Fabrication of a novel Mg-RE(Nd,Ce) intermetallic compound coating by molten salt diffusion and its effect on corrosion resistance of magnesium alloys

A novel Mg-rare earth(Nd,Ce) coating containing intermetallic compound was fabricated on the surface of the AZ91D magnesium alloy by bathing the sample in a NaCl-KCl-LiCl-NdCl_3-CeCl_3 molten salt. The cross-sectional morphology, microstructure and phase composition of the coating were investigated by scanning electron microscopy(SEM), transmission electron microscopy(TEM) and energy dispersive spectroscopy(EDS). The corrosion resistance was characterized by the potentiodynamic polarization curves. The SEM observation indicated that a continuous and compact diffusion coating was obtained on the surface of SMATed AZ91D magnesium alloy and the XRD and TEM investigations revealed that the new phases were Al_2Ce and Al_2Nd intermetallic. The potentiodynamic polarization curves showed that the Mg-RE coating improved the corrosion resistance of the AZ91D magnesium alloy, and the corrosion current density of the coated sample was about 1510 mA /cm~2 lower than the uncoated sample.     

应力作用下Al-Li合金的腐蚀行为研究

通过测量动电位极化曲线，并用扫描电镜（SEM）、透射电镜（TEM）观察，分析应力作用下峰时效的2195、1420Al-Li合金在3．5％NaCl溶液中的腐蚀行为。结果表明，无应力时1420Al-Li合金发生蚀孔较大且不连续的均匀腐蚀，2195Al-Li合金发生局部腐蚀为晶间腐蚀和孔蚀的均匀腐蚀；施加应力时1420Al-Li合金蚀孔增多、尺寸减小，2195Al-Li合金晶间腐蚀加重，大量孔蚀连接成片形成严重的均匀腐蚀。     

Study on Anticorrosive Cerium Conversion Coating of Cf/6061Al Composite Surface

The optimum chemical passivation process of the rare earth metal (REM) conversion coating on the Cf/6061Al composite surface was introduced in this paper and its polarization curves properties were investigated. Ridge-like coatings were found by scanning electro microscope (SEM) observations, and the Al matrix and carbon fibre reinforcement were both coated with Ce conversion coatings, with some minor cracks. The energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) plane scan analysis indicates that the major elements in the coating are Ce, O, Si, Al and the Ce content reaches 47.48%(mass fraction). The Ce conversion coatings increase the corrosion resisting properties of Cf/6061Al composite, with a higher free corrosion potential (Ecorr) and a lower free corrosion current density (icorr) for the coated composite than those of the bare composite. And the Boehmite-treatment would enhance the corrosion resistance of the REM conversion coating. The cathodic polarization and anodic polarization were retarded by REM conversion coating, resulting in an improved corrosion resistance.     

Effect of cerium and lanthanum additives on plasma electrolytic oxidation of AZ31 magnesium alloy

Plasma electrolytic oxidation（PEO） coatings on AZ31 magnesium（Mg） alloy were developed using the aqueous solution with alkaline silicate and sodium hydroxide as a base electrolyte system.The effects of cerium（Ce） nitrate and lanthanum（La） nitrate additives on the voltage response,microstructure,compositions and corrosion resistance of PEO coatings were investigated by scanning electron microscopy（SEM）,energy-dispersive spectrum（EDS）,X-ray diffraction（XRD） and potentiodynamic polarization tests,etc.The results showed that Ce and La additives increased the stable voltage and compactness of the PEO coatings,while,those did not change the compositions of the PEO coatings.The corrosion resistance of the PEO coating obtained in solutions with La nitrate of 0.1 g/L was the best,followed by that with Ce nitrate of 0.1 g/L and that without additives.     

Improving Corrosion Resistance of Cf/Mg Composites using Rare Earth Conversion Coatings

The surface of carbon fiber reinforced Mg matrix (Cf/Mg) composites was modified by treatment of rare earth conversion coating, and nontoxic, non-pollution Ce conversion coatings were prepared. The effect of the coatings on corrosion behaviors of composites was investigated by electrochemical polarization technology and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) in 3.5% NaCl solution. The higher Ecorr and lower icorr were obtained by Ce conversion coatings. EIS results showed that the higher values of R2 were obtained by treatment containing CeCl3, the high corrosion resistance occured in treatment containing CeCl3, the low corrosion resistance in uncoating sample, the coating of treatment containing Ce(NO3)3 was medium. The microstructure of Ce conversion coatings was observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and the elements of corresponding for coatings was characterized by energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS). The micro-cracks and Ce-riched spherical particles were characteristics of these coatings.     

