TiN/TiCN/Al2O3/TiN CVD多层涂层硬质合金的氧化行为

采用高温化学气相沉积(HT-CVD)和中温化学气相沉积(MT-CVD)相结合的复合化学气相沉积新技术在硬质合金基体WC-(W,Ti)C-(Ta,Nb)C-6%Co上分别沉积TiN/TiCN/TiN和TiN/TiCN/Al2O3/TiN涂层,制备TiN/TiCN/TiN和TiN/TiCN/Al2O3/TiN CVD多层涂...     

湿喷砂对TiN+Al2O3+TiCN涂层性能的影响

研究了在不同压力、不同时间和不同砂水浓度三种情况下,湿喷砂工艺参数对CVD膜TiN+Al_2O_3+TiCN涂层厚度、表面光洁度、涂层硬度、涂层磨粒磨损的影响变化规律。研究发现:涂层厚度随喷砂时间、喷砂压力及砂水浓度的增加而减小;涂层表面光洁度随喷砂时间的延长,提升效果明显;湿喷砂对提高涂层表面硬度和磨粒磨损性能具有显著影响,且变化趋势相同。通过实验分析还得出湿喷砂工艺参数为砂水浓度值30%、时间4秒、压力0.4 MPa时,TiN+Al_2O_3+TiCN膜能够形成双色表态,且综合性能最好。     

梯度结构硬质合金涂层刀片的金相观察

采用定量金相观察分析具有梯度结构硬质合金涂层刀片的微观结构,对梯度结构硬质合金基体及其涂层的构成进行了探讨。结果表明,梯度结构硬质合金基体组织的外层(与涂层的结合层)厚度为30μm左右。基体组织的孔隙度为A02、B00、C00。样品具有特殊的涂层结构,其中一工作面为两层涂层,另一工作面为三层涂层。两层涂层的涂层(Al2O3)厚度为4μm,内层(TiCN)厚度为8μm;三层在两层涂层的基础上增加了一层2μm的(TiN)涂层。WC平均晶粒度为1.24μm,复式碳化物的平均晶粒度为0.74μm,钴相呈均匀分布。实验结果为提高和优化梯度结构硬质合金涂层刀片性能提供了有益的依据。     

基体条件对等离子喷涂Sm2Zr2O7/NiCoCrAlY功能梯度热障涂层热冲击性能的影响

采用有限元分析软件ANSYS对等离子喷涂Sm2Zr2O7/NiCoCrAlY功能梯度热障涂层在金属基体材质类型、厚度、半径变化时涂层的冲击热应力进行了分析。结果表明,涂层热应力及其应力梯度随着金属基体热膨胀系数增加而增大。当基体厚度超过20 mm后,其对冲击热应力的影响基本可以忽略。涂层热应力随基体半径增加而增大,当超过18 mm后,基体半径对涂层应力影响不大。     

细观界面形貌与宏观构型对热障涂层界面应力的交互影响研究

热障涂层中陶瓷层界面处的应力应变场对其破坏起到至关重要的作用,但之前的研究并未考虑热障涂层宏观构型与细观界面的交互影响。本文建立了在轴向和周向具有不同波长的 3D 涂层界面有限元模型,分析了轴向波长和周向波长对涂层界面应力的影响规律,获得了轴向波长和周向波长对涂层界面应力综合影响的关系式。研究结果表明,减小轴向波长会增大涂层界面破坏的风险,增大周向波长能够同时减小周向和轴向的最大应力,有利于降低涂层界面破坏的风险;轴向波长为 0.051 mm,周向波长为 0.030 mm 时,周向最大应力最小,为 243.1MPa;周向波长和轴向波长均大于 0.03 mm 时,周向与轴向应力差值小于 40 MPa,界面应力分布的均匀性较好。本文研究为涂层制备时的界面优化设计提供了理论基础。     

