发达国家重视再生铝生产

原铅生产是一个高耗能过程，再生铝生产所需能源仅相当于原铝生产的５％，８０年代出来，再生铝产量明显增加，美国，西德等发达国家再生铝产量呈增长趋势，英国、意大利、墨西哥等国再生铝产量已超过原铝产量，台湾亦由１９８７年的３．８万吨增长到１９９２年的０．４万吨，增长了６８％；日本再生铝所占比重由１９８０年的４０％陡升到１９９２年的９８．７４％。由于发达国家本身为铝消费大国，因此再生铝生产的原料比起发展中国家要丰富的多。所以废金属的回收将变得愈来愈重要。     

世界低碳绿色铝及铝产品概览

对近期全世界低碳绿色铝及铝产品生产及建设概况作了全面系统的回顾与介绍。自2010年以来，世界原铝产量呈下降趋势，而再生铝产量却在节节上升。2020年全球再生铝消费17 250 kt,2025年有可能超过35 000 kt。降低原铝、再生铝及铝材、铝制品的碳足迹是目前铝工业的热门话题。截至2022年6月仅注册的有商标品牌的就有16种，它们的碳足迹大都<4 t CO2e/t Al，有的已接近零了，但中国仅有2种，占总数的12.5%。全文共4部分：低碳铝及铝产品；再生铝项目建设；旧废铝的再生利用；可再生能源。     

废易拉罐的回收及再生利用厂的建设

再生铝工业是一棵长青的摇钱树。废易拉罐是一种优质的再生资源，做好其回收与再生利用工作有着巨大的经济效益与社会效益。据笔者的调查与估算，全球再生铝产量在14000kt／a以上，其中中国超过1350kt／a。中国废旧易拉罐的回收率在98％以上，是世界上回收率最高的国家，全球的平均回收率约58％。2006年以后中国可生产有国际市场竞争力的罐料，届时有建设废罐再生利用厂的必要。     

再生有色金属冶炼的二恶英减排

铜、铝、锌等有色金属的二次熔炼过程被《斯德哥尔摩公约》附件C明确列为二恶英类排放源。如再生铜使用的原料包括废铜屑、矿泥、废弃的电脑配件和电子元件等，二次冶炼过程包括进料预处理、熔融、合金和铸造。再生铝在生产过程中需使用燃料、助熔剂和合金等，还需要添加氯气、氯化铝或氯代有机物，用以去除其中的镁元素，提高金属的纯度。     

再生铝市场前景广阔

介绍了工业发达国家废铝回收和再生铝生产情况．分析了国内废铝回收情况和再生铝生产企业分布情况。指出国内再生铝市场前景广阔。同时提出了加强废铝回收、再生利用需要解决的同题。     

铝熔炼废渣的回收利用

日本大仁金属股份有限公司受铝制饮料罐用铝板带生产厂的委托进行了这一研究。废铝渣分粗错废渣与精炼铝废渣。粗铝渣是熔炼粗铝过程中，加入了氮、碳及不同的盐除杂所产生的。当粗错渣中氮的含童为1．扑。～i．（／时，用湿法冶炼方法提取其中的铝．渣中的氮有（i／～95％可被除去；在粗铝渣中碳的含量为二．5／时，用此法可除去其中10“的碳；而渣中其它盐类（如NaCI等）的含量在3／～15／时，则有98．5／可以被除掉。该公司的研究表明，精炼铝时所生成的渣．当其错含量约为3O％时，可将这种渣作为钢厂炼钢用的脱氧剂；对于含铅较低的精…     

我国再生铝生产的现状及发展思路

本文就当前国内再生铝生产的现状,结合国内外再生铝行业的发展趋势,对我国的再生铝生产进行分析,并提出我国再生铝生产发展的措施与意见。     

铝和钢生产发展趋势的比较

钢与铝相比,由于钢大规模生产比较容易实现,成本较低,故钢比铝有更为有利的开端。在过去100年,钢的生产技术多次变革,但铝的生产技术基本是逐渐和持久进行改进。钢已转向用废料大量生产,这导致从矿石中生产原生钢的比例有了很大变化,最近40年北美没有建立新的钢铁联合企业。利用废料生产再生铝,虽然产量也有增加,但由于铝需求增长仍然强劲和铝废料“储存量”增长有限,故到现在为止铝工业还没有受到铝产量结构性变化的影响。生产原铝和再生铝的成本、能耗,远远高于生产原生钢和再生钢的成本、能耗。这表明未来铝产量变化很可能会同样大。向铝…     

CSP连铸浸入式水口结瘤案例研究

研究了CSP连铸浸入式水口结瘤两种案例。案例曲线表明,塞棒开度和结晶器液面波动是钢水浇铸过程中最重要的特征参数。薄板坯连铸铝镇静钢中间包水口结瘤是高熔点夹杂在水口内壁的聚集。生产不稳,积压钢水在LF多次处理,产生细小的高熔点夹杂难以去除;软吹钢水“露眼”和开浇烧氧再生高熔点夹杂来不及去除都会导致水口结瘤。钙处理主要是球化夹杂,改善钢水可浇性。即使Ca／Als（钙／酸溶铝）和Ca／Alin（钙／酸不溶铝）都合适,夹杂物绝对量大,钢水可浇性仍较差,水口容易结瘤。     

废铝渣的再生利用新工艺

废铝渣的再生利用新工艺在电解铝与铝材、铝制品生产过程中会产生大量的废渣，通常在回收其中的一些铝后，剩下的残渣作为垃圾遗弃，既污染环境，又需要大量的处置场地，且处理费用高。美国伊姆科废旧物资再生利用公司（ＩｍｃｏＲｅｃｙｃｌｉｎｇＩｎｃ．）新近开发的回...     

