS, ZnO, and Zn(OH)₂ as a function of temperature. In order to reduce the deposition time under 10 min, experimental growth deposition studies are then carried out by the in situ quartz crystal microgravimetry (QCM) technique. An optimized process is performed and compared to the classical Zn(S,O,OH) deposition. The morphology and composition of Zn(S,O,OH) films are determined using SEM and XPS techniques. The optimized process is tested on electrodeposited‐CIS and co‐evaporated‐CIGSe absorbers and cells are completed with (Zn,Mg)O/ZnO:Al windows layers. Efficiencies similar or even better than CBD CdS/i‐ZnO reference buffer layers are obtained (15·7% for CIGSe and 8·1% for (ED)‐CIS). Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

碱金属氧化物添加剂对(Mg_(1–x)Ca_x)TiO_3陶瓷微波性能的影响

采用固相反应法制备了(Mg1–xCax)TiO3微波介质陶瓷。探讨了复合添加Na2O和K2O对(Mg1–xCax)TiO3陶瓷烧结性能和介电性能的影响。结果表明:复合添加碱金属氧化物,陶瓷的主晶相为MgTiO3和CaTiO3,同时,可以抑制中间相MgTi2O5的产生,有效降低陶瓷的烧结温度至1280℃。当Na2O和K2O添加总量为质量分数1.2%,且Na2O/K2O质量比为2∶1时,所制陶瓷介电性能最佳:εr=19.71,Q.f=3.59×104GHz(7.58 GHz),τf=–1.40×10–6/℃。     

Electrodeposition of Pyrite Thin Films for Solar Cell

Formation of pyrite (FeS 2) films through electrodeposition from aqueous solutions which contain different source materials has been investigated. Na 2S 2O 3·5H 2O is used as sulfur source material, FeSO 4·7H 2O, FeCl 2·4H 2O and FeCl 3·6H 2O are used as iron source materials respectively. The samples are annealed in N 2 atmosphere at 400 ℃ and 500 ℃ respectively. From XRD (X-ray diffraction) patterns of the films, it is found that there are peaks of FeS 2, FeS and Fe 7S 8 in all films, but there are sharp and more peaks characterizing FeS 2 in the film from Na 2S 2O 3 +FeSO 4 than other films, and 400 ℃ is the more suitable temperature than 500 ℃ for annealing the samples in N 2 atmosphere. In addition, one solution can be used repeatedly.     

Highly‐efficient Cd‐free CuInS2 thin‐film solar cells and mini‐modules with Zn(S,O) buffer layers prepared by an alternative chemical bath process

Recent progress in fabricating Cd‐ and Se‐free wide‐gap chalcopyrite thin‐film solar devices with Zn(S,O) buffer layers prepared by an alternative chemical bath process (CBD) using thiourea as complexing agent is discussed. Zn(S,O) has a larger band gap (E_g = 3·6–3·8 eV) than the conventional buffer material CdS (E_g = 2·4 eV) currently used in chalcopyrite‐based thin films solar cells. Thus, Zn(S,O) is a potential alternative buffer material, which already results in Cd‐free solar cell devices with increased spectral response in the blue wavelength region if low‐gap chalcopyrites are used. Suitable conditions for reproducible deposition of good‐quality Zn(S,O) thin films on wide‐gap CuInS₂ (‘CIS’) absorbers have been identified for an alternative, low‐temperature chemical route. The thickness of the different Zn(S,O) buffers and the coverage of the CIS absorber by those layers as well as their surface composition were controlled by scanning electron microscopy, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and X‐ray excited Auger electron spectroscopy. The minimum thickness required for a complete coverage of the rough CIS absorber by a Zn(S,O) layer deposited by this CBD process was estimated to ∼15 nm. The high transparency of this Zn(S,O) buffer layer in the short‐wavelength region leads to an increase of ∼1 mA/cm² in the short‐circuit current density of corresponding CIS‐based solar cells. Active area efficiencies exceeding 11·0% (total area: 10·4%) have been achieved for the first time, with an open circuit voltage of 700·4 mV, a fill factor of 65·8% and a short‐circuit current density of 24·5 mA/cm² (total area: 22·5 mA/cm²). These results are comparable to the performance of CdS buffered reference cells. First integrated series interconnected mini‐modules on 5 × 5 cm² substrates have been prepared and already reach an efficiency (active area: 17·2 cm²) of above 8%. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