反应等离子喷涂抽油机光杆C/TiNC涂层的力学性能

针对油田抽油机光杆容易出现腐蚀、磨损失效等问题,采用以廉价的石墨或炭黑粉为碳源与微米级Ti粉混合制备成适于喷涂的复合粉,送入含氮的高温等离子焰流,Ti与C、N发生自蔓延反应合成纳米TiCN涂层。通过在涂层中添加Cr、Mo等元素,形成微米-纳米多尺度结构的复合涂层,从而降低纳米TiCN涂层的应力。结果表明:C/TiCN复合涂层,硬度达到1 500 HV以上,高于镀硬Cr层;涂层结合强度大于25 MPa;涂层厚度大于300μm。解决了纳米涂层硬度、韧性的倒置问题,得到具有良好强韧配合、耐磨减摩性能优良的涂层替代光杆表面的镀铬层,达到延长抽油机光杆和盘根的使用寿命和降低抽油机能耗的目的。     

涂层结构对 AlSi / PHB 封严涂层热应力影响的有限元分析

可磨耗封严涂层是提升航空发动机气密性和运行效能的一种重要途径,而涂层结构对其热应力及使用寿命具有重要影响。本研究以 AlSi / PHB 封严涂层为研究对象,利用 ABAQUS 有限元仿真软件和 Python 编程语言建立了具有不同结构参数的涂层有限元模型,系统研究了面层厚度、聚苯酯颗粒及孔隙结构特性对热震工况下涂层 热应力的影响规律。结果表明：当面层厚度为 0.1 mm ~ 1.9 mm 时,面层厚度对涂层 - 基体界面应力的影响小于其对涂层侧面应力的影响,且当面层厚度超过 0.3 mm 左右时,涂层中出现最大拉应力的部位由涂层 - 基体界面转变为涂层侧面;当聚苯酯颗粒含量为 30 vol.% ~ 50 vol.% 时,随着聚苯酯含量的增加,涂层 - 基体界面和涂层 侧面的峰值应力均波动不明显;当面层孔隙率为 5 vol.% ~ 15 vol.% 时,涂层 - 基体界面峰值应力随孔隙率的增大呈现先降低后增大的趋势;当孔隙直径为 60 μm ~ 110 μm 时,涂层内部峰值拉应力随孔隙直径的增大而增大。综合考虑涂层结构与热应力的关系,AlSi / PHB 封严涂层的结构参数优选为：面层厚度为 0.3 mm ~ 1.1 mm 之间, 聚苯酯颗粒含量为 40 vol.% ~ 50 vol.%,面层孔隙率为 11 vol.% 左右,面层孔隙直径为 70 μm ~ 80 μm。     

气体总流量对多弧离子镀TiN涂层表面形貌和力学性能的影响

采用多弧离子镀膜技术在硬质合金基体表面沉积TiN涂层,研究了气体总流量对TiN涂层表面形貌和力学性能的影响。通过SEM观察涂层表面形貌,利用ImageJ图像处理软件对涂层的像素分布进行统计和分析,并通过自动划痕仪和纳米压痕仪对涂层的力学性能进行表征。结果表明,随着气体总流量的增加,涂层表面大颗粒的数量和尺寸均在增加,涂层附着力先增大后减小,而显微硬度先减小后增大;当气体总流量为300mL/min时,涂层气坑数量最多,附着力最大,为106.4N;当气体总流量为100mL/min时,涂层显微硬度最大,为HV3 021。     

薄板坯连铸连轧流程Ti微合金钢含Ti析出物的研究

考察了薄板坯连铸连轧流程Ti微合金钢中TiN、TiC和TiCN粒子的形貌和分布位置,探讨了其析出过程以及沉淀强化的作用,指出:(1)钢中存在TiN粒子尺寸为数百纳米以上;(2)纳米尺寸的TiC析出物在铁素体基体上分布,从体积分数和粒子尺寸考虑可起到显著的沉淀强化作用.     

TiN/AlTiN纳米多层涂层组织与性能的研究

采用阴极弧蒸发涂层工艺在硬质合金基体上沉积了TiN/AlTiN纳米多层涂层。利用光学显微镜、SEM、XRD、显微硬度计和划痕测试仪、纳米压痕仪,分析了涂层的组织形貌、纳米调制周期、化学成分、物相组成、结合强度和硬度,并对涂层硬质合金刀片进行了铣削合金钢的切削性能测试。研究结果表明:TiN/AlTiN纳米多层涂层具有致密的柱状晶结构,保留了AlTiN单层涂层的(200)择优取向。大尺寸熔滴Ti含量高、小尺寸熔滴Al含量高,涂层中Al含量低于靶材。调制周期为18.4 nm的TiN/AlTiN纳米多层涂层具有良好的结合强度(100 N)和高的硬度(28.2 GPa)。相同涂层厚度的情况下,TiN/AlTiN纳米多层涂层具有比同类单层涂层更高的耐磨性,表现出更好的切削性能。     