Effect of Rare Earth Elements on Anisotropy and Microstructure of Al-Li Alloy 2195 Sheets

Aluminum-lithiumalloy 2195 is a kind of poten-tial material for innovative manufacturing of key partsin aviation and aerospace .The alloys display a superi-or strengthto weight ratio than any other conventionalaluminumalloy under the applied condition .If the al-loyis properly processed ,it can perform higher frac-ture strength in cryogenic temperature than at roomtemperature[1],so its promising future in the nationaldefense industry can be predicted definitely . Howev-er ,the alloy exhibits s…     

The Effects of Ce on Hot Corrosion of Iron-based Alloys

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Formation and characterization of cerium conversion coatings on magnesium alloy

Chemical conversion treatment by rare earth metal salt solution was considered as an alternative to chromium chemical conversion treatment to improve the corrosion resistance of magnesium alloys. In this study, cerium conversion coatings formed on AZ31 magnesium alloy were characterized and the formation mechanism was discussed. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy （XPS） analysis showed that cerium conversion coating consisted of cerium hydroxides/oxides, in which both tetravalent cerium Ce（Ⅳ） and trivalent cerium Ce（Ⅲ） species co-existed. Cerium conversion coating was a two-layer structure. Atomic force microscopy （AFM） images revealed that the morphology of the inside layer was different from that of the outside one, which was responsible for the inherent adhesive weakness of the coating. Corrosion potential （Ecorr） measurements indicated that poor adhesion limited the improvement of the corrosion resistance of the coating. During the treating process, the increased pH value of the cerium salt solution led to the precipitation of cerium hydroxides/oxides. The formation kinetics of the coating followed a parabolic curve.     

Investigation of Formation and Inhibition Mechanism of Cerium Conversion Films on Al 2024 Alloy

To study the mechanism of formation and inhibition of Ce conversion films on A1 2024-T3 alloy, scanning microreference electrode technique (SMRE) is used to probe the potential map on A1 2024-T3 in CeC13 solution, the localized corrosion of A1 alloy decreases with immersion time and disappears finally, which results from the competition of Cl^- aggression and Ce^3 inhibition on alloy surface. The results of X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) indicate that the Ce conversion films consist of Al2O3, CeO2 and Ce2O3 (Ce(OH)3), and CeO2/Ce2O3 ratio decreases with the immersion time. When a critical pH for Ce(OH)3 formation was reached, Ce(OH)3 will precipitate on the micro cathodic area on alloy surface. Consequently, H2O2, the product of the catholic reaction will oxidize a part of Ce(OH)3 to CeO2, which appears a better corrosion resistance for Al alloys.     

Pitting corrosion behavior of cerium treated HSLA steel induced by sulfide inclusions in 3.5 wt% NaCl solution

Pitting corrosion behavior of Ce treated HSLA steels induced by sulfide inclusions in 3.5 wt% NaCl solution was investigated with potentiodynamic polarization and immersion corrosion test.The results show that Ce added steels exhibit better pitting corrosion resistance with lower corrosion current density and bigger pitting potential compared with steel without Ce,which is mainly attributed to optimized characteristics of spherical Ce-oxysulfide inclusions with less number density,smaller average size and lower pitting corrosion susceptibility.The spherical Ce₂O₂ S inclusions precipitated on the surface of CeAlO₃ inclusions in the Ce added steels induce pits with bigger opening mouth and shallow depth,reducing their tendency of extension to go deeper due to occlusion corrosion battery in the pitting holes.Furthermore,corrosion inhibitor Ce(OH)₃ generated by Ce₂O₂ S hydration can weaken electrochemical corrosion of the matrix micro-region around the pits.To avoid harmful bigger inclusions,Ce content in steels should be regulated within reasonable range,0.015 wt% Ce in present steels effectively modified inclusions to acquire the best pitting corrosion resistance of the steels.     

锌和镀锌钢的稀土表面改性

通过在Ce(NO_3)_3水溶液中对锌和电镀锌钢进行化学转化(钝化)处理,在试样表面形成了铈转化膜。利用电子探针显微分析(EPMA)、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)和X射线衍射(XRD)等研究了转化膜的形貌、成分和结构,探讨了锌表面铈转化膜的形成机理。在氯化钠溶液中测定了试样的腐蚀率、极化曲线和电化学交流阻抗谱(EIS)等腐蚀性能参量,并与未钝化和普通铬酸盐钝化试样的情况作了对比。结果表明,本实验得到的锌表面稀土转化膜主要是由CeO_2、Ce_2O_3和ZnO组成的复合氧化物膜,铈转化膜的存在阻碍了锌在电化学腐蚀过程中的阴极反应和阳极反应,导致电荷传递电阻增大,腐蚀率降低。在一定条件下,铈转化膜对锌和镀锌钢的肪蚀效果优于铬酸盐转化膜。     

Influence of lanthanum as additive and post-treatment on the corrosion protection properties and surface morphology of mild steel chemically treated by a cerium conversion coating

The influence of cerium conversion coating (CeCC) modified by lanthanum in two forms of additive and post-treatment solution on the corrosion resistance, surface morphology and surface chemistry of the mild steel was studied. Corrosion resistance was evaluated by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, while the scanning electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and contact angle test were employed to investigate the surface characteristics. Results reveal that the CeCC post-treated by lanthanum containing solution gives rise to the deposition of a crack free and uniform conversion coating with enhanced corrosion resistance on the steel surface. Also, the surface free energy is increased after post-treatment.     