转炉炉壳热应力分析

根据实际转炉建立实体模型。以有限元为手段,考虑了炉衬和炉壳材料的物性参数随温度变化的特点和炉衬与炉壳之间膨胀间隙,计算了转炉炉壳在温度载荷和炉衬膨胀压力同时作用下的热应力。所得结果可为转炉炉壳设计提供依据。     

显微维氏硬度测量不确定度评定

对显微维氏硬度测量不确定度进行评定，建立了不确定度计算的数学模型，确定了影响实验结果的各项因素，计算出了各因素的标准不确定度，得出结果的扩展不确定度，并给出最终测量结果的表达式。     

Concept of freedom of infection of animal flocks

Totally negative results of epidemiological investigation of random samples do not prove the absence of the infection as the pathogen may be restricted to only a few animals in the herd for a long time. The statement "absence of infection" is critical for such situations. The question is raised, whether the statement "absence of infection" should be generally avoided. Classification of herds and flocks according to the prevalence of the pathogen would be more valid for the implementation of control measures.     

The effect of amount of possession of the trait of hostility on accuracy of perception of hostility in others.

Some theories of personality hold that an individual's perception of others is influenced by his own personality characteristics; more specifically, that a trait of low social value will be projected more into others, and that insight into the possession of these characteristics reduces this distortion. These 2 hypotheses were tested by having a group of college students rate each other (including themselves) on degree of friendliness or hostility. Agreement with group rating about self yielded the insight score. In general, the hypotheses were supported; the "friendly" Ss were most accurate in their perception of others, and insight was positively associated with accurate perception. From Psyc Abstracts 36:04:4HL16M. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Comparison of rates of infection of two methods of emergency ventricular drainage

The rates of infection of two methods of external ventricular drainage in use at Atkinson Morley's Hospital--namely, (a) percutaneous drainage with Rickham reservoirs and (b) tunnelled ventriculostomies--were compared in this retrospective review. Percutaneous drainage of CSF with Rickham reservoirs was associated with a 27% rate of infection as identified by positive microbiological cultures; tunnelled ventriculostomy catheters had a 10% infection rate. The difference in the infection rate between the two methods was statistically significant (P < 0.015). Other variables examined, including the age and sex of the patients and the reasons for ventricular drainage, were not associated with an increased rate of infection. Most infections from either method were caused by a coagulase negative staphylococcus. The average duration of ventricular drainage before identification of positive cultures was 5.7 days for Rickham reservoirs and 6.0 days for ventriculostomies.     

浅析《野草》的版画特征

鲁迅先生一生热爱美术作品,对版画中木刻兴趣尤甚.<野草>作为其"写心之作",亦呈现出一些与木刻版画一致的审美特征:一是具有木刻版画的色彩特征,多对比、多冷色,有阴郁的美感;二是具有木刻版画的力度特征,环境描写、人物刻画处处刀锋毕现,遒劲有力,有一种"力之美".     

四辊破碎机车刀架的改造

针对四辊破碎机车刀架车削中存在的几个问题,详细介绍了电动车刀架的结构和工作原理,建立主要设计参数的数学表达式,并进行适当的分析。改造后,这种电动车刀架运行平稳、可靠、方便、省力,取得了预期的效果。     

Results of treatment of cancer of the cardia

Cancer of the cardia is traditionally discussed with cardiac cancer of the lower portion of the esophagus and upper gastric cancer invading the esophagus, and the specific characteristics of cancer of the cardia have never been clearly defined. We reviewed the outcome of 172 patients with adenocarcinoma of the cardia who had undergone radical surgery between 1949 and 1994 in the Division of Gastrointestinal Surgery of the Cancer Institute Hospital. The centers of the tumors were located within 2 cm above and below the boundary between the esophagus and the stomach, and their longitudinal diameter was less than 8 cm. We divided the patients into an early period (1949-1979; n = 79) and a late period (1980-1994; n = 93), and focused on the historical transition. There were no differences in patient gender or histology between the two periods. However, the late period was associated with fewer cases of esophageal invasion and shorter longitudinal diameter, as the age of the population advanced. The number of advanced cancers such as the localized and infiltrative type had decreased, and early cancer and early clinical stage had become more common, but despite the fact that the number of early cancers had increased, extended dissection, such as thoracic and paraaortic lymph node dissection, was performed more frequently. By clinical stage, the long-term outcome markedly improved in Stage I patient in the late period, and tended to improve in Stage II and III patients. This appears to have been attributable to the prevention of micrometastasis by extended dissection, although the number of early cancers is another major potential cause. There were no differences in the outcome of Stage IV patients between the two periods, and further advances in multimodality therapy must be awaited. The range of resection is basically proximal gastrectomy, and if there are adequate indications, the prognosis is favorable. In view of the status of lymphatic flow and lymph node metastasis, and long-term results, lateroaortic lymph node dissection is important. Since the number of early cancer patients has been increasing, if intraabdominal recurrence is prevented, intrathoracic lymph node dissection will contribute greatly to the outcome of such patients.     

焦炭热性能指标意义浅析

通过对焦炭在高炉内的历程及其变化规律的剖析,阐述焦炭热性能指标的意义,形象地把焦炭在高炉内的损耗分为三部分(M1,M2,M3)。指出M2对焦比及焦炭价格有一定的指导作用。