The Influence of a TiN Film on the Electronic Contribution to the Thermal Conductivity of a TiC Film in a TiN-TiC Layer System

TiC and TiN films were deposited by reactive magnetron sputtering on Si substrates. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) characterization of the microstructure and interface structure have been carried out and the stoichiometric composition of TiC is determined. Thermal conductivity and interface thermal conductance between different layers in the films are evaluated by the transient thermo reflectance (TTR) and three-omega (3-ω) methods. The results showed that the thermal conductivity of the TiC films increased with temperature. The thermal conductivity of TiC in the absence of TiN is dominated by phonon contribution. The electronic contribution to the thermal conductivity of TiC in the presence of TiN is found to be more significant. The interface thermal conductance of the TiC/TiN interface is much larger than that of interfaces at Au/TiC, TiC/Si, or TiN/Si. The interface thermal conductance between TiC and TiN is reduced by the layer formed as a result of interdiffusion.

     

Liquid impact erosion mechanism and theoretical impact stress analysis in TiN-coated steam turbine blade materials

Coating of TiN film was done by reactive magnetron sputter ion plating to improve the liquid impact erosion resistance of steam turbine blade materials, 12Cr steel and Stellite 6B, for nuclear power plant application. TiN-coated blade materials were initially deformed with depressions due to plastic deformation of the ductile substrate. The increase in the curvature in the depressions induced stress concentration with increasing number of impacts, followed by circumferential fracture of the TiN coating due to the circular propagation of cracks. The liquid impact erosion resistance of the blade materials was greatly improved by TiN coating done with the optimum ion plating condition. Damage decreased with increasing TiN coating thickness. According to the theoretical analysis of stresses generated by liquid impact, TiN coating alleviated the impact stress of 12Cr steel and Stellite 6B due to stress attenuation and stress wave reactions such as reflection and transmission at the coating-substrate interface.     

Residual stresses and their effects on deformation

Residual stresses induced by thermal expansion mismatch in metal-matrix composites are studied by three-dimensional (3-D) elastic-plastic finite element analyses. Typically, the stress-free state is 150 to 300 K above room temperature. The coefficient of thermal expansion of the matrix is 3 to 5 times larger than that of the ceramic inclusion, resulting in compressive stresses of order 200 MPa in the inclusions. Both compressive and tensile stresses can be found in the matrix. Since the stress may exceed the matrix yield strength near the particles, plastic flow occurs. The authors find a significant influence of this flow on the elastic and plastic properties of the composite. The calculated residual strains in TiC particles due to thermal expansion mismatch and external loads compare well with recent neutron diffraction experiments (Bourkeet al.) The present work is the first reported three-dimensional analysis of spherical inclusions in different arrays (simple cubic (sc) and face-centered cubic (fcc)) that permit a study of particle interactions.     

Residual stresses in high-velocity oxy-fuel metallic coatings

X-ray based residual stress measurements were made on type 316 stainless steel and Fe₃Al coatings that were high-velocity oxy-fuel (HVOF) sprayed onto low-carbon and stainless steel substrates. Nominal coating thicknesses varied from 250 to 1500 μm. The effect of HVOF spray particle velocity on residual stress and deposition efficiency was assessed by preparing coatings at three different torch chamber pressures. The effect of substrate thickness on residual stress was determined by spraying coatings onto thick (6.4 mm) and thin (1.4 mm) substrates. Residual stresses were compressive for both coating materials and increased in magnitude with spray velocity. For coatings applied to thick substrates, near-surface residual stresses were essentially constant with increasing coating thickness. Differences in thermal expansion coefficient between low-carbon and stainless steels led to a 180 MPa difference in residual stress for Fe₃Al coatings. Deposition efficiency for both materials is maximized at an intermediate (∼600 m/s) velocity. Considerations for X-ray measurement of residual stresses in HVOF coatings are also presented.     