Improving the Corrosion Resistance of the Nickel–Tungsten Alloy by Optimization of the Electroplating Conditions

Nickel–tungsten (Ni–W) alloy coating was electrodeposited on the copper substrate by direct current voltammetry. The optimization of a free-ammonium bath for electrodeposition of Ni–W alloy coating was investigated. Experiments were focused on elucidating the effect of W concentration and operating conditions on the corrosion performance of the obtained Ni–W alloy coating. The corrosion behavior of the coatings was investigated by potentiodynamic polarization (Tafel) test. Experimental data such as corrosion current density, corrosion rate and polarization resistance indicated that the operating conditions used during the electroplating had significant effects on the corrosion parameters of the Ni–W alloy coating. The results showed that the highest corrosion resistance was obtained for the coating with 56.7 wt% tungsten (Ni/W ratio of 1:2.5) which was prepared at the current density of 3.8 A dm^?2. The increase in the corrosion resistance at the optimum current density was attributed to the lower interferences of the hydrogen evolution reaction. Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) techniques were used to characterize the electrodeposited Ni–W alloy with the best anti-corrosion parameters.

     

Investigation of rare earth sealing of porous micro-arc oxidation coating formed on AZ91D magnesium alloy

Magnesium and its alloys have been used in many industries, but they are reactive and require protection against aggressive envi-ronments. In this study, oxide coatings were applied on AZ91D magnesium alloy using micro-arc oxidation (MAO) process. Then, in order to seal the pores of the MAO coatings, the samples were immersed in cerium bath for different times. The surface morphologies and composi-tions of the coatings were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), respectively. The corrosion behavior of the coatings was investigated with electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and potentiodynamic polariza-tion tests in 3.5 wt.% NaCl solution. The amount of the porosity of the coating was measured by electrochemical method. It was found that the sealing treatments by immersion in cerium bath successfully sealed the pores of the MAO coatings. The results of the corrosion tests showed that the MAO coating which was sealed in Ce bath for 10 min enhanced the corrosion resistance of the substrate significantly. Fur-thermore, this coating had the lowest amount of the porosity among the coatings.)     

TiAl/BN复合封严涂层的耐腐蚀性能研究

本研究采用大气等离子与真空等离子喷涂技术制备了Al/BN、Ti Al/BN两种金属和陶瓷复合型多孔涂层,用于航空发动机压气机部位的叶尖可磨耗封严。通过电化学测试和盐雾腐蚀实验对两种涂层的盐雾腐蚀性能进行了研究。结果表明,Ti Al/BN涂层的腐蚀电位明显高于Al/BN涂层(约450m V)。同时,在极化曲线测试过程中发现Ti Al/BN涂层出现了明显的钝化现象。经过960h标准盐雾腐蚀试验后,发现Al/BN涂层发生了较严重的腐蚀,而Ti Al/BN涂层仅发生轻微的腐蚀。腐蚀后涂层的XRD分析表明,Ti Al/BN涂层的腐蚀产物主要为Al(OH)3和Al O,没有发现Ti的腐蚀产物。Ti Al/BN复合涂层中形成的Ti Al合金是该涂层比Al/BN涂层更耐中性盐雾腐蚀的原因。     

晶粒细化对Cu-40Ni合金在酸性含Cl-介质中耐蚀性能的影响

采用电弧熔炼（CA）和机械合金化（MA）通过热压烧结工艺制备了晶粒尺寸差别较大的Cu-40Ni合金，借助于PARM273A和M5210电化学综合测量仪，利用动电位扫描法和交流阻抗技术对比研究了上述合金在酸性含Cl^-介质中的腐蚀电化学性能以及腐蚀机制。结果表明：两种合金的腐蚀电位随时间逐渐稳定，在中性Na2SO4溶液中加入H2SO4和NaCl后，两种合金的自腐蚀电位负移；晶粒细化后，两种合金的自腐蚀电位则正移。两种合金在中性及酸性含Cl^-介质中均存在钝化现象，但在酸性含Cl^-介质中钝化区间很短，钝化能力较弱。两种合金的交流阻抗谱均由单容抗弧组成，反应由电化学过程控制。晶粒细化后，合金中存在大量晶界，参与腐蚀反应的活性原子数增加，促使MACu40Ni合金的腐蚀速度高于CACu-40Ni合金。     