氧敏化对多晶PbSe薄膜结构和电学性能的影响

采用电化学沉积法在酸性电解液中制备n型Cu2O薄膜, 并对其进行Cl掺杂, 制备Cu2O-Cl结构。然后利用连续离子吸附法在样品薄膜上复合PbS量子点。通过SEM和UV-vis对样品进行表征, 并对样品的光电化学性能进行了测试。结果表明, 未掺杂的Cu2O对PbS量子点的吸附能力较强一些, 经PbS敏化后的样品在太阳光谱的吸收拓展到了近红外区, PbS/Cu2O和PbS/Cu2O-Cl复合结构的光电化学性能均有所增加, 尤其是短路电流密度。PbS复合后的样品转换效率最高仅为0.67%, 主要原因是两者能级的不匹配, 形成异质结时引入界面态, 得不到理想的转换效率。     

反应条件对液相沉淀法制备FePO4·2H2O的影响

以FeSO4·7H2O,NH4H2PO4,H2O2和NH3·H2O为原料,通过液相沉淀法制备得到FePO4·2H2O,研究了反应温度、搅拌速度、H2O2加入量和pH值等反应条件对合成FePO4·2H2O的影响.采用TG-DTA,XRD和SEM及ICP等测试方法对FePO4·2H2O的物相、结构及形貌进行表征.结果表明:...     

Cu2ZnSnSe4 thin film solar cells produced by selenisation of magnetron sputtered precursors

Polycrystalline thin films of Cu₂ZnSnSe₄ (CZTSe) were produced by selenisation of Cu(Zn,Sn) magnetron sputtered metallic precursors for solar cell applications. The p‐type CZTSe absorber films were found to crystallize in the stannite structure (a = 5·684 Å and c = 11·353 Å) with an electronic bandgap of 0·9 eV. Solar cells with the indium tin oxide structure (ITO)/ZnO/CdS/CZTSe/Mo were fabricated with device efficiencies up to 3·2% measured under standard AM1·5 illumination. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

银掺杂氧化亚铜薄膜的制备及其光电性能

采用水热法以Cu片为基底,Cu(NO_3)_2为铜源,十二烷基苯磺酸钠(SDBS)为添加剂,通过调节Ag^+浓度,制备不同Ag掺杂Cu_2O(Ag/Cu_2O)薄膜。研究了样品的光电性能及电容-电压特性等,并用X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和能谱仪(EDS)对其晶体结构、形貌及组成进行了表征。结果表明,当体系中Ag^+浓度为0.03 mmol/L时,Ag/Cu_2O薄膜的光电性能最佳,光电压和光电流密度分别为0.458 5 V和3.011 mA·cm^-2,比Cu_2O薄膜分别提高了0.205 1 V和1.359 mA·cm^-2;Ag/Cu_2O薄膜的载流子浓度达到3.10×10²⁰ cm^-3,比Cu_2O薄膜提高了2.38×10²⁰ cm^-3。XRD,SEM和EDS结果显示,Ag/Cu_2O薄膜的结晶性比Cu_2O薄膜好,但其粒径有所增大,Ag/Cu_2O薄膜中Ag元素的原子数分数为0.13%。     

Na‐induced efficiency boost for Se‐deficient Cu(In,Ga)Se2 solar cells

Among different process routes for Cu(In,Ga)Se₂ (CIGS) solar cells, sufficient Se supply is commonly required to obtain high‐quality CIGS films. However, supplying extra Se increases the cost and the complexity. In this work, we demonstrate that extra Na incorporation can substantially increase efficiency of Se‐deficient CIGS solar cells, fabricated by sputtering from a quaternary CIGS target without extra Se supply, from 1.5% to 11.0%. The Se‐deficient CIGS device without extra NaF reveals a roll‐over I–V curve at room temperature as well as significantly reduced J_sc and fill factor at low temperatures. The electrical characteristics of Se‐deficient CIGS films are well explained and modeled by the low p‐type doping due to high density of compensating donors and the presence of deep defects possibly originating from the anti‐bonding levels of Se vacancies. The significant improvement after extra Na incorporation is attributable to the Na‐induced passivation of Se vacancies and the increased p‐type doping. Our result suggests that extra Na addition can effectively compensate the Se deficiency in CIGS films, which provides a valuable tuning knob for compositional tolerance of absorbers, especially for the Se‐deficient CIGS films. We believe that our findings can shine light on the development of novel CIGS processes, distinct from previous ones fabricated in Se‐rich atmosphere. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.