(Ti,Al)N单层和TiN/(Ti,Al)N多层涂层的物理及力学性能研究

借助EPMA、XRD、SEM、纳米压痕、EDX、RockwellA压痕、强度测试和切削实验研究了采用磁控溅射法在硬质合金基体上沉积的（Ti，AI）N单层和TIN／（Ti，AI）N多层涂层的物理和力学性能。研究结果表明：两种涂层均与基体结合紧密，（Ti，AI）N为面心立方结构；TIN／（Ti，AI）N多层涂层具有更高的硬度、更低的脆性和更好的切削性能。     

锰含量和终轧温度对低成本中钛Q345B钢组织性能的影响

 通过实验室轧制试验,研究不同锰质量分数（0.6%～1.0%）、终轧温度对低成本中钛（质量分数0.04%～0.05%）Q345B钢微观组织和力学性能的影响,同时采用透射电镜观察钢中钛的析出规律。结果表明：锰质量分数为0.8%、终轧温度为850 ℃时,试验钢的屈服强度为491 MPa,抗拉强度为625 MPa,伸长率为33.6%,在满足力学性能条件下能最大限度地降低成本,而钛的析出主要以球形纳米尺寸TiC粒子为主,有少量方形大尺寸TiN粒子。     

Surface Hardening of Hard Tungsten-Carbide Alloys: A Review

Russian and non-Russian research on the surface hardening of hard tungsten-carbide alloys to improve the wear resistance is reviewed. There is great scope for improving the wear resistance and durability of hard-alloy components by surface strengthening on the basis of various coatings, including coatings with 100-nm structural components. On hard tungsten-carbide alloys, the most common coatings consist of titanium carbide TiC and nitride TiN, characterized by high lattice binding energy and high melting point. If such coatings are applied to hard-alloy tools, the frictional coefficient is reduced by a factor of 1.5–2.0 when cutting steel. The use of a TiN + ZrN ion-plasma coating reduces the frictional coefficient by a factor of 5.9. At present, multilayer coatings are widely employed. The most widespread are TiN + TiC and Al₂O₃ + TiC coatings. Their wear is proportional to the coating thickness. These multilayer coatings still leave room for improvement in the wear resistance of hard alloys. In Russia, the potential of hard alloys with a strength gradient from a ductile and high-strength core to a wear-resistant surface is being explored. At the Research Institute of Refractory Metals and Hard Alloys, a method has been developed for producing alloys with variable cobalt content over the thickness of the cutting insert. That permits change in alloy composition from VK20 to VK2 over the sample thickness. Correspondingly, the wear resistance of the insert’s working section is equivalent to that of VK2 alloy, while the base is able to withstand considerable flexural stress. Recently, cutting tools with a diamond coating on hard alloys have been adopted in practice. To increase the durability of hard-alloy VK inserts, strengthening based on concentrated energy fluxes may be employed. Examples include treatment of hard-alloy surfaces by γ quanta, ion beams, and laser beams, electroexplosive alloying, and electrospark strengthening.     

Reactive Plasma Sprayed TiN Coating and Its Thermal Stability

 TiN coating was prepared by reactive plasma spraying in the Ar and N2 containing plasma jet. The results of XRD show that the TiN coating consists of TiN and Ti3O, neither Ti2N nor TiO2 phases. The toughening mechanism was characterized by analyzing the SEM morphologies of the TiN coating′s indentation of microhardness and fracture surfaces. The results indicate that the coating possesses a high toughness. The adhesion strength among the TiN layers is 2588 MPa, which is slightly lower than that of the Ni/Al bonding coating. The oxidation process of the RPS TiN coating is TiN→Ti3O→TiO2.     

HRB500E抗震钢筋中钛化物析出热力学分析

 钢液凝固过程中钛化物在液相、固相的存在形态对固相组织的性能有着重要的影响,其第二相析出起到细化晶粒的作用。为分析HRB500E抗震钢筋钢中TiN、TiC、Ti(C,N)析出物的析出规律,对TiN、TiC、Ti(C,N)析出物进行热力学计算。结果表明,TiN、TiC在钢液成分均质状态下难以析出,TiC_0.19N_0.81在温度为1 843 K时析出;在凝固过程中,由于Ti、N在凝固前沿富集,TiN在凝固过程中具备析出的热力学条件,析出温度为1 745 K;在固相奥氏体中,TiN和TiC粒子具备析出热力学条件,TiC析出温度比TiN的低,铁素体中有TiC的析出。