TiAl/BN复合封严涂层的耐腐蚀性能研究

本研究采用大气等离子与真空等离子喷涂技术制备了Al/BN、TiAl/BN两种金属和陶瓷复合型多孔涂层,用于航空发动机压气机部位的叶尖可磨耗封严。通过电化学测试和盐雾腐蚀实验对两种涂层的盐雾腐蚀性能进行了研究。结果表明,TiAl/BN涂层的腐蚀电位明显高于Al/BN涂层(约450mV)。同时,在极化曲线测试过程中发现TiAl/BN涂层出现了明显的钝化现象。经过960h标准盐雾腐蚀试验后,发现Al/BN涂层发生了较严重的腐蚀,而TiAl/BN涂层仅发生轻微的腐蚀。腐蚀后涂层的XRD分析表明,TiAl/BN涂层的腐蚀产物主要为Al(OH)3和AlO,没有发现Ti的腐蚀产物。TiAl/BN复合涂层中形成的TiAl合金是该涂层比Al/BN涂层更耐中性盐雾腐蚀的原因。     

( Tb,Dy) Fe2合金表面离子注入渗氮改性及抗腐蚀性能研究

采用离子注入技术在(Tb,Dy)Fe2稀土超磁致伸缩材料表面引入氮离子进行改性处理,研究了加速电压对材料表面相结构、微观形貌、表面硬度、抗酸碱腐蚀性能及磁致伸缩性能的影响.结果表明:离子注入渗氮后,(Tb,Dy)Fe2合金表面的REFb相分解,生成了REN,α-Fe和Fe8N新相,材料表面微观形貌发生了明显变化,表面硬度明显提高.通过测试极化曲线研究了渗氮前后(Tb,Dy)Fe2合金在不同PH值NaCl溶液中的抗酸碱腐蚀性能,发现pH值相同条件下渗氮处理后(Tb,Dy) Fe2合金的自腐蚀电位Ecorr较渗氮前明显正移且有钝化现象发生.在加速电压140 kV,离子注入剂量5.0×1017 ion.cm -2条件下渗氮处理的(Tb,Dy)F合金,处于20℃,3.5％ NaCl溶液环境中,pH=4时,△Ecorr=0.23413 V; pH =7时,△Ecorr =0.18992 V; pH=10时,△Ecorr =0.01268 V,渗氮处理后(Tb,Dy)Fe2合金的抗酸腐蚀性能明显增强,抗碱腐蚀性能变化不明显.随着pH值的增大,渗氮与未渗氮(Tb,Dy) Fe2合金的抗腐蚀性能均变差.由于离子注入表面渗氮的渗氮层很薄,渗氮温度很低,渗氮处理没有破坏材料的内部基体结构,因此渗氮后材料渗氮处理没有破坏材料的内部基体结构,其磁致伸缩性能几乎未受影响.研究表明离子注入渗氮是(Tb,Dy)Fe2磁致伸缩材料表面改性的一种有效方法.     

Preparation and Corrosion Resistance of Rare Earth Conversion Coatings on AZ91 Magnesium Alloy

Magnesiumalloysarewidelyusedinweaponin dustry,spacenavigationandhavegoodpotentialof applicationanddevelopmentindailycommunication facilitiesduetotheirpropertiesoflightweightandhighstrength[1].Appliedasstructuralmaterials,mag nesiumalloysmayeasilycrackduet…     

Electrochemical Behavior and Microstructure of Recyclable Aluminium-magmesium Alloy Hot-dip Coating Deposited on Low Carbon Steel Substrates

With the abundance and good corrosion resistance of aluminium, hot-dip technique was used to prepare the recycled Al with 8.2 mass% Mg alloy coating on low carbon steel substrates. Electrochemical behavior of this coating was investigated by anodic polarization and open circuit potential measurement. Its microstructure and composition were observed by scanning electron microscope and energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometry, respectively. The long lasting corrosion performance of coated steels was investigated under the salt fog spray test. From anodic polarization curves and open circuit potential, recycled Al with 8.2 mass% Mg coating performed adequate sacrificial ability. At 0.40 V, current density of recycled Al with 8.2 mass% Mg alloy coating was about 200 000 times higher than that of pure recycled Al coating, and was about 0.5 times lower than that of Zn coating. The microstructure of recycled Al with 8.2 mass% Mg alloy coating on the steel substrate consisted of Al3Mg2, Al-Fe intermetallic compound and Al matrix. The results from salt fog spray test showed that recycled Al with 8.2 mass% Mg alloy coated steel had similar corrosion resistance ability to Zn coated